急性肺损伤患者诱导性多能干细胞系的建立

目的利用急性肺损伤患者皮肤成纤维细胞构建诱导性多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs）系。方法采用
慢病毒介导逆转录的方法,将含有Oct4、Sox2、Klf4和Nanog四个因子的混合慢病毒转染人皮肤成纤维细胞,诱导出胚胎干细胞
样克隆。根据人胚胎干细胞的特性,利用AP染色、实时荧光定量PCR（RT-PCR）技术、免疫荧光、畸胎瘤形成实验对获得的iPS
细胞进行鉴定。结果获得的iPS细胞镜下观察呈典型的ES样克隆状生长,圆形或椭圆形,与饲养层细胞分界清楚;AP染色阳
性,RT-PCR及免疫荧光检测iPS细胞高表达人胚胎干细胞标志性基因及蛋白,移植到免疫缺陷鼠体内能够形成向三胚层分化的
畸胎瘤。结论成功建立了急性肺损伤患者iPS细胞系,可为急性肺损伤的发病机制研究和临床药物筛选提供良好的细胞模型。
     

猪naive-like诱导性多能干细胞系的建立及红色荧光蛋白标记

目的：建立猪naive-like诱导性多能干(induced pluripotent stem,iPS)细胞系,并对其进行红色荧光标记,为通过示踪猪naive iPS细胞发育和分化的相关研究奠定基础。方法：首先利用核转染技术向巴马小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞(porcine embryonic fibroblast,PEF)中转入鼠源OCT4、SOX2、KLF4和c-MYC转录因子表达载体TetO-FUW-OSKM,并同时转入激活表达载体FUW-M2rtTA,采用白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)结合碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)的培养体系进行培养,通过在培养液中添加盐酸多西环素(doxycycline hyclate,DOX) 进行诱导,建立起猪iPS细胞系,并对细胞系的多能性进行鉴定。在此基础上,向iPS细胞系转入红色荧光蛋白表达载体,对其进行标记,并鉴定被红色荧光标记后的细胞是否仍然具有多能性。结果：所建立的iPS细胞系克隆呈三维立体生长,可以进行单细胞传代培养至30代以上,核型正常,碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性,表达多种干细胞多能因子,利用LIF/STAT3信号通路维持其增殖,体外可分化形成表达三胚层相关基因的类胚体,为猪naive-like iPS细胞系。成功对所建立的iPS细胞系进行红色荧光标记,碱性磷酸酶染色和免疫荧光染色结果显示被红色荧光标记的iPS细胞的多能性依然存在。结论：成功建立了稳定表达红色荧光蛋白的猪naive-like iPS细胞系。     

Induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a recent development which has brought a promise of great therapeutic values. The previous technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been ineffective in humans. Recent discoveries show that human fibroblasts can be reprogrammed by a transient over expression of a small number of genes; they can undergo induced pluripotency. iPS were first produced in 2006. By 2008, work was underway to remove the potential oncogenes from their structure. In 2009, protein iPS (piPS) cells were discovered. Surface markers and reporter genes play an important role in stem cell research. Clinical applications include generation of self renewing stem cells, tissue replacement and many more. Stem cell therapy has the ability to dramatically change the treatment of human diseases.

     

利用细胞因子和丁酸钠将小鼠诱导多能干细胞高效诱导为有功能的肝细胞

Background  Hepatocyte transplantation has been proposed as an alternative to whole-organ transplantation to support many forms of hepatic insufficiency. Unfortunately, the lack of donor livers makes it difficult to obtain enough viable human hepatocytes for hepatocyte-based therapies. Therefore, it is urgent to find new ways to provide ample hepatocytes. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, a breakthrough in stem cell research, may terminate these hinders for cell transplantation. For the promise of iPS cells to be realized in liver diseases, it is necessary to determine if and how efficient they can be differentiated into functional hepatocytes.      

Methods  In this study, we directly compared the hepatic-differentiation capacity of mouse iPS cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells with three different induction approaches: conditions via embryonic body (EB) formation plus cytokines, conditions by combination of dimethyl sulfoxide and sodium butyrate and chemically defined, serum free monolayer conditions. Among these three induction conditions, more homogenous populations can be promoted under chemically defined, serum free conditions. The cells generated under these conditions exhibited hepatic functions in vitro, including glycogen storage, indocynine green (ICG) uptake and release as well as urea secretion. Although efficient hepatocytes differentiation from mouse iPS cells were observed, mouse iPS cells showed relatively lower hepatic induction efficiency compared with mouse ES cells.

Results  Mouse iPS cells would be efficiently differentiated into functional hepatocytes in vitro, which may be helpful in facilitating the development of hepatocytes for transplantation and for research on drug discovery.

Conclusion We demonstrate that mouse iPS cells retain full potential for fetal liver development and describe procedures that facilitates the efficient generation of highly differentiated human hepatocyte-like cells from iPS cells in vitro.

     

诱导性多能干细胞技术的研究进展

诱导鼠成纤维细胞转变为多能干细胞的成功掀起了世界范围内诱导性多能干细胞(iPS)研究的热潮。iPS来源广泛,具有干细胞的分化全能性,避开了取材和应用的伦理问题,在医学领域具有广阔的应用前景,如构建人类疾病模型,用于特定细胞治疗,培育转基因动物用于器官移植以及生物制药等领域。目前iPS结合基因治疗和细胞移植疗法的成果已经应用到了动物疾病模型上。此外,该技术也为研究细胞重编程机制和人类疾病的病理过程提供了新平台。     

一种改良的小鼠诱导多功能干细胞(iPS)向树突状细胞(DC)分化的方法

 目的  建立一种简便经济的小鼠诱导多功能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell, iPS)向树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)分化的方法。方法  采用三段式培养法,将iPS细胞培养于op9细胞上,使用添加细胞因子GM-CSF(10 ng/mL)和 IL-4(10 ng/mL)的培养液,经过17天的培养收集到iPS诱导的DC,通过显微镜及细胞涂片观察细胞形态,流式细胞术检测细胞表面分子,抗原吞噬实验和混合淋巴细胞培养实验等对其形态、表面分子及细胞功能进行检测及评估。结果  本研究获得的iPS-DC在细胞形态上表现出明显的树突状特征;细胞表型上呈CD11b、CD11c双阳性;未经脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)刺激的细胞呈未成熟DC的状态:细胞表面的第一信号分子MHCⅡ及第二信号分子CD40、CD80、CD86低表达,具有很强的抗原吞噬能力;经LPS刺激后细胞具有成熟DC的特征:MHCⅡ、CD40、CD80、CD86的表达均增高,同时具备对初始T细胞的激活能力。结论  本研究改良了小鼠iPS 细胞向DC分化的方法,缩短了培养时间,节省了培养成本。     

诱导性多潜能干细胞的研究进展与应用

分化成熟的体细胞可在体外被重编程为诱导性多潜能干细胞,后者具有与胚胎干细胞相似的自我更新能力和发育多潜能性,同时避免了免疫排斥和伦理问题.患者特异性的诱导性多潜能干细胞将成为再生医学、药物筛选和毒理测试的理想工具.     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞、骨髓单核细胞和胚胎成纤维细胞重编程为诱导性多能干细胞的效率比较

目的比较小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)、小鼠骨髓单核细胞(BM-MNCs)和小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEFs)重编程为诱导性多能干细胞(iPS细胞)的效率。方法用慢病毒LV-ef1a-mOct4-IRES-EGFP、LV-ef1a-mSox2-IRES-EGFP、LV-ef1a-mKlf4-IRES-EGFP和LV-ef1a-mc-Myc-IRES-EGFP感染BMSCs、BM-MNCs和MEFs,通过计算碱性磷酸酶染色阳性克隆数比较这3种细胞重编程为iPS细胞的效率。用胚胎干细胞表面标记检测、胚胎干细胞内源基因检测、拟胚体形成实验和畸胎瘤形成实验验证重编程获得的iPS细胞的多能性。结果起源于小鼠BMSCs、BM-MNCs及MEFs的3种iPS细胞均能形成边缘光整的致密克隆,可表达干性基因Nanog、Rex-1、SSEA-1,并能在体内外分化为三胚层组织。但是BMSCs来源的碱性磷酸酶阳性克隆数低于BM-MNCs和MEFs来源的克隆数。结论小鼠BMSCs、BM-MNCs及MEFs均可重编程为iPS细胞,但BMSCs重编程为iPS细胞的效率低于BM-MNCs和MEFs。     

诱导性多能干细胞相关基因OCT4过表达对Hep2细胞增殖及迁移的影响

目的应用基因转染技术将诱导性多能干细胞(iPS)相关基因OCT4过表达于喉癌Hep2细胞,观察其对Hep2细胞增殖力和侵袭迁移力的影响。方法构建重组质粒真核表达载体pcD-NA3.1-OCT4,将重组表达质粒用脂质体LipofactaminTM2000转染人喉癌Hep2细胞,通过G418筛选,RT-PCR及Western-blot印迹法鉴定,进而筛选出稳定表达pcDNA3.1-OCT4的Hep2细胞系;MTT实验检测细胞的活力,Transwell法检测细胞的侵袭和迁移。实验分为三组,Hep2-pcDNA3.1-OCT4组、Hep2-pcDNA3.1组及Hep2空白对照组。结果成功将OCT4基因转染入Hep2细胞中,Hep2-pcD-NA3.1-OCT4组可检测到目的基因在核酸、蛋白水平的高表达。转染后的细胞增殖、迁移加快,但细胞形态基本无变化。结论 iPS相关基因OCT4的转染能加快肿瘤细胞的生长和迁移,使Hep2细胞具有干细胞属性。     

诱导性建立多能干细胞系

目的建立多能干细胞系,并鉴定其是否具有正常于细胞的特性。方法将原代皮肤标本用胶原酶消化处理,利用成纤维细胞培养基进行培养,然后感染病毒。对挑选的人成体细胞来源的iPS克隆进行扩大培养,并对克隆进行免疫荧光检测和lit-PCR检测,确定表达的分子标志,采用体外三胚层分化来鉴定其生物学特性。结果所获得的iPS细胞经鉴定具有碱性磷酸酶活性。并表达Nanog、SSEA-4、Sox2、TRA-1-60等干细胞特异标记物,可形成拟胚体并在体内外可以分化为三胚层的细胞类型。结论成功建立了iPS细胞系,为今后的研究提供了良好的细胞模型。     

诱导多能干细胞在肝脏疾病中的研究进展

干细胞,特别是诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)可分化为有功能的肝细胞,同时避开了胚胎干细胞的伦理问题,为终末期肝病的替代治疗提供了新的种子细胞.文章对iPS细胞在肝脏疾病研究中的实验方法、研究结果以及临床应用前景予以阐述,为iPS细胞在肝病治疗方面的实验和临床应用提供借鉴.     

肝癌患者脂肪干细胞重编程为诱导多潜能干细胞

目的重编程肝癌患者来源的脂肪干细胞为诱导多潜能干细胞。方法包装携带Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc基因的反转录病毒,将病毒感染脂肪干细胞并培养诱导后的细胞,采用碱性磷酸酶染色、定量PCR和原位免疫荧光实验鉴定诱导的克隆样细胞。结果诱导的克隆样细胞表达碱性磷酸酶,定量PCR证实克隆样细胞表达胚胎干细胞多能性基因,免疫荧光实验证实其表达Oct4和Sox2。结论肝癌患者来源的脂肪干细胞可高效重编程为诱导多潜能干细胞,且脂肪干细胞可作为培养诱导多潜能干细胞的滋养细胞,为提高成体细胞重编程效率和建立基于诱导多潜能干细胞的肝癌模型研究提供了平台。     

Therapeutic potential of motor neurons differentiated from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells

Degeneration of motor neurons (MN) caused by disease or injury leads to paralysis and is fatal in some conditions. To date, there are no effective treatments for MN disorders; therefore, cell therapy is a promising strategy to replace lost MN. Embryonic stem (ES) cells isolated from the inner cell mass of mammalian blastocysts self-renew and are pluripotent because they differentiate into cell types of the three germinal layers. Reprogramming of adult cells to a state similar to ES cells, termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, has been recently reported. It is well established that pluripotent cell types can give rise to specialized phenotypes, including neurons. Mouse, monkey and human MN can be differentiated from ES and iPS cells using procedures generally involving embryoid bodies formation and stimulation with retinoic acid and Sonic hedgehog. Differentiated MN express characteristic molecular markers such as Islet1, HB9 and Choline acetyltransferase, exhibit electrophysiological maturity and are able to form synaptic contacts similar to neuromuscular junctions in vitro. Furthermore, transplanted MN promote functional recovery in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and MN injury. The potential clinical applications of stem cell-derived MN was enhanced after iPS cell derivation, which makes possible the generation of patient-specific pluripotent cells for autologous cell replacement therapies and may be used for drug development and disease modeling. This review summarizes MN differentiation protocols from ES and iPS cells in regard to neuronal differentiation efficiency, expression of MN markers and functional properties in vitro, as well as their therapeutic effects after grafting.     

将成人神经祖细胞重编程为诱导多能干细胞

Since an effective method for generating human neural precursor (NP) cells induced iPS cells can offer us a promising tool for studying human brain diseases, here we report direct reprogramming of adult human NP cells into iPS cells by retroviral transduction using four defined factors. NP cells were successfully isolated and cultured from the hippocampus tissue of epilepsy patients. When combined with four factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc), iPS cell colonies were successfully obtained. Morphology, gene expression, and epigenetic status confirmed that these hNP-derived iPS cells exhibited ESC-like properties, including the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers both in vitro and in teratomas. Hence, our optimized method would be useful for generating human iPS cells from hNP cells and provide an important tool for studying neural system diseases.     

诱导性多能干细胞形成过程中转录因子的研究进展

诱导性多能干细胞(iPS)是以反转录病毒为载体将胚胎特异性转录因子导入体细胞,使其诱导分化为具有胚胎干细胞(ESCs)特性的细胞。这种多能干细胞在细胞形态、增殖速率、致瘤性、基因表达以及形成嵌合小鼠的能力上与ESCs有许多相似之处,将来可能成为ESCs在临床应用中的替代。现对iPS细胞相关的几种转录因子及其在重编程过程中的作用,以及转导基因的选择予以综述。     

Sox2、Klf4、Oct4、c-Myc基因编程脐带基质间充质细胞

目的 探讨利用Sox2、Klf4、Oct4、c-Myc基因将脐带基质间充质细胞（UMC）编程为多潜能干细胞（iPS）.方法 原代分离培养UMC细胞,包装生产逆转录病毒感染细胞,将感染后细胞接种到饲养层细胞培养,镜下观察细胞形态学变化.对编程后细胞进行碱性磷酸酶（AP）染色、检测细胞内源多能基因表达量和体内分化畸胎瘤实验.结果 原代获得UMC细胞,被编程细胞形态类似于胚胎干细胞,AP染色阳性,内源多能基因Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、Rex1表达量增高,体内分化为畸胎瘤.结论 利用Sox2、Klf4、Oct4、c-Myc基因可将UMC细胞编程为iPS细胞.     

鼠星形胶质细胞重编程为诱导多潜能干细胞的研究

目的研究星形胶质细胞重编程为诱导多潜能(iPS)干细胞的可行性,为进一步研究iPS细胞诱导技术奠定基础。方法用分别含Oct4,Sox2,Klf4和c-myc因子的4种逆转录病毒载体病毒颗粒感染星形胶质细胞,获得iPS细胞并进行鉴定。结果感染后第28天具有胚胎干细胞形态的克隆出现,诱导效率为(0.015±0.005)%,且碱性磷酸酶(AP)染色及SSEA-1和Oct4免疫荧光染色均显阳性。结论星形胶质细胞可以重编程为iPS细胞,进一步证明了iPS细胞诱导技术的普遍适用性。     

整合高拷贝数猪源转录因子的猪胎儿成纤维细胞系的建立

目的：对猪primed胚胎干细胞、囊胚内细胞团（inner cell mass, ICM）和胎儿成纤维细胞(porcine embryonic fibroblasts, PEF)转录组比较分析,在筛选出ICM中表达水平上调的5个转录因子（OCT4、TBX3、REX1、LIN28及DPPA5）的前期研究基础上,尝试构建具有2A肽(2A peptide)基因序列的转录因子重组表达载体,并与pEF1a-Tet3G质粒共转染PEF细胞,以期获得同时转入5个转录因子的单克隆细胞系,为讨论利用Tet-On 3G诱导表达系统并通过添加盐酸多西环素(doxycycline hyclate,DOX)激活转录因子表达,高效诱导形成猪诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells, iPS）的相关研究奠定基础。方法：以PEF细胞cDNA为模板,利用PCR方法扩增获得猪源REX1、LIN28、DPPA5 3个转录因子,并将3个转录因子以E2A和T2A序列连接成三因子片段（RLD）,最终将三因子片段及商业合成的OCT4和TBX3连接到改造后的诱导表达载体pTRE3G-Zs中,获得3个重组表达载体;利用核转染的方法,将3个重组诱导表达载体与表达反式激活蛋白的pEF1a-Tet3G质粒共转染PEF细胞,并通过药物筛选和鉴定获得单克隆转基因细胞系。结果：扩增获得带有2A肽序列的猪源转录本片段REX1（975bp）、LIN28（727bp）和DPPA5（408bp）,并获得2A肽序列连接成的三因子片段RLD,最终构建了3个表达载体（pTRE3G-Zs-OCT4、pTRE3G-Zs-TBX3、pTRE3G-Zs-RLD）,且经酶切鉴定证明载体连接正确;3个表达载体与pEF1a-Tet3G质粒核共转染PEF细胞后,经过药物筛选和外源基因鉴定,共获得同时转入五因子的单克隆细胞系70个,其中29个细胞系外源基因拷贝数较高。结论：成功建立了具有高拷贝数猪源OCT4、TBX3、REX1、LIN28、DPPA5 5个转录因子的单克隆转基因细胞系。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞饲养层的制备

目的：探讨小鼠胚胎干细胞饲养层细胞的制备。方法：小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞作为饲养层细胞培养胚胎干细胞。另在无饲养层细胞培养液中,含白血病抑制因子条件下培养小鼠胚胎干细胞,观察两种情况下胚胎干细胞的生长情况。结果：小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞呈放射状或旋涡状走行,胚胎干细胞呈克隆状生长。结论：胚胎干细胞能良好生长,且保持未分化状态。     

细胞特异性的非病毒载体增强BMP-2在成纤维细胞中表达

目的构建含有胶原蛋白1A2启动子和增强子的人皮肤成纤维细胞(HDFs)特异的非病毒骨形成蛋白-2(BMP-2)表达载体pcDNA3-CEP-BMP-2,验证其是否增强BMP-2特异性在HDFs表达并增强成骨诱导作用,从而探索非病毒载体介导正常细胞的基因修饰用于骨修复的可能性。方法将胶原蛋白增强子、启动子及BMP-2基因导入pcDNA3质粒中,用脂质体法转入HDFs,将血管内皮细胞(VEC)作为对照,RT-PCR检测BMP-2基因在两种细胞中的表达差异,并检测转染后HDFs体外成骨表型。结果转染pcDNA3-CEP-BMP-2在HDFs造成BMP-2表达高于pcDNA3-BMP-2,而在VEC的BMP-2表达不增高。转染了pcDNA3-CEP-BMP-2的HDFs骨钙素的分泌和矿化能力高于pcDNA3-BMP-2。结论胶原蛋白1A2启动子和增强子能特异性地增强BMP-2基因在HDFs中的表达。