改良岩斜区手术入路的解剖学研究

目的改进岩斜区手术入路,使其更简单、微创。方法对20例10%甲醛固定的国人成人头颅湿标本和10例漂白颅骨干标本模拟乙状窦后经内听道上嵴入路和颞下经岩骨嵴入路行手术操作,对手术涉及的重要结构进行测量、拍照;手术前后对湿标本进行CT岩骨薄扫,对重要结构进行测量、拍照。结果乙状窦后经内听道上嵴入路涉及的重要结构有岩静脉、内听动脉、内听道上嵴等;重要参数包括岩尖骨质最大磨除范围前后径、横径。颞下经岩骨嵴入路涉及的重要解剖结构包括Labbe静脉、岩骨内部结构、脑干腹侧间隙等;重要参数包括岩骨嵴磨除范围。结论乙状窦后经内听道上嵴入路通过颅后窝开颅,磨除岩尖骨质,可切除颅中窝部分的肿瘤,适用于主体在颅后窝的岩斜脑膜瘤。颞下经岩骨嵴入路通过对岩骨嵴的磨除,增加了对岩骨背侧肿瘤基底的暴露,适合切除各型岩斜区脑膜瘤。     

幕下小脑上旁正中锁孔入路的显微解剖

目的 设计幕下小脑上旁正中锁孔入路,进行显微解剖学研究,为临床应用提供依据.方法 利用10具10%甲醛固定、血管灌注的成人尸头标本,模拟幕下小脑上旁正中锁孔手术入路:尸头向对侧旋转45°,采取星点与枕后隆突中点上方0.5cm、垂直于横窦的纵向下行4 cm直线形切口,横窦下直径约2.5cm的骨瓣.向下轻拉小脑方叶内侧,切断桥静脉,逐渐深入至小脑幕内侧缘,暴露中脑后外侧方,进行解剖观察.剪开并牵拉小脑幕游离缘,观察、记录增加的暴露结构.结果 将小脑方叶从小脑幕分离,可从侧面显露同侧四叠体池和环池的后部.Galen静脉位于视野的上部.牵拉同侧的大脑后动脉P3段和基底静脉可暴露第三脑室后部.切开小脑幕后向下牵拉,可增加暴露颞底内侧面(海马旁回)、大脑后动脉P2-P3段的交接处、小脑上动脉、滑车神经.结论 幕下小脑上旁正中锁孔入路具有解剖学的可行性.应用直径约2.5cm骨窗,可显露后切迹间隙、中切迹间隙内的诸多结构.此入路适合位于Galen静脉系统之下并向外扩展至中脑背外侧病变;亦可适用于颞叶后内侧区域的手术.尤其是当患者小脑幕较陡直、幕下小脑上正中入路需过度的小脑牵拉时,使用幕下小脑上旁正中锁孔入路较为有利.

Abstract：

Objective To design a paramedian supracerebelalr infratentorial keyhole approach by applying the keyhole conception and explore its feasibility.The keyhole approach is imitated and microanatomical structures are observed,which could be reference of this approach in clinical use MethodsThe paramedian supracerebellar infratentorial keyhole approach was imitated in ten adult cadaveric heads fixed in 10% formalin and perfused through inracranial vessels with colored silicone.The cadaveric head was turned to the opposite side at 45 degree angle.A vertical linear epifascial skin incision of approximately 4 cm was created from the point of 0.5 cm above the midpoint between the asterion and the inion.The craniotomy about 25 cm in diameter was made below the transverse sinus.The medial part of the quadrangular lobule was inferiorly retracted and the bridging veins were cut.The internal margin of the tentorial incisure arrived by proceeding forward over the quadrangular lobule.The posterolateral medbrain was exposed and the anatomical stnctures were obeerved under microscope.The free cut edge of the tentorium was sectioned and then retracted.The additional exposure was observed and recorded.Methods The quadrigeminal cistern and the posterior part of the ambient cistern was exposed after retracting the quadrangular lobul from the tentorial apex.The Galen venous complex can be observed in the upper part of the view.The basal vein and the P3 segment of the psterior cerebral artery have been retracted to expose the posterior part of the third ventricle.The free cut edge of tentorium was cut and then retracted.The additional exposure were the medial inferior surface of the temporal lobe (parahippocampal gyrus),the P2- P3 junction of the posterior cerebral artery,the superior cerelbellar artery,the thochlear nerve ConclusionsThe paranedian supracellar infratentorial keyhole approach is practical.Through a craniotomy appoximately25 cm in diamter,the posterior and the middle incisural space are exposed.Ir can certainly be used to deal with lesions below the veins system of Galen extending laterally the posterolateral midbrain.The lesions of the posterior temporomedial region also could be safely operatedvia this keyhole approach When the tentorial apex is more upwardly steep,the paramedian supracerebellar infratentorial keyhole approach has more advantage than the midline supracerebellar infratentorial approach whichneed excessive cerebellar retation.     

颞下窝的冠状断层解剖学研究

目的 研究颞下窝的局部解剖特点,为临床医生提供立体、形象的解剖学资料.方法 应用冷冻铣切技术,完成一成人头颅断层标本的制作,通过计算机对头颅冠状薄层连续切片进行信号标定、提取和三维重建,获得颞下窝内有关结构的三维图像.结果 共获得396张颞下窝区的0.1 mm厚冠状断层,选取6个典型断层,描述了颞下窝的解剖特点.颞下窝的三维图像形态逼真,可以任意旋转、缩放、任意拆分和合并.结论 冠状断层解剖和三维重建相结合形象显示颞下窝的立体解剖关系,翼外肌和翼内肌是该区域的标志性解剖结构;三维重建图像可增加临床医生对颞下窝解剖关系的理解,可以作为手术入路选择的依据和模拟手术过程的工具.

Abstract：

Objective The study aims to provide three-dimensional anatomical data to physicians through studying the regional anatomy of infratemporal fossa.Methods Coronal sections of one cadaveric head were prepared with freezing milling technique.After labeling,extraction and reconstruction of the serial thin sections of the specimen,the three dimensional images of the infratemporal fossa and related structures were obtained.Methods Three hundred and ninety-six coronal sections with the thickness of 0.1 mm were obtained.Six typical sections were selected to depict the anatomical features of infratemporal fossa.The three-dimensional images of infratemporal fossa were vivid and could be rotated,zoomed out,divided and merged at will.Conclusion The combination of coronal sections and three-dimensional reconstruction could display the anatomical relationship of infratemporal fossa structures.Pterygoid muscles are landmarks of the region.Three -dimensional reconstructed images could help physicians in the understanding of anatomical relationship of infratemporal fossa structures and be the basis of surgical approach decision and useful tool in simulating the surgical procedures.     

扩大的内镜下经鼻至斜坡腹侧区入路手术的相关解剖研究

Objective To define the exposure extent of the ventral part of the clivus under the extended endoscopic endonasal approach,important anatomical landmarks and the distance between each other via this approach.Methods Twenty formalin-fixed intact adult human head-neck specimens,in which only the arteries was injected with red latex,were longitudinally and coronally dissected to evaluate the surgical key steps and the advantages and limitations via extended endoscopic endonasal approach and selected measurements were obtained.Five fresh and intact head-neck specimens were used to perform analogical operation via the extended endoscopic endonasai approach to the ventral part of the clivus.The surgical exposure of main landmarks in the clivus was extended under endoscope and microscope,and the interactions and distances between the landmarks were studied.ResultsAnatomic landmarks of the approach included the middle turbinate,the choana narium,the Eustachian tube ostium,and the nasopharynx mucosa,the aperture of sphenoidal sinus,the longus capitis,the longus colli,the basion,the internal carotid artery and the sphenopalatine artery.The distances between the anterior nasal spine and both the pharyngeal tubercle and the basion were (78.23±2.58) mm and (89.60±2.52) mm,respectively.The shortest distance exposuring ventral region of clivus completely should be (89.60+2.52) mm.The exposure in the inferior wall of sphenoid sinus and the lower clivus was limited by pterygoid canal and foramen lacerum,and the average distances from the median line to them were (9.22±0.52) mm and (9.70±0.70) mm,respectively; no significant difference between the left and right was found (P>0.05).Conclusion knowing the anatomical structure,understanding its connection with the brain tissue and its exposure extent of the ventral part of the clivus are the major problems that need to be solved in the extended endoscopic endonasal approach.     

扩大的内镜下经鼻至斜坡腹侧区入路手术的相关解剖研究

Objective To define the exposure extent of the ventral part of the clivus under the extended endoscopic endonasal approach,important anatomical landmarks and the distance between each other via this approach.Methods Twenty formalin-fixed intact adult human head-neck specimens,in which only the arteries was injected with red latex,were longitudinally and coronally dissected to evaluate the surgical key steps and the advantages and limitations via extended endoscopic endonasal approach and selected measurements were obtained.Five fresh and intact head-neck specimens were used to perform analogical operation via the extended endoscopic endonasai approach to the ventral part of the clivus.The surgical exposure of main landmarks in the clivus was extended under endoscope and microscope,and the interactions and distances between the landmarks were studied.ResultsAnatomic landmarks of the approach included the middle turbinate,the choana narium,the Eustachian tube ostium,and the nasopharynx mucosa,the aperture of sphenoidal sinus,the longus capitis,the longus colli,the basion,the internal carotid artery and the sphenopalatine artery.The distances between the anterior nasal spine and both the pharyngeal tubercle and the basion were (78.23±2.58) mm and (89.60±2.52) mm,respectively.The shortest distance exposuring ventral region of clivus completely should be (89.60+2.52) mm.The exposure in the inferior wall of sphenoid sinus and the lower clivus was limited by pterygoid canal and foramen lacerum,and the average distances from the median line to them were (9.22±0.52) mm and (9.70±0.70) mm,respectively; no significant difference between the left and right was found (P>0.05).Conclusion knowing the anatomical structure,understanding its connection with the brain tissue and its exposure extent of the ventral part of the clivus are the major problems that need to be solved in the extended endoscopic endonasal approach.     

颞下经岩骨前部入路的临床应用

颞下经岩骨前部人路是颅底手术入路的一种,其特点是于颞下硬膜外磨除岩骨前部(耳蜗以前),通过中颅窝充分显露脑桥腹侧、上斜坡及骑跨中后颅窝的病变,争取一期手术全切病变。熟悉岩骨的解剖,是此入路应用的前提。其优点:颞叶的牵拉小;颅内操作问隙多;可保留听力;有利于保护脑干、后组颅神经、基底动脉及其穿动脉;易与其他人路联合使用,扩大显露范围。缺点:若伤及岩骨内结构,可出现严重并发症;可损伤岩尖部的Ⅲ-Ⅵ颅神经;不能显露内听道以后和中下斜坡的病变;手术创伤大、费时。     

改良翼点入路显微切除鞍结节脑膜瘤

Objective To summarize the experience with modified transpterygoid craniotomy for microsurgical resection of tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed in 26 patients with tuberculum sellae meningiomas admitted between January, 2001 and April, 2007 in our hospital to receive microsurgical meningioma removal using a modified transpterional approach. The basal part of the tumor was firstly coagulated and dissected to control the blood supply of the lesion. Through the cerebral cisterns in the sellar region and the interfaces between the tumor and the adjacent structures, the tumor was removed to the greatest possible extent with minimal invasiveness to the neighboring structures. Results Simpson grade Ⅰ resection was achieved in 11 patients, grade Ⅱ resection in 14 patients, and grade Ⅲ resection in 1 patient. The visual acuity and the optic field were improved in 23 patients, and remained unchanged in 1 patient after the operation. Two patients had postoperative visual acuity deterioration, which was improved after appropriate treatment. Seven patients developed diabetes insipidus after the operation, and gradually recovered after symptomatic treatments for about 10 days without fatal consequences. Follow-up for 6 months to 5 years found no recurrence of meningiomas in these patients. Conclusions The modified transpterional approach provides excellent exposure of the middle fossa, anterior cranial fossa, saddle and parasellar areas, and is effective for different types of tuberculum seilae meningiomas with increased total resection rate and reduced postoperative complications.     

微血管多普勒监测下手术治疗大脑后动脉动脉瘤

目的 总结2006年1月至2009年12月我科收治的10例大脑后动脉动脉瘤的临床特征、手术入路和手术技巧.方法 10例中P1段3例,P2段5例,P3段2例.P1段动脉瘤采用颞下+翼点联合入路,P2、P3段动脉瘤采用颞下入路.在微血管多普勒监测下7例行动脉瘤颈夹闭术,2例行血管塑形动脉瘤夹闭术,1例行动脉瘤孤立术.其中3例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤切除术.结果 10例患者中6例恢复良好,2例术后出现动眼神经麻痹,1例出现同向偏盲,1例出现轻偏瘫,经治疗后均恢复正常.术前1例存在动眼神经麻痹和1例存在同向偏盲者手术后3个月恢复.结论 显微外科手术是治疗大脑后动脉瘤的主要方法,经颞下入路暴露充分,是一种安全、简便的入路.微血管多普勒在动脉瘤夹闭术中是一种直接、有效和便捷的监测方法,对提高手术治疗效果具有重要价值.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical features of intracranial aneurysms of posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and the surgical approaches and operative skills to treat them. Method The aneurysms arose from the P1 segment in 3 patients, the P2 segment in 5 patients and the P3 segment in 2 patients. Aneurysms on P1 segment were surgically treated via subtemporal associated pterional approach. Aneurysms on P2 and P3 segment were surgically treated via subtemporal approach. 7 aneurysms were successfully treated by clipping the aneurysmal neck,2 aneurysms were shaped and 1 aneurysm was isolated. 3 giant aneurysms were resected. Microvascular Doppler was conducted to examine the blood flow of aneurysms and parent arteries. Results 6 of 10 patients had postoperative good recovery. Temporal oculomotor palsy occurred in 2 patients, syntropic hemiablepsia occurred in 1 patients,light hemiplegia in 1 patient. All these patients were recovery with treatment. 1 oculomotor palsy and 1 syntropic hemiablepsia preoperation recovered postoperation after three months. Conclusions The microsurgery is one of the major methods for treating aneurysm of PCA. The subtemporal approach in treating aneurysm of PCA is simple,safe and good exposure. Microvascular doppler is a feasible, safe, and very reliable technique in aneurysm surgery.     

颞下入路术中颞骨岩部安全磨除范围分析

目的 探讨颞下入路术中岩斜区安全磨除范围。方法 选择25具（50侧）正常成人颅骨标本,观察并测量颞骨岩部重要解剖结构,包括岩浅大神经孔（A）、岩骨嵴（B）、三叉神经压迹外侧缘最高点（C）、颈内动脉岩骨水平段（D）、BC中点（G）、CD中点（H）、岩尖（I）、内听道顶部、AC中点（J）;然后,应用影像学资料加以验证,同时,应用成人尸头模拟颞下入路手术,在安全范围（矩形CGHJ）内磨除三叉神经压迹及其后外侧部分并观察显露的解剖结构。结果 HJ连线可作为内听道内侧缘在岩骨前壁的投影,此方法能有效定位内听道。在矩形CGHJ范围内磨除部分岩骨后,可观察到上斜坡、中斜破和内听道下方。结论 HJ连线可作为内听道内侧缘的岩骨前壁的投影;矩形GHJI可作为颞下硬膜外入路术中岩骨磨除的安全区域,而且有足够的暴露范围。     

Intracerebroventricular transplanted bone marrow stem cells survive and migrate into the brain of rats with Parkinson’s disease

In this study,6-hydroxydopamine was stereotaxically injected into the right substantia nigra compact and ventral tegmental area of rats to establish Parkinson’s disease models.The rats then received a transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells that were previously isolated,cultured and labeled with 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine in vitro.Transplantation of the bone marrow stromal cells significantly de-creased apomorphine-induced rotation time and the escape latency in the Morris water maze test as compared with rats with untreated Parkinson’s disease.Immunohistochemical staining showed that,5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine-immunoreactive cells were present in the lateral ventricular wall and the choroid plexus 1 day after transplantation.These immunoreactive cells migrated to the surrounding areas of the lateral cerebral ventricle along the corpus callosum.The results indicated that bone marrow stromal cells could migrate to tissues surround the cerebral ventricle via the cerebrospinal fluid circulation and fuse with cells in the brain,thus altering the phenotype of cells or forming neuron-like cells or astrocytes capable of expressing neuron-specific proteins.Taken together,the present findings indicate that bone marrow stromal cells transplanted intracerebroventricularly could survive,migrate and significantly improve the rotational behavior and cognitive function of rats with experimentally induced Parkinson’s disease.     

颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路解剖与临床应用

目的通过神经导航下颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路的解剖和手术方案研究,探讨该入路临床应用效果。方法应用成人头颅标本12例(24侧),模拟颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路,观察暴露的岩斜区解剖结构;利用神经导航技术定位标本岩骨内部结构,最大限度磨除岩尖,观察斜坡鞍后区,上、中斜坡区等结构;利用该入路切除11例临床颅底肿瘤,探讨该入路的安全性和实用性。结果颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路可完全暴露鞍旁区,通过海绵窦外侧壁的手术三角可对累及海绵窦内外病变进行直视手术;神经导航辅助下耳蜗、内听道等结构定位准确,头颅标本岩尖磨除后耳蜗内侧缘岩尖剩余最大骨质平均厚度(0.8±0.19)mm,内侧视角较非导航入路增加(8±2.5)°,后外侧视野增加了(25±3.2)°,获得(3.3±0.4)cm2硬膜显露,明显扩大了后颅窝的暴露范围。临床病例资料肿瘤全切除6例,次全切3例,大部分切除2例,手术时间与既往相比缩短1~1.5 h,术后新增脑神经损害症状或原有脑神经损害症状加重3例,无长期昏迷及手术相关死亡病例。结论神经导航辅助下颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路,能最大程度暴露蝶岩斜区病变,有利于提高肿瘤的全切率和术后疗效。     

颞下经岩前硬膜外入路相关中颅窝显微解剖

目的 利用颞下经岩前硬膜外入路研究中颅窝解剖结构之间的关系.方法 国人成人尸头湿标本10例20侧.模拟颞下经岩前硬膜外入路操作.磨除岩尖骨质,暴露并保留内听道(IAC)、耳蜗(Coch)、颈内动脉(ICA).观察并总结各解剖结构之间的关系.结果 (1)弓状隆起(AE)依气化程度不同,可分为3类:平坦型、梯田型和砾石型.前2型AE与上半规管(SSC)的关系容易确定;(2)颞下经岩前硬膜外入路所涉及的中颅窝解剖结构均位于以"三叉神经节"和"膝状神经节"为中心的两个扇形结构中."前扇"由三叉神经及三叉神经节组成,"后扇"由岩浅大神经(GSPN)、AE、IAC构成.ICA及Coch位于"后扇"内.两个扇形由GSPN相联系;(3)IAC位于"后扇"内,GSPN与AE的夹角为122.7°±7.6°(108.1°～137.5°),GSPN与IAC前壁的夹角为46.6°±4.9°(35.0°～55.2°).Coch位于GSPN与IAC前壁的夹角内.结论 两个扇形可以将颞下经岩前入路相关的中颅底解剖结构加以概括,简单直观,便于理解与记忆;磨除岩尖时,IAC的保护选择IAC前壁较安全.     

Petrous apex meningiomas: an alternative surgical approach

The literature describes a variety of surgical approaches to deal with meningiomas that involve the apex of the petrous bone and lie predominantly in the posterior fossa, e.g. the transpetrosal (translabyrinthine and transcochlear), the combined supra- and infratentorial, the subtemporal with or without pyramid resection, the suboccipital and the orbitozygomatic approaches. This study presents an alternative surgical approach, namely a modification of the occipital craniotomy with or without tentorial division. This approach was used for the removal of three petrous bone apex meningiomas which were medium to large in size and located predominantly in the posterior fossa with extension into the middle fossa. Complete tumour excision was achieved with no morbidity and no mortality.     

颞下小骨窗人路显微手术临床应用

目的改良常规颢下人路,以减少手术创伤达到微创的目的。方法采用耳前1cm颧弓向上向后弧形切口,绕行耳廓上方约1cm到达乳突,铣开4cm×2cm大小骨窗,平中颅底,经颞下行中颅底部位病灶的手术治疗15例。结果9例三叉神经鞘瘤全切除8例,次全切1例。4例岩尖区天幕下脑膜瘤和2例颞底胶质瘤均全切除。结论颞下小骨窗人路可以达到常规颞下入路的效果,可以满足中颅窝后部、颞叶底面及天幕区的肿瘤切除术的要求,是一种行之有效的微创手术人路。     

应用枕下经颈静脉突入路显微手术切除颈静脉孔区肿瘤

目的回顾应用枕下经颈静脉突（STJP）入路手术切除的颈静脉孔（JF）肿瘤病例，探讨该入路的临床价值及适用范围。方法回顾总结自2000年1月以来STJP入路14例和枕下一颞下窝联合入路1例切除的JF肿瘤病人的临床资料、手术入路及术后随访情况。结果本组14例JF肿瘤中，1例肿瘤局限于JF区；5例肿瘤完全向颅内发展；8例肿瘤主体位于颅内，其中2例部分瘤体向下跨枕大孔进入颈椎管上部，6例部分瘤体经JF向外口处发展，呈哑铃型，后者中有2例向前累及颈动脉鞘。手术全切除10例；近全切除1例；次全切除3例。术后无1例发生脑脊液漏。13例（92．9％）患者未新增颅神经损害症状，1例术后出现短期患侧眼外展麻痹和面神经不全损害（HBⅢ级）。术后随访3-60个月（失访1例），病人术前颅神经损害均逐渐恢复或代偿，随访时无1例存在吞咽困难。1例肿瘤颅外部分发展至颞下窝咽旁间隙采用枕下-颞下窝联合入路的患者术后出现后组颅神经损害表现，伴短期切口脑脊液漏。鼻饲4个月时因水、电解质紊乱合并肺部感染死亡。结论STJP入路操作简便易行，无需磨除岩骨及轮廓化面神经管，不破坏迷路，对颅底骨质破坏较少，显露范围较广泛，适用于主体在JF区和向颅内发展的JF肿瘤切除。     

颞下-经岩前入路的显微外科解剖学研究

目的 模拟颞下-经岩前入路，对中颅窝底硬膜内外各个结构的解剖关系进行研究，并探讨改良的可行性。方法 本组采用8例福尔马林固定的尸头，磨除颞骨岩部外侧三角、颞骨岩部前方Kawase菱形区、内侧岩尖三角的骨质，测量各靶点间距离及显露角度，用手术显微镜观察岩斜区、视交叉后区。结果 （1）颞骨岩部外侧三角可磨除面积2．8cm^2，深度可达2．26cm；（2）颞骨岩尖前面、上面可磨出面积约2．5cm^2、1．7cm^2的骨窗。结论 （1）颞下-经岩前入路改良了经典的颞下入路，可在不损伤听力的基础上减少对颞叶的损伤，更能显露病变。（2）本研究进一步磨除了颞骨岩部外侧三角，扩大了手术操作范围，改善了对视交叉后区的视野。     

颞底经小脑幕经岩入路的解剖研究

目的 探讨颞底经小脑幕经岩入路(TBTTA)中岩骨可以磨除的区域,及该入路对岩斜区结构暴露的情况.方法 应用成人湿头颅标本10例(20侧),模拟TBTTA人路,界定岩骨可以磨除的范围,并比较岩骨磨除前后岩斜区结构暴露情况及对颞底所需牵拉的程度.结果 以内听道为中心分中间部、内侧部、外侧部来磨除岩骨.岩骨可磨除范围:中间部宽度6.6 mm,长度在内听道口为5 mm,在内听道底约为2 mm;内侧部长度可为15 mm,宽度为9 mm;外侧部在内听道和上半规管之间区域中,长度为8.7 mm,宽度为5 mm,右半规管区域磨除深度不能超过3.7 mm.通过磨除适当范围的岩骨,TBTTA入路可以明显改善岩斜区结构的暴露;颞底牵拉程度明显减少.结论 不磨除岩骨的单纯颞底经小脑幕入路中,对岩骨后颅窝面的观察仍然受到岩嵴的阻挡;而TRTTA入路从硬膜下磨除适度范围的岩骨,可以明显改善对岩骨后颅窝面及邻近结构的暴露,减少对颞底的牵拉并无需进行特殊的颅底重建.     

乙状窦后入路桥小脑角区显微解剖研究

目的通过显微镜及神经内镜观察研究国人乙状窦后入路的桥小脑角区的结构，为临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法在5个新鲜国人头颅标本上模拟枕下乙状窦后手术入路．通过神经内镜和手术显微镜观察桥小脑角区的重要结构，测量内耳门后下缘到后半规管后缘中点的距离。结果颈静脉孔位于岩骨内侧面的下方，有岩下窦、乙状窦、颈静脉及第Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ颅神经通过：内耳门位于岩骨内侧面中央，面神经多位于内耳门的前上，听神经位于内耳门后下，小脑前下动脉在内耳门处形成动脉袢，发出1～3支内听动脉。内耳门后下缘到后半规管后缘中点的距离左侧为（12．51±2．28）mm，右侧为（13．26±2．17）mm。结论结合显微镜和神经内镜有助于更全面的了解桥小脑角区解剖结构之间的关系，能最大程度减低损伤，更好的保护正常结构。     

颞下入路在中后颅窝肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨颞下入路显微手术治疗中后颅窝肿瘤的效果。方法采用颞下入路显微手术切除中后颅窝肿瘤20例,其中神经鞘瘤7例,海绵状血管瘤2例,脑膜瘤11例。结果肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除3例,大部切除2例。19例Labbe静脉处理未处理,1例切断。术后出现复视2例、面瘫1例、动眼神经麻痹1例、偏瘫1例、延髓麻痹1例。结论颞下入路显微手术是中后颅窝肿瘤理想的治疗方法。