MRI和CT阴性表现的脑致痫灶定位研究

目的回顾性分析难治性癫痫手术治疗的临床资料,探讨MRI和CT阴性表现病例的致痫灶定位方法.方法经MRI和CT检查呈阴性表现的癫痫患者42例,应用发作症状评估、长程头皮和颅内电极视频脑电图（video-EEG）监测等方法综合定位致痫灶.结果36例（85.7%）患者可以明确定位致痫灶,其中位于颞叶19例,额叶12例,额叶＋颞叶3例,顶枕叶2例;多灶性起源或定位不明确者6例,2例放弃手术.40例脑致痫灶组织均有不同程度的病理改变.结论一些局灶性皮质发育不良、微发育不良等细微脑组织改变通过现有的MRI和CT影像学检查尚难以发现,而它们常常是导致癫痫发作的病理基础.综合分析患者的临床发作特点,特别是长程EEG监测资料,可为大部分的此类病例明确定位脑致痫灶.     

应用脑深部电极准确定位颞叶癫痫致痫灶

目的 探讨脑深部电极准确定位颞叶癫痫致痫灶的临床价值。方法 28例疑似颞叶癫痫病人,均实施脑深部电极植入术,均以颞叶内侧为靶点,对重点怀疑致痫灶侧,分别经额叶、颞叶外侧及顶枕叶最多植入3枚电极,对侧依情况植入1～2枚,疑似双颞叶癫痫者最多植入6枚。结果 27例病人明确了致痫灶的具体部位并实施相应手术治疗,其中颞叶内侧型癫痫19例,颞叶外侧型癫痫5例,颞叶外器质性病变导致癫痫发作3例。CT/MRI显示器质性病变9例,其中1例为非致痫性病变。术后癫痫发作总消失率为62.96%(17/27),其中立体定向海马杏仁复合体毁损术5例,海马横切术3例,前颞叶切除术5例,单纯器质性病变切除术4例。结论 准确应用脑深部电极,可达到颞叶癫痫致痫灶的准确定位效果并减少手术创伤,保护脑组织功能,对于颞叶外器质性病变导致的癫痫发作也有定位价值。     

颅内电极埋藏在枕叶癫痫中的作用

目的探讨运用颅内电极埋藏进行视频脑电图监测在定位困难的枕叶癫痫中的作用。方法通过对9例枕叶癫痫但定侧定位困难的患者,向颅内可疑部位植入硬膜下条状电极,进行视频脑电图监测,记录发作间期及发作期脑电图变化,确定癫痫病灶起始区。通过手术切除致痫灶。结果本组9例埋藏时间为3～9d,平均5d,均记录到间歇期痫样放电及发作期脑电图情况。行枕叶局部皮层切除6例及枕叶切除3例。术后按照Engel评分,I级7例,II级2例。所有病例均未出现埋藏电极引起的并发症。结论在致痫灶定位困难的顽固性枕叶癫痫中,采用颅内电极埋藏进行脑电图监测,可以精确定位致痫灶,从而提高癫痫的治愈率。     

难治性枕叶癫痫的术前定位与手术治疗

目的探讨难治性枕叶癫痫的术前定位与手术方法。方法对经手术治疗且随访时间6个月以上的9例枕叶癫痫患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。采用发作症状评估、影像学检查、长程视频头皮脑电图监测、颅内电极脑电图记录等方法综合术前定位。根据术前定位确定的致痫灶部位与范围采用不同的手术方法。7例病人采用颅内电极置入术来精确定位。局部枕叶皮层切除2例,枕叶大部或全部切除4例,全枕叶或后头部脑叶离断3例;同期经枕入路切除或离断颞叶内结结构3例。结果术后随访6个月至2年,术后癫痫无发作6例,发作1次1例,发作减少90%以上2例。结论难治性枕叶癫痫经手术治疗可以取得较好的疗效,颅内电极脑电图记录有助于致痫灶准确定位,并指导术中切除部位与功能保护。     

颅内电极监测对顽固性颞叶癫痫致痫灶的定位价值

目的:探讨发作期及发作间期颅内电极监测对癫痫灶的定位作用。方法:20例难治性颞叶癫痫,经临床、影像学及头皮脑电图不能确定致痫灶部位,应用立体定向技术,在患者双侧颞叶植入硬膜下条状电极,进行长时间视频脑电图监测,记录发作期和发作间期的脑电图变化,并与头皮脑电图、MRI进行比较,分析癫痫灶部位,进行手术治疗,术后跟踪随访,评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果:20例癫痫病人颅内电极埋藏时间1～5天,每个患者至少监测到2次临床发作,每一病例均记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。15例发作间期与发作期定侧一致,2例发作间期为双侧棘波病灶,3例发作间期定位与发作期不一致。按Engel术后效果分级:手术效果满意(癫痫发作消失)13例(65%),显著改善3例(15%),良好3例(15%),无效1例(5%)。所有病例均未出现因颅内电极埋藏而致的并发症。结论:对于致痫灶不能定位的难治性癫痫,应用颅内电极记录方法,尤其是发作期起始时脑电图变化,可以确定致痫灶位置,为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的依据。     

颅内电极脑电图监测对癫痫致痫灶的定位作用

目的探讨颅内电极脑电图（EEG）监测对癫痫致痫灶的定位作用。方法对经临床、影像学和常规EEG检查不能确定致痫灶部位的20例难治性颞叶癫痫患者，应用立体定向技术，经双侧颞叶植入硬膜下条状电极进行长时间EEG监测，观察发作期及发作间期EEG变化，结合常规EEG、MRI检查结果对癫痫灶进行综合定位；术后随访，评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果20例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为1—5d，每例监测到／〉2次临床发作并记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。20例患者发作期颅内电极EEG均能准确定位，15例致痫灶发作间期与发作期一致，2例发作间期为双侧棘波，3例发作间期定位与发作期不一致。术后按Engel疗效分级：发作消失13例（65％），显著改善3例（15％），良好3例（15％），无效1例（5％）。未出现因颅内电极安置所致的并发症。结论颅内电极EEG监测可为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据。     

局限型与扩展型枕叶癫痫的临床特点及手术疗效比较

目的 探讨局限型(致痫灶局限于枕叶内)与扩展型(致痫灶同时涉及枕叶外的脑叶)枕叶癫痫的临床特点及不同预后,以期为临床诊疗提供帮助. 方法 回顾性分析北京军区总医院自2011年6月至2013年6月收治的32例枕叶癫痫手术患者的临床资料,根据病灶位置将其分为2组:局限型枕叶癫痫组(14例)、扩展型枕叶癫痫组(18例).分析比较2组患者的基本情况、发作和定位诊断的相关数据,以及预后情况. 结果 (1)局限型与扩展型枕叶癫痫患者的性别、病程、发作类型、术前用药、定位诊断及手术疗效等多数临床资料差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)发作特征方面,扩展型枕叶癫痫患者的非视觉性先兆明显多于局限型枕叶癫痫患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2种类型患者主要发作类型为复杂部分性发作(31例,97％),继发全身强直阵挛发作18例(44％),且多见于扩展型枕叶癫痫.(3)定位诊断方面,脑电图、MRI等多种诊断方法对于2种类型癫痫患者的诊断效果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).但行颅内电极植入后脑电图定位诊断的患者均为扩展型枕叶癫痫,提示其致痫灶定位的难度更大.(4)局限型枕叶癫痫患者中12例(86％)术后达到满意疗效,扩展型中13例(72％)达到满意疗效,差异亦没有统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 扩展型枕叶癫痫的定位诊断难于局限型,但通过综合运用包括颅内电极脑电图在内的多种定位诊断方法,准确定位并有效切除致痫灶亦可取得较好疗效.     

颞-枕叶交界区癫痫的致痫区定位研究

目的 探讨颞-枕叶交界区癫痫的脑电图、电临床症状学特点及其在致痫区定位诊断中的意义.方法 7例怀疑颞-枕叶交界区癫痫的患者,进行了长程视频脑电图监测,根据电生理及头颅MRI结果,进行术前评估及颞-枕叶交界区病灶切除,随访1年.结果 (1)发作起始的症状和体征:所有患者无论病史和监测中均无初级视幻觉,7例中2例有视错觉或复杂视幻觉;快速眨眼(有或无发作先兆)做为发作起始的体征见于6例患者中;(2)头皮脑电图间歇期癫痫样放电位于双侧4例,同侧颞-枕区2例,同侧颞区1例;头皮脑电图发作期7例中5例发作起始表现为弥漫性放电,无侧向性,1例位于同侧后头部,1例为同侧颞区;(3)手术及预后:7例患者中5例行颞-枕交界区病灶切除术,2例术后完全无发作,1例术后有偶发先兆,2例患者术后发作未减少;另外2例未接受外科治疗.结论 发作起始期先兆症状学可为颞-枕叶交界区癫痫致痫区定位诊断提供重要线索,而头皮脑电图间歇期和发作期癫痫放电对颞-枕叶交界区癫痫致痫区定位只能提供参考线索.正确和充分的颅内电极(特别是深部电极)置入并记录发作期颅内电极脑电图改变,对发作起始区的定位诊断可能提供更重要的资料.     

6例磁共振阴性额叶癫痫患者致痫灶定位研究

目的探讨硬膜下电极脑电图(ECo G)监测对磁共振阴性癫痫患者致痫灶的定位作用。方法对经临床、影像学和头皮EEG检查不能确定致痫灶部位的6例难治性额叶癫痫患者,植入硬膜下条状电极进行视频EEG监测,观察颅内电极发作期及发作间期EEG变化,结合头皮EEG、临床发作结果对癫痫灶进行综合定位;术后随访,评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果 6例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为2~5 d,每例监测到2次临床发作并记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。5例患者发作期颅内电极EEG均能准确定位,5例显示一侧局灶性放电起源,1例患者显示双侧放电起源。术后按Engel疗效分级:EngelⅠ级4例(57.1%),EngelⅡ级1例(14.3%),随访不满1年的按谭氏术后效果分级,达到了满意。结论颅内电极EEG监测可为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据。     

同步EEG-功能性MRI对颞叶癫痫致痫灶的定位作用

目的 探讨同步EEG-功能性MRI(fMRI)对颞叶癫痫致痫灶的定位作用.方法 对17例症状性颞叶癫痫患者进行同步EEG-fMRI检查.对EEG出现痫样放电时的fMRI数据进行分析,将痫样放电导致的脑组织血氧水平依赖信号改变区域叠加在MRI图像上,确定癫痫灶的位置;并与手术中脑皮质电极和深部电极EEG确定的致痫灶位置进行比较.结果 10例患者同步EEG-fMRI与皮质电极和深部电极EEG确定的致痫灶的位置和范围完全相同;另外7例患者同步EEG-fMRI确定的致痫灶中心位置与皮质电极和深部电极EEG相同,但范围比后者显示的扩大.癫痫灶切除术后14例发作控制,3例发作频率明显降低.结论 同步EEG-fMRI对颞叶癫痫致痫灶的定位准确,无创伤性;对手术定位具有可靠的指导作用.     

Lateralizing value of unilateral motor and somatosensory manifestations in frontal lobe seizures

PURPOSE: To evaluate the lateralizing value of unilateral somatosensory aura, unilateral tonic posturing, head version, non-forced head turning, ictal cloni, dystonic posturing, and postictal nose wiping in seizures originating in the frontal lobe. METHODS: We included patients who had consecutively undergone presurgical evaluation with ictal video-EEG monitoring at our institution, had had resective epilepsy surgery involving the frontal lobe, and had remained seizure-free >1 year after operation. Twenty-seven patients aged 1-42 years (mean 18) met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen patients had right-sided, 12 patients had left-sided epileptogenic regions. Seizures recorded during EEG-video monitoring were re-evaluated by two investigators in order to identify lateralization signs in frontal lobe seizures. One of the investigators was blind to patients' clinical data. RESULTS: We analyzed 153 seizures of 27 patients. The most common unilateral phenomenon was the unilateral tonic posturing occurring in 48% of all the patients and in 25% of all seizures. Somatosensory aura and head version appeared exclusively contralateral whereas clonus occurred in 92% and unilateral tonic posturing in 89% of seizures contralateral to the epileptogenic region. Ictal non-forced head turning and postictal nose wiping showed no lateralizing significance. Dystonic posturing did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: Somatosensory aura, head version, ictal cloni, and tonic posturing are reliable lateralizing signs in frontal seizures. These signs may help in identifying the epileptogenic region during presurgical evaluation of patients suffering from frontal lobe epilepsy.     

额叶癫癎发作的癫癎灶定位

目的 通过分析40例额叶癫痫发作患者术前定位的临床资料，探讨额叶癫痫发作的癫痫灶综合定位方法。方法 应用临床发作症状评估、MRI／CT扫描、单光子发射计算机体层摄影术(SPECT)检查、长程视频脑电图监测以及颅内电极记录等方法综合定位额叶癫痫患者的癫痫灶。结果 应用非侵袭性检查可以为45．0％的患者进行额叶癫痫灶定位；结合颅内脑电图长程记录，癫痫灶定位率可达90．0％；当影像学检查阴性时，78．9％的患者可以定位癫痫灶。结论 应用临床发作症状学评估、影像学检查、长程视频脑电图监测以及颅内脑电图长程记录相结合的综合定位方法，可以显著提高额叶癫痫发作的癫痫灶定位效果。     

额叶癫痫的特点及手术治疗

目的 :分析额叶癫痫的临床特征、发作期及发作间期脑电图特点 ,探讨额叶癫痫手术治疗。方法 :应用视频脑电图对 9例额叶癫痫患者进行长程监测 ,并对其中 6例记录颅内脑电图。分析癫痫发作的临床表现及脑电图特点 ,定位致痫灶 ,行手术切除。结果 :额叶癫痫的发作特点为 :发作频繁而短暂 ,以睡眠期发作为主 ,常见过度运动 ,姿势性强直 ,发声等发作症状。发作期可见棘波节律 ,广泛低幅快活动 ,节律性慢波等特征性脑电活动。颅内电极记录可清晰显示异常脑电活动的发作起源及扩散情况 ,有助于定位致痫灶。手术切除病灶及致痫灶 ,效果满意。结论 :额叶癫痫是一组具有特征性的癫痫综合征 ,颅内电极记录有助于揭示其脑电活动变化。对于难治疗性额叶癫痫 ,准确定位致痫灶是手术成功的关键。     

后皮质癫(痫)的临床特征分析与手术治疗

目的 探讨后皮质癫(痫)的临床定位特征与手术治疗方法 .方法 根据临床确诊为后皮质癫(痫)的43例患者完整的临床资料,回顾性分析其发作症状、影像学、脑电图及神经病理学等方面的临床特征,并总结手术治疗的疗效与并发症.结果 43例患者中顶叶癫(痫)11例,枕叶癫(痫)13例,其余部位癫(痫)19例,33例(76.7%)出现先兆症状,发作期常常表现为头或眼向对侧转动、伴自动症、特定的姿势性强直等症状学特点.22例需埋置颅内电极.术后5例出现不同程度的视觉障碍.随访1～5年,27例(62.8%)癫(痫)发作消失.结论 某些先兆和发作期症状可能提示癫(痫)灶位于后皮质,部分患者可以通过手术获得满意疗效.     

Versive seizures in occipital lobe epilepsy: lateralizing value and pathophysiology

To clarify the value of versive seizures in lateralizing and localizing the epileptogenic zone in patients with occipital lobe epilepsy, we studied 13 occipital lobe epilepsy patients with at least one versive seizure recorded during preoperative noninvasive video-EEG monitoring, who underwent occipital lobe resection, and were followed postoperatively for more than 2 years with Engel's class I outcome. The videotaped versive seizures were analyzed to compare the direction of version and the side of surgical resection in each patient. Moreover, we examined other motor symptoms (partial somatomotor manifestations such as tonic and/or clonic movements of face and/or limbs, automatisms, and eyelid blinking) associated with version. Forty-nine versive seizures were analyzed. The direction of version was always contralateral to the side of resection except in one patient. Among accompanying motor symptoms, partial somatomotor manifestations were observed in only five patients. In conclusion, versive seizure is a reliable lateralizing sign indicating contralateral epileptogenic zone in occipital lobe epilepsy. Since versive seizures were accompanied by partial somatomotor manifestations in less than half of the patients, it is suggested that the mechanism of version in occipital lobe epilepsy is different from that in frontal lobe epilepsy.     

The localizing value of ictal EEG in focal epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the lateralization and localization of ictal EEG in focal epilepsy. METHODS: A total of 486 ictal EEG of 72 patients with focal epilepsy arising from the mesial temporal, neocortical temporal, mesial frontal, dorsolateral frontal, parietal, and occipital regions were analyzed. RESULTS: Surface ictal EEG was adequately localized in 72% of cases, more often in temporal than extratemporal epilepsy. Localized ictal onsets were seen in 57% of seizures and were most common in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), lateral frontal lobe epilepsy (LFLE), and parietal lobe epilepsy, whereas lateralized onsets predominated in neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy and generalized onsets in mesial frontal lobe epilepsy (MFLE) and occipital lobe epilepsy. Approximately two-thirds of seizures were localized, 22% generalized, 4% lateralized, and 6% mislocalized/lateralized. False localization/lateralization occurred in 28% of occipital and 16% of parietal seizures. Rhythmic temporal theta at ictal onset was seen exclusively in temporal lobe seizures, whereas localized repetitive epileptiform activity was highly predictive of LFLE. Seizures arising from the lateral convexity and mesial regions were differentiated by a high incidence of repetitive epileptiform activity at ictal onset in the former and rhythmic theta activity in the latter. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of mesial frontal lobe epilepsy, ictal recordings are very useful in the localization/lateralization of focal seizures. Some patterns are highly accurate in localizing the epileptogenic lobe. One limitation of ictal EEG is the potential for false localization/lateralization in occipital and parietal lobe epilepsies.     

Visual phenomena and anatomo-electro-clinical correlations in occipital lobe seizures

BackgroundOccipital lobe seizure are underrepresented in epilepsy surgery cases series. This may reflect the fear for post-surgical functional deficits but also the doubt about the ability of anatomo-electro-clinical correlations to localize precisely the epileptogenic zone in occipital lobe seizure.MethodsIn this expert opinion paper, we review first the general clinical characteristics of occipital lobe seizures, describe the repertoire of visual phenomena and oculo-motor signes in occipital seizures, describe inter-ictal and ictal EEG and finally the possible schemes of epileptogenic zone organization.ResultsVisual and oculo-motor semiology points towards occipital onset seizures but is neither pathognomonic nor constant. Eyes version and unilateral ictal discharge have a strong lateralizing value but inter-ictal spikes as well as eyes version can be falsely lateralizing.ConclusionAlthough visual and oculo-motor phenomena are characteristic of occipital lobe seizures, they may be discrete, overlooked and should therefore be carefully assessed. There are no clear electro-clinical correlations of a sublobar organization of occipital seizures but the clinical pattern of propagation might help to differentiate complex occipito-temporal from occipito-parietal initial epileptogenic network.     

Musicogenic seizures can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci: intracranial EEG analyses of three patients

PURPOSE: To determine the ictal-onset zone of musicogenic seizures by using intracranial EEG monitoring. METHODS: Musicogenic seizures in three patients with medically intractable musicogenic epilepsy were first localized by using noninvasive methods including, in one patient, ictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The ictal-onset zones in these patients were then further localized using by intracranial EEG monitoring, and the outcomes of the two patients who underwent epilepsy surgery were determined. RESULTS: Patient 1's musicogenic seizures localized to the right lateral temporal lobe, patient 2's originated in the right mesial temporal lobe, and patient 3's arose independently from both mesial temporal lobes. Patients 1 and 2 underwent resective epilepsy surgery and are seizure free (Engel class I). CONCLUSIONS: Musicogenic epilepsy is a heterogeneous syndrome with seizures that can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci. Patients with medically intractable musicogenic epilepsy and with unilateral ictal onset zones may be considered candidates for resective epilepsy surgery.     

颅内电极埋藏在Lennox-Gastaut综合症中的应用(附10例临床分析)

目的探讨颅内电极埋藏术后进行视频脑电图评估在癫痫外科手术致痫灶定位困难的Lennox-Gastaut综合症中的使用。方法收集10例Lennox-Gastaut综合症致痫灶定位困难的患者,向颅内硬膜下植入条状电极,术后进行视频脑电图评估,记录发作间歇期及发作期脑电图变化,确定癫痫病灶的起始区,通过手术方式切除致痫灶。结果本组10例患者埋藏时间为2～7天,平均4天,均记录到间歇期及发作期脑电图情况。根据脑电图结果,行脑叶切除及胼胝体切开。术后按照Engel评分I级4例,II级2例,III级2例,IV级2例。所有病例均未出现埋藏电极引起的严重并发症。结论在致痫灶定位困难的Lennox-Gastaut综合症中,采用颅内电极埋藏进行视频脑电图检测,可以较准确定位主要致痫灶,从而提高Lennox-Gastaut综合症外科治疗有效率。