Cardioprotective effects of morphine on rat heart suffering from ischemia and reperfusion

Objective To investigate the cardioprotective effects of morphine on ischemic reperfused rat heart in vitro and its mechanism.Methods The isolated rat heart was perfused in a Langendorff apparatus. Infarct myocardium was determined by TTC. Coronary flow (CF), heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure (LVP), the first derivative of ventricular pressure (LVP/dtmax) and infarct size after ischemia and reperfusion in rat heart given 0.3 μmol/L morphine were observed. The effects of naloxone and glibenclamide on the cardioprotection of morphine were also measured.Results After ischemia and reperfusion, CF, HR, LVP and LVP/dtmax of isolated rat hearts decreased significantly (P<0.01). After morphine preconditioning, HR, LVP and LVP/dtmax increased (P<0.01) and infarct size was reduced significantly (P<0.01), while no significant change in CF (P>0.05). The cardioprotective effects of morphine were abolished by naloxone or glibenclamide completely.Conclusions Morphine can reduce ischemia-reperfusion injuries in isolated rat heart. The cardioprotective effects of morphine are mediated by a local opioid receptor-KATP channel linked mechanism in rat hearts.     

Protective Effect of Electroacupuncture and Ischemic Preconditioning on the Circulatory Function in Pigs with Ischemia/Reperfusion Myocardial Injury

Objective: To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on circulatory function in pigs with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Method: Eighteen pigs with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury were randomly allocated into three groups, 6 in each. Group I was the control group, group II was the group that received IPC, and group III was that received both electroacupuncture and IPC. Blood malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), creatine phos-phokinase (CPK) and its isoenzyme (CK-MB), coronary artery flow and myocardial heat-shock protein (HSP) mRNA expression were detected for evaluation. Results: After treatment, the MDA content was decreased and SOD activities increased significantly in the acupuncture and IPC group compared with the control group (P<0. 05 respectively). The levels of CPK, CK-MB at 20, 60 min after reperfusion were significantly higher than those before treatment, but the levels in group III and group n were remarkably lower than     

Cardioprotective effects of mitochondrial KATP channels activated at different time

Backgroud Recent studies in adult hearts have indicated that KATP channels in the inner mitochondrial membrance are responsible for the protection. And we investigated whether opening of mitochondrial KATP channels (mKATP) could provide myocardial protection for immature rabbits and determined its role in cardioprotection.Methods Thirty-four 3-4-week-old rabbits, weighing 300-350 g, were divided randomly into five groups: Group Ⅰ (control group, n=8); Group Ⅱ ［diazoxide preconditioning group; n=8; the hearts were pretreated with 100 μmol/L diazoxide for 5 minutes followed by 10-minute wash out with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB)］; Group Ⅲ ［diazoxide+5-hydroxydeconate (5-HD) preconditioning group; n=5; the hearts were pretreated with 100 μmol/L diazoxide and 100 μmol/L 5-HD); Group Ⅳ (diazoxide+cardioplegia group; n=8; cardioplegia containing 100 μmol/L diazoxide perfused the hearts for 5 minutes before ischemia); Group Ⅴ (diazoxide+5-HD+cardioplegia group; n=5; the cardioplegia contained 100 μmol/L diazoxide and 100 μmol/L 5-HD). All hearts were excised and connected to langendrff perfusion system and passively perfused with KHB at 38℃ under a pressure of 70 cmH2O. After reperfusion, the recovery rate of left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP), ±dp/dtmax, coronary flow (CF), the creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in coronary sinus venous effluent and the tissue ATP were measured. Mitochondria were evaluated semiquantitatively by morphology.Results After ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), the two groups that were treated by diazoxide only (Groups Ⅱ and Ⅳ) had a significant improvement in LVDP, ±dp/dtmax, and CF recovery. AST, LDH, and CK were decreased, and the levels of tissue ATP in the two groups were higher. Mitochondria was protected better in Group Ⅳ than in other groups. Conclusions Activating mKATP channels before and during ischemia can similarly protect immature rabbit hearts, and the mechanism is related to the direct protective effect on mitochondria. Opening of mKATP channel during ischemia provides a better protection for mitochondria than it does before ischemia.     

Propofol improves cardiac functional recovery after ischemia-reperfusion by upregulating nitric oxide synthase activity in the isolated rat hearts

Background There are few studies to assess whether propofol attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via a mechanism related to nitric oxide （NO） route, so we designed this randomized blinded experiment to observe the changes of NO contents, nitric oxide synthase （NOS） activity, NOS contents in the myocardium, and cardiac function in ischemic reperfused isolated rat hearts, and to assess the relation between myocardial NO system and cardioprotection of propofol. Methods The hearts of 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats were removed, mounted on a Langendorff apparatus, and randomly assigned to one of three groups （n=10 each group） to be treated with the following treatments in a blinded manner： Group 1, control group, after perfusion with pure Krebs Henseleit bicarbonate （K-HBB） buffer solution for 15 minutes, hearts were subjected to 20 minutes global ischemia followed by 60 minutes reperfusion with pure K-HBB buffer; Group 2, after perfusion with K-HBB buffer solution containing propofol （10 ug/ml） for 15 minutes, the hearts underwent 20 minutes global ischemia followed by 60 minutes reperfusion with the same K-HBB buffer solution; Group 3, after perfusion with K-HBB buffer solution containing propofol （10ug/ml） and L-NAME （100 umol/L） for 15 minutes, the hearts underwent 20 minutes global ischemia followed by 60 minutes reperfusion with the same K-HBB buffer solution. The cardiac function was continuously monitored throughout the experiment. The coronary flow was also measured. An ISO-NO electrode was placed into the right atrium close to the coronary sinus to continuously measure NO concentration in the coronary effluent. The tissue samples from apex of hearts in Groups 1 and 2 were obtained to measure the NOS activity by spectrophotometry and the NOS contents by immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results The cardiac function was significantly inhibited after ischemia and then gradually improved with reperfusion in all three groups. As compared with Group 1, the cardiac function variables and coronary flow at all the observed points were significantly improved in Group 2. The cardiac function variables and coronary flow were better in Group 3 than in Group 1, but were inferior in Group 3 than in Group 2. Both NO contents and NOS activity in the myocardium were significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1. However, NOS contents in the myocardium did not significantly differ between Groups 1 and 2. Conclusions In isolated rat hearts, propofol can improve cardiac functional recovery after ischemia-reperfusion by upregulating NOS activity in the myocardium. The NO system may play an important role in the preservation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury produced by propofol.     

Release of myocardial noradrenaline during acute hibernation in the isolated rat heart

Objective： To explore the release of myocardial noradrenaline during acute hibernation. Methods： The hearts were gained from rats and set up as modified Langendorf preparations beating isometrically. They were perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer under controlled pressure. Mechanical measurements and coronary effluent were recorded simultaneously at 30min intervals for 150min. Lactate dehydrogenase in coronary effluent was assayed at the beginning, 60min and 120min low-flow ischemia. Noradrenaline in coronary effluent was determined at the beginning of low-flow and 120min of low-flow ischemia and also in control, during hibernation and after 30min reperfusion during stimulation, myocardial noradrenaline response on tyramine was investigated in absence or presence of desipramine after 30min reperfusion. Results： In the control, there was nosignificant chant in noradrenaline overflow during 120min perfusion; In the acute myocardial hibernation group, there was also nosignificant difference in noradrenaline overflow between the beginning and 120min low-flow ischemia. The electrical field stimulation-induced overflow of noradrenaline during hibernation myocardium was significantly less than preischemia or after reperfusion, but there was nosignificant difference between preischemia and reperfusion group. Tyramine induced significant noradrenaline release in absence of desipramine after 30min reperfusion, but this increase in noradrenaline release had nosignificant in the presence of desipramine. These studies indicated that there was not significant spontaneous noadrenaline overflow during acute myocardial hibernation in isolated rat hearts, the stimulation-induced noradrenaline overflow decreased during hibernation and restored to the level of preischemia after reperfusion, myocardial noradrenaline response to tyramine remained after 30min reperfusion. Conclusion： Myocardial noradrenaline overflow may not contribute to the development of acute myocardial hibernation and the function of sympathetic nerve may also maintain in hibernation as myocardium does during acute myocardial hibernation, reperfusion of myocardium may contribute to restoring the function of sympathetic nerve.     

Protective effects of pinacidil hyperpolarizing cardioplegia on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by mitochondrial KATP channels

Background  Many studies have indicated that hyperpolarizing cardioplegia is responsible for myocardial preservation and researchers have suggested that the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels (K_ATP) were the end effectors of cardio-protection. But whether mitochondrial K_ATP plays an important role in hyperpolarizing cardioplegia is not apparent. The present study investigated the effect of hyperpolarizing cardioplegia containing pinacidil (a nonselective K_ATP opener) on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat hearts, especially the role of mitochondrial K_ATP in pinacidil hyperpolarizing cardioplegia.

Methods  Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were Langendorff-perfused for 20 minutes with Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37°C before equilibration. Cardiac arrest was then induced in different treatments: there was no arrest and ischemia in the normal group, the control group were arrested by clamping the aorta, depolarizing caidioplegia (St. Thomas solution containing 16 mmol/L KCl) and hyperpolarizing cardioplegia groups used St. Thomas solution containing 0.05 mmol/L pinacidil and 5 mmol/L KCl to induce cardiac arrest in group hyperkalemic and group pinacidil, in group hyperkalemic + 5-hydroxydecanote (5HD) and Pinacidil + 5HD, 5HD (0.1 mmol/L) was added to the above two solutions to block mitochondria K_ATP channels. Global ischemia was then administrated for 40 minutes at 37°C, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. At the end of equilibration and reperfusion, hemodynamics, ultrastructure, and mitochondrial function were measured.

Results  In the control group, ischemia/reperfusion decreased the left ventricular developed pressure, heart rate, coronary flow, mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial respiratory function, increased reactive oxygen species and left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Damage to myocardial ultrastructure was also evident. Both depolarized arrest and especially hyperpolarized cardioplegia significantly reduced these lesions. 5HD partially blocked the beneficial effects of pinacidil cardioplegia but showing no effects on hyperkalemic arrest.

Conclusions  Pinacidil cardioplegia provides better cardioprotection with preservation of hemodynamics, ultrastructure, and mitochondrial function than traditional cardioplegia. The mitochondria K_ATP channels may play an important role in the protection mechanism.

     

EFFECTS OF GLIBENCLAMIDE, GLIMEPIRIDE, AND GLICLAZIDE ON ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING IN RAT HEART

Objective To compare the influence of different sulfonylureas on the myocardial protection effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in isolated rat hearts, and ATP-sensitive potassium channel current (IKATP) of rat ventricular myocytes. Methods Isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts were randomly assigned to five groups: (1) control group, (2) IPC group, (3) IPC glibenclamide (GLB, 10 μmol/L) group, (4) IPC glimepiride (GLM, 10 μmol/L) group, (5) IPC gliclazide (GLC, 50 μmol/L) group. IPC was defined as 3 cycles of 5-minute zero-flow global ischemia followed by 5-minute reperfusion. The haemodynamic parameters and the infarct size of each isolated heart were recorded. And the sarcolemmal IKATP of dissociated ventricular myocytes reperfused with 10 μmol/L GLB, 1 μmol/L GLM, and 1 μmol/L GLC was recorded with single-pipette whole-cell voltage clamp under simulated ischemic condition. Results The infarct sizes of rat hearts in IPC (23.7%±1.3%), IPC GLM (24.6%±1.0%), and IPC GLC (33.1%±1.3%) groups were all significantly smaller than that in control group (43.3%±1.8%; P<0.01, n=6). The infarct size of rat hearts in IPC GLB group (40.4%±1.4%) was significantly larger than that in IPC group (P<0.01, n=6). Under simulated ischemic condition, GLB (10 μmol/L) decreased IKATP from 20.65±7.80 to 9.09±0.10 pA/pF (P<0.01, n=6), GLM (1 μmol/L) did not significantly inhibit IKATP (n=6), and GLC (1 μmol/L) decreased IKATP from 16.73±0.97 to 11.18±3.56 pA/pF(P<0.05, n=6). Conclusions GLM has less effect on myocardial protection of IPC than GLB and GLC. Blockage of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels in myocardium might play an important role in diminishing IPC-induced protection of GLM, GLB, and GLC.     

Tacolimus postconditioning alleviates apoptotic cell death in rats after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury via up-regulating protein-serine-threonine kinases phosphorylation

The effects of tacrolimus postconditioning on protein-serine-threonine kinases （Akt） phos- phorylation and apoptotic cell death in rats after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury were investi- gated. Ninety male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, ischemia-reperfusion group and tacrolimus postconditioning group. The model of spinal cord ischemia was established by means of catheterization through femoral artery and balloon dilatation. The spinal cord was reperfused 20 min after ischemia via removing saline out of balloon. The corresponding spinal cord segments were excised and determined for Akt activity in spinal cord tissue by using Western blotting at 5, 15, and 60 min after reperfusion respectively. Spinal cord tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically for detection of the phosphorylated Akt expression at 15 min after reperfusion. Flow cytometry was applied to assess apoptosis of neural cells, and dry-wet weights method was employed to measure water content in spinal cord tissue at 24 h after reperfusion. The results showed that the activities of Akt in tarcolimus postconditioning group were significantly higher than those in ischemia-reperfusion group at 5, 15, and 60 min after reperfusion （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. The Akt activities reached the peak at 15 min after reperfu- sion in ischemia-reperfusion group and tacrolimus postconditioning group. The percentage of apoptotic cells and water content in spinal cord tissue were significantly reduced （P〈0.01） in tacrolimus postcon- ditioning group as compared with those in ischemia-reperfusion group at 24 h after reperfusion. It is concluded that tacrolimus postconditioning can increase Akt activity in spinal cord tissue of rats, inhibit apoptosis of neural cells as well as tissue edema, and thereby alleviate spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury.     

EFFECT OF RADIX SALVIAE MILTIORRHIZAE ON EXTRACELLULAR ADENOSINE AND EVALUATION OF ITS PROTECTIVE EFFICACY IN ISCHEMIC REPERFUSION RAT——Microdialysis, HPLC and Histopathologic Studies

The effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM) on extracellular adenosine (Ade) and its metabolites, Le. inosine, hypoxanthine and xanthine, were studied with microdialysis and HPLC techniques during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced by 4-vessel occlusion in rat brain. Histological examination of hippocampus was performed 6h after reperfusion. ECF (extracellular fluid) adenosine and its metabolites were compared, between the controls (n= 6) and RSM-treated rats (n= 6). Basal level of Ade and its metabolites release were not greatly affected by pretreatment with RSM, and no significant difference as compared with the sham-operated (n= 6). Ade and its metabolites were dramatically increased after ischemia, and decreased near basal-level and its metabolites remained high at the end of reperfusion. In the RSM-treated animals, the tendency of changes of Ade and its metabolites was just the same as in the controls, but the magnitudes of changes were significantly lower at some different tune points. In sham-operated animals, no changes were observed at different time points both during ischemia (30 min.) and reperfusion (60 min.). Histopathological findings demonstrated that RSM pretreatment results in better histologic preservation of the pyramidal cells in the postischemic reperfusion CA1 sector both qualitatively and quantitatively. These results indicated that RSM protects against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.     

Role of beclin 1-dependent autophagy in cardioprotection of ischemic preconditioning

Emerging evidence indicates that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induces autophagy which attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the precise mechanisms remain complex and unclear. The present study was to investigate which autophagy pathway was involved in the cardioprotection induced by IPC, so that we can acquire an attractive treatment way for ischemic heart disease. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham group, I/R group and IPC group. IPC was induced with three cycles of 5 min regional ischemia alternating with 5 min reperfusion in a heart I/R model. Samples were taken from the center of the infracted heart and examined by using the electron microscopy, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method, Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). A large number of autophagic vacuoles were observed in the cardiomyocytes of IPC group as compared with I/R group. LC3-II formation, an autophagy marker, was up-regulated in IPC group as compared with I/R group (P<0.05). Moreover, the interaction between Beclin 1 and Bcl-2 was significantly increased in IPC group as compared with I/R group (P<0.01). It was also found that IPC decreased I/R-induced apoptosis (P<0.01). These results suggest that IPC inhibits Beclin 1-dependent excessive autophagy in reperfusion phase and cooperates with anti-apoptosis pathway to diminish the cell death induced by the myocardial I/R injury.     

缺血预处理对未成熟心肌的保护作用

目的研究单纯缺血预处理对未成熟心肌缺彬再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法20只健康新西兰幼兔（3—4周龄）,利用Langendorff灌注装置灌注其离体心脏,建立全心缺血／再灌注模型。KH液自主动脉逆行灌注心脏,向球囊缓慢注入生理盐水,调整至左室舒张末压（LVEDP）为10mmHg（1 mmHg=0．133kPa）,平衡灌注心脏15min,随机等分为两组：对照（Control）组：继续灌注15min;缺血预处理（IPC）组：缺血5分钟,再灌注10分钟。然后两组心脏均st．Thomas停搏液诱导停跳,常温（37℃）缺血60min（保湿保温）,再灌注60min。记录冠脉流量（CF）,多导生理记录仪记录左心功能指标,硫代巴比妥酸法测定心肌细胞内丙二醛（MDA）,高压液相色谱测心肌细胞内三磷酸腺甘（ATP）含量,自动生化分析仪测量冠脉流出液中磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）、磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶（CK—MB）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量,计算心肌含水量（WC）。结果除IPC组再灌注60min时点的CF恢复率与对照组相近,其余再灌注时点IPC组的LVDP恢复率、＋dp／dtmax恢复率、-dp／dtmax恢复率和CAF恢复率均优于对照组。IPC组LDH、心肌含水量、MDA低于对照组,而ATP高于对照组。结论单纯预处理能减轻未成熟心肌缺血／再灌注损伤。     

Myocardial protection of immature rabbits with an ATP- sensitive K+ channel opener pinacidil

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of pinacidil, an opener of ATP- sensitive K(+) channels, in protecting the myocardium of immature rabbit hearts from ischemic r eperfusion injury. Methods Rabbit hearts underwent 30 min of global normothermic ischemia followed by 30 mi n of reperfusion on the modified Langendorff apparatus. Fifty- two isolated hea rts of 3-4 week- old immature rabbits were divided into 4 groups randomly. Duri ng ischemia, 3 different cardioplegic solutions were administered intermittently by infusion every 15 min (20-25 ml each time in all groups). Group 1: con trol group (n=13); group 2: Krebs- Henseleit (K- H) solution with potassium (16 mmo l/L) (n=13); group 3: K- H solution with potassium (16 mmol/L) and pinacidil (5 0 μmol/L) (n=13); group 4: K- H solution with potassium (16 mmol/L), pinacidi l (50 μmol/L) and glibenclamide (10 μmol/L) (n=13). The pre- ischemic and p ost- ischemic myocardial functions were assessed by the percentage recovery of t he left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP); the left ventricular end- diastol ic pressure (LVEDP); both the positive peak and negative peaks of the first deri vative of the left ventricular pressures (±dp/dt(max)); coronary flow; the level of creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transcar bamoylase (AST) in coronary sinus venous effluent; and by myocardial ultrastruct ural changes. Results Before myocardial ischemia, there were no significant differences among the four groups in any of the parameters mentioned above. Post- ischemic recovery of LV DP, LVEDP, ±dp/dt(max), coronary flow, the level of CK, LDH and AST, and my ocardial ultrastructural changes were better in group 3 than those in the three other groups.Conclusions As a new and effective composition, pinacidil can significantly improve myocardi al protection from cardioplegia for immature rabbit hearts.     

Chemical Preconditioning by 3-nitropropionic Acid Reduces Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rat Heart

Ischemicpreconditioning(IPC)isaphenome noninwhichbriefepisodesofconditioningische miacanbluntsubsequentlethalinjuryoftheheart.ThemechanismsofIPCarenotcompletelyunder stood,althoughsomeofreceptorsandintracellularsignalingpathwayshavebeenidentifiedasbeingintegralcomponentsofthecardioprotectiveeffectofpreconditioning.Endogenouslyreleasedagentsinvolvedinpreconditioningincludeadenosine,opi oids,nitricoxideandreactiveoxygenspecies.Inaddition,anumberofpharmacologicalagentssuchasthenontoxicderivativ…     

利多卡因对缺血再灌注离体大鼠心功能的影响

目的：探讨利多卡因对缺血再灌注离体大鼠心功能的影响及其可能机制。方法：40只健康成龄雌性Wistar大鼠,随机分为5组（n=8）,建立Langendorff模型。缺血再灌注组（A）：灌注Krebs—Henseleit（K—H）缓冲液;利多卡因1mg／L组（B）：灌注含1mg／L利多卡因的K—H液;利多卡因2．5mg／L组（C）：灌注含2．5mg／L利多卡因K—H液;利多卡因5mg／L组（D）：灌注含5mg／L利多卡因的K—H液;利多卡因＋格列苯脲组（E）：灌注含2．5mg／L利多卡因和10Ixmol／L格列苯脲的K—H液。各组分别缺血前灌注相应灌流液20min,全心缺血30min,再灌注60min。记录缺血前5min及再灌注30min和60min的心率（HR）、左心室形成压（LVDP）、左室内压上升最大速率（＋dp／dtmax）、左室内压下降最大速率（-dp／dtmax）等心功能参数。结果：与A组比较,再灌注30min和60min时,C组的HR、LVDP、-＋dp／dtmax均升高（P〈0．05）,B、D两组上述参数变化无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。与C组比较,再灌注30min和60min时,E组各项参数均降低（P〈0．05）。结论：含2．5mg／L利多卡因的K—H液可显著改善缺血再灌注离体大鼠心功能,部分机制可能与心肌细胞和线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道有关。     

钾通道参与高铁血红素诱导的心肌保护作用

目的:研究血红素氧化酶1的诱导剂高铁血红素在对抗大鼠心肌缺血-复灌损伤中的作用及其相应机制。方法:利用离体大鼠心脏Langendorff灌流模型,观察心功能、心肌梗死面积等指标的变化。结果:腹腔注射高铁血红素后24 h,可明显改善缺血-复灌心脏(30 m in缺血/2 h复灌)的收缩功能,减少复灌期乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸磷酸(CK)的释放,缩小心肌梗死面积。在腹腔注射高铁血红素前给予线粒体KATP通道阻断剂5-HD或肌膜KATP通道阻断剂HMR-1098均可取消高铁血红素引发的心肌保护作用。在高铁血红素预处理后24 h,缺血/复灌前10 m in给予K ca通道阻断剂pax illine,与高铁血红素组相比,心肌梗死面积扩大,心脏收缩功能下降。结论:高铁血红素预处理可对抗心肌缺血-复灌性损伤,其作用可能与激活KATP通道和K ca通道有关。     

SEA0400对离体大鼠心肌再灌注损伤的保护作用

【目的】研究SEA0400对离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的效应及作用机制。【方法】SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（NC组）、缺血再灌注组（IR组）及SEA0400处理组（SEA0400＋I/R组）,每组动物10只。离体大鼠心脏采用Langendorff法灌流,停灌40 min再灌60 min造成心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。全程连续记录左心室发展压（LVDP）和左心室内压最大变化速率（±dp/dtmax）。心脏灌流结束后测定心肌组织ATP含量以及心肌线粒体膜电位（ΔΨ）和基质钙离子浓度（[Ca2＋]m）。【结果】灌注液加入SEA0400可显著改善缺血再灌注所致的心功能损伤,抑制缺血再灌注造成的心肌组织ATP含量下降、线粒体钙超载以及线粒体膜电位去极化。【结论】SEA0400可通过抑制缺血再灌注所致线粒体钙超载维持线粒体功能和心肌组织ATP含量,从而起到心肌保护的效应。     

PEP-1介导过氧化氢酶对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究细胞穿透肽PEP-1携带过氧化氢酶(CAT)穿透大鼠离体心肌的能力,并探讨PEP-1-CAT融合蛋白预处理对大鼠离体心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法:建立大鼠离体心脏Langendorff灌流模型,随机分为5组(n=10):缺血-再灌注组(I/R组)行平衡30 min、停灌30 min与再灌注60 min,CAT组、PEP-1-CAT融合蛋白预处理组(A、B、C、D组)在平衡15 min后依次以10,5,10,20μmol/L的融合蛋白预处理15 min,停灌、复灌与I/R组相同。记录各组左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室内压最大变化速率(±dp/dtmax)及冠脉流量(CF)变化,测定平衡15 min时、再灌注15 min时冠脉流出液乳酸脱氢(LDH)活性。测定再灌注60 min时心肌丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:PEP-1-CAT融合蛋白能高效转导入离体心肌组织并呈现剂量依赖性。在平衡15 min末,各组LVEDP、LVSP、±dp/dt max以及LDH活性比较差异无统计学差异(P>0.05)。与I/R组比较,B、C、D组在再灌注后各时间点LVEDP降低(P<0.01),LVSP、±dp/dt max以及CF升高(P<0.01),灌注15 min时冠脉流出液LDH活性降低(P<0.01),再灌注后60 min心肌MDA含量降低(P<0.01)。CAT处理组所有结果和对照组相比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:PEP-1-CAT融合蛋白能高效转导入离体心肌织并对大鼠离体心肌缺血-再灌注损伤具有明显的保护作用,将为其治疗心肌缺血再灌注损伤奠定坚实的实验基础。     

氟烷、异氟醚和恩氟烷对缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用

目的:研究氟烷、异氟醚和恩氟烷对缺血再灌注心肌功能、代谢自由基的影响。方法:SD大鼠104只,随机数字表法分为13小组,每组8只。采用Langendorff离体大鼠心脏模型。按给药方式又分为对照、氟烷、恩氟烷、异氟醚4大组。①对照组(含4小组):平衡15 min组,平衡后续灌15 min组,平衡续灌后缺血10min组,平衡续灌缺血25 min后复灌30 min组。②氟烷组(含3小组):平衡15 min后,灌注含1.5肺泡气最低有效浓度(minimal alveolar concentration,MAC)氟烷灌注液15min组,平衡续灌后缺血10 min组,平衡续灌缺血25 min复灌含1.5MAC氟烷的灌注液30 min组。③恩氟烷和异氟醚组,各包括3小组,情况同氟烷组。各组记录平衡后,给药(或续灌15 min)复灌30 min左心室收缩压、左心室舒张末期压(left ventricular diastolicpressure,LVEDP)、左心室发展压、左心室压力升高或降低最大速率、心率、冠状动脉流量(coronary flow,CF)。实验结束后测定心肌超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、心肌丙二醛含量、高能磷酸盐(ATP)含量。结果:①恩氟烷、异氟醚具有明显扩张冠状动脉的作用。恩氟烷能促进缺血再灌注心肌冠脉流量的恢复。②各用药组明显降低左心室发展压、左心室压力升高速率,升高LVEDP(各P<0.05);缺血再灌注后,氟烷、恩氟烷、异氟醚组的左心室发展压分别恢复到基础值的57%,62%,59%(均P<0.01),左心室压力升高速率分别恢复到基础值的56%,67%,74%(均P<0.01);与对照组恢复的左心室发展压(27%)、左心室压力升高速率(13%)相比,具有差异非常显著性意义(各P<0.01)。③各用药组均能提高心肌ATP含量,缺血后心肌ATP下降较慢,复灌后恢复较快。④复灌后用药组SOD活性较高;丙二醛生成量下降(P<0.05)。结论:三种挥发性麻醉药对心肌收缩功能具有一定的抑制作用。缺血再灌注后,能明显促进心肌功能与代谢的恢复,而且能提高冠脉流量、SOD酶活性。提示这些作用可能是挥发性麻醉药抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤机制之一。     

七氟烷后处理通过调节Bcl-2家族蛋白表达减轻离体大鼠心肌细胞凋亡

目的 研究七氟烷后处理对离体大鼠心肌细胞凋亡蛋白表达的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠30只,体重230～250 g,使用随机数字表法将实验动物随机分为3组(n=10):假手术组,缺血再灌注组(I/R组),七氟烷后处理组(SPC组).采用Langendroff离体心脏灌注模型,除假手术组外其余两组平衡灌注30 min,全心缺血40min,再灌注120 min.SPC组在再灌注即刻给予2.5%(约1.0MAC)七氟烷10 min后改用普通Krebs-Henseleit(K-H)液灌注.记录平衡灌注末,再灌注30、60、90、120min时左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室内压上升最大速率(+dp/dt)、左室内压下降最大速率(-dp/dt)、心率(HR)以及冠脉流量(CF).分光光度法测量肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH).再灌注末TTC染色法测定心肌梗死面积.Western印迹法测定凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、Bax表达情况.结果 SPC组LVSP、LVDP、±dp/dt和CF在再灌注30 min后各时点均高于I/R组(均P＜0.05),LVEDP均低于I/R组(均P＜0.05);HR较I/R组高,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).SPC组LDH和CK释放量均低于I/R组(均P＜0.05),梗死面积低于I/R组(22.2%±2.8%比44.9%±6.6%,P＜0.05).与I/R组比较,SPC组Bcl-2表达高,Bax表达低(均P＜0.05).结论 七氟烷后处理可改善心功能,降低心肌梗死面积,通过调节凋亡蛋白表达减轻离体大鼠心肌细胞凋亡.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effects of sevoflurane postconditioning on ischemic/reperfused myocardial apoptosis.Methods Isolated perfused rat hearts were randomly assigned into 3 groups:shamoperation ( sham), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC).Except for the sham group, the hearts were subjected to 40 min global myocardial ischemia and 120 min reperfusion.Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular enddiastolic pressure ( LVEDP), maximum increase rate of LVDP ( + dp/dt), maximum decrease rate of LVDP ( - dp/dt), heart rate (HR) and coronary flow (CF) were measured at baseline, R (reperfusion) 30 min, R60 min, R90 ain and R120 min.Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured at 5 min and 10 min post-reperfusion.Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at the end of reperfusion.The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blot.Results The values of LVSP, LVDP, ± dp/dt and CF were higher while that of LVEDP was lower in the SPC group than the I/R group at all time points of reperfusion ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The releases of CK and LDH and infarct size were significantly reduced in the SPC group versus the I/R group (22.2% ±2.8% vs L/R:44.9% ±6.6%, P ＜0.05).The expression of Bcl-2 increased significantly while that of Bax decreased in the SPC group verus the I/R group.Conclusion Sevoflurane postconditioning may improve myocardial functions, reduce infarct size and attenuate myocardial apoptosis.And the modulated expression of apoptotic proteins plays an important role in sevoflurane-induced myocardial protection.     

茶多酚改善大鼠缺血/再灌注心脏功能和能量代谢并抑制体外培养心肌细胞的钙内流

目的：探讨茶多酚对缺血/再灌注心脏损伤的保护作用,并研究心脏能量代谢和心肌细胞钙内流是否参与了心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法在大鼠Langendorff离体心脏上实施缺血/再灌注各30 min,用一导管经压力换能器连接放大器记录心功能指标;用31P NMR技术测定心脏的能量代谢,全细胞膜片钳技术记录心肌细胞钙内流。结果与对照组比较,茶多酚（2.5 mg/L）能使缺血/再灌注心脏的心室发展压、左心室压最大收缩速率（+dp/dtmax）、左心室压最大舒张速率（-dp/dtmax）和冠脉流量显著增加（P<0.05）,并显著改善缺血/再灌注心脏的能量代谢,增加心肌ATP和PCr含量（P<0.05）。浓度为2.5和5.0 mg/L的茶多酚均能显著抑制培养心肌细胞的钙内流（P<0.01）。结论茶多酚对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用可能与其改善心肌能量代谢、抑制心肌细胞钙内流的作用有关。