嗅鞘细胞对原代培养神经干细胞增殖、分化的影响

目的 观察嗅鞘细胞(OECs)对神经干细胞(NSCs)增殖、分化的影响.方法 新生大鼠脑OECs和NSCs原代培养,采用免疫荧光及免疫细胞化学方法鉴定相关细胞.取原代OECs分为2组,实验组去除培养孔的间隔,使OECs和NSCs共用一培养液体系;对照组不破坏培养孔的间隔,单独培养NSCs,其余同实验组.观察2组细胞增殖、分化情况.结果 原代培养的OECs表达神经生长因子受体(P75NGFR);原代培养的神经球表达巢蛋白(nestin),神经球分化的细胞表达神经丝200(NF200)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP).增殖实验中,实验组NSCs数量较对照组明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).诱导分化实验中,实验组4d、7d时NF200阳性细胞率较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),说明2种细胞共液培养时,OECs提高了NSCs向NF200阳性细胞分化率.结论 OECs可促进NSCs增殖,并提高了NSCs向神经元分化的效率.     

大鼠胚胎神经干细胞的体外培养及鉴定

目的探讨大鼠胚胎神经干细胞（NSC）的体外培养和诱导分化的条件和特点。方法从孕14～16d的大鼠胚胎脑皮质中分离NSC，在表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维生长因子和B27联合作用下使其稳定增殖，并用10％的胎牛血清诱导其贴壁分化，应用免疫荧光染色方法行巢蛋白（Nestin）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、Gale-C免疫荧光染色，对NSC及其分化的细胞进行鉴定。结果体外培养的NSC增殖成神经干细胞球并传代，鉴定为Nestin染色阳性细胞，并可诱导分化为神经元细胞（NSE染色阳性细胞）、星形胶质细胞（GFAP染色阳性细胞）和少突胶质细胞（Gale-C染色阳性细胞）。结论采用无血清培养基中加入特定生长因子的培养技术，可培养出在体外稳定增殖并有多向分化潜能的大鼠胚胎NSC。     

胚胎大鼠神经干细胞的体外培养与鉴定

目的利用无血清培养和细胞克隆培养技术从孕鼠(14 d)胚胎中分离出神经干细胞,并进行传代培养和诱导分化。 方法 采用免疫细胞荧光化学染色方法观察不同代数细胞克隆球中nestin、neuN、GFAP阳性细胞比例,鉴定培养的原代和传代的细 胞类型结果随着传代次数增加,克隆球中nestin阳性细胞的比例无明显变化(P>0．05),不同代数的神经干细胞克隆球诱导分化 后均有一定比例的neuN与GFAP阳性细胞。结论 证实从胚胎大鼠大脑皮层分离培养的细胞是神经干细胞,提示体外培养体系中 培养的神经干细胞可以长期传代并保持于细胞的特性。     

转染绿色荧光蛋白的神经干细胞移植于半横断脊髓损伤处的体内外分化研究

目的 观察转染绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的大鼠脊髓神经干细胞移植于半横断脊髓损伤处的体内外分化情况.方法 将表达GFP的慢病毒载体转染胎鼠脊髓神经干细胞,体外用10%胎牛血清诱导分化.转染后的神经干细胞与PLGA支架移植于大鼠半横断脊髓损伤处,术后1个月和3个月取材,行GFAP、NF和CNP免疫荧光染色.结果 转染GFP的神经干细胞球表达强烈的绿色荧光,体外分化可见GFAP/GFP、NF/GFP和CNP/GFP双阳性细胞,GFAP/GFP双阳性细胞明显多于其他两种.移植后3个月,GFP阳性细胞在脊髓内明显减少,可见少数GFAP/GFP和CNP/GFP舣阳性细胞,未见NF/GFP双阳性细胞.结论 转染GFP的神经干细胞可在体外增殖和分化,但大部分分化成胶质细胞.移植于急性期脊髓损伤处的神经干细胞不被诱导分化成神经元样细胞,可被诱导分化成神经胶质细胞.     

神经干细胞原代培养及胰岛素对其增殖与分化的作用

目的原代培养获得神经干细胞并初步探讨胰岛素对神经干细胞增殖分化的影响.方法小鼠胎脑原代细胞培养,免疫组化检测鉴定.100 ng/ml胰岛素作用后,甲基噻基四唑(MTT)法及免疫组化观察胰岛素对神经干细胞增殖分化的影响.结果原代培养的神经球表达巢蛋白(nestin),神经球分化的细胞表达神经丝200(NF200)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP).与对照组相比,胰岛素作用下的神经干细胞增殖能力强,且神经元分化率较高,可达(35.41±1.97)%.结论原代培养的细胞为神经干细胞,且在胰岛素作用下,其增殖能力和向神经元分化率均有增高.     

胚胎干细胞来源的神经前体细胞移植β-淀粉样蛋白损伤大鼠海马后的靶向迁移与分化

目的观察小鼠胚胎干细胞来源的神经前体细胞移植β-淀粉样蛋（amyloidβpeptide,Aβ）损伤大鼠海马后的靶向迁移及在体分化。方法采用无血清培养法将表达绿色荧光蛋白（enhancedgreenfluorescentprotein,EGFP）的小鼠胚胎干细胞定向诱导为神经前体细胞,移植至Aβ1-40单侧损伤的大鼠海马;免疫荧光观察移植细胞的迁移距离、迁移方向与分化情况;对移植细胞的平均迁移距离与平均分化率作相关性分析。结果胚胎干细胞经改良的无血清培养法生长可分化为nestin阳性神经前体细胞。移植后第16周,神经前体细胞平均迁移距离比第4周增长了约5倍。移植细胞中,胶质纤维酸性蛋白（glialfibrillaryacidicprotein,GFAP）阳性细胞的平均分化率从（30．41±1．45）％增长到（49．25±1．23）％;神经丝蛋白200（neurofilament200,NF200）细胞的平均分化率从（16．68±0．95）％增长到（27．94±1．21）％;靶向迁移至Aβ斑块同侧的GFAP阳性细胞的比例从60．2％增长到81．3％,靶向迁移至Aβ斑块的NF200阳性细胞的比例从61．3％增至84．1％。相关性分析结果显示平均迁移距离与神经元分化率之间存在显著线性相关（r=0．991）,与胶质细胞分化率之间也存在显著线性相关（r=0．953）。结论胚胎干细胞来源的神经前体细胞移植Aβ损伤模型大鼠海马后能够靶向迁移至Aβ损伤区并分化为胶质细胞和神经元。     

神经递质、神经营养因子对海马干细胞分化影响的研究

目的 探讨脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、胶质源性神经营养因子（GDNF）、谷氨酸及γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）对大鼠海马干细胞分化的影响。方法对大鼠海马干细胞进行体外培养，培养液中加入不同剂量的BDNF、GDNF、谷氨酸及GABA．应用免疫荧光方法观察，并计算微管相关蛋白（MAP-2ab）及胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）阳性细胞率。结果在神经干细胞分化的第7、14天，与对照组比，BDNF、GDNF、谷氨酸及GABA剂量依赖性地增加表达MAP-2ab阳性细胞率（P〈0．05）；而对GFAP表达主要是抑制性的。且随分化时间及BDNF、GDNF、谷氨酸及GABA的浓度不同而不同。结论BDNF、GDNF、谷氨酸和GABA均可明显促进神经干细胞分化为神经元，且GDNF的作用大于BDNF。谷氨酸和GABA作用最佳浓度可能需随分化时间的不同而进行调整。     

HIF-1α基因修饰神经干细胞移植对大鼠损伤脊髓NF200和GFAP表达的影响

【摘要】目的研究低氧诱导因子-1α（HI-1α）基因修饰的神经干细胞移植对大鼠脊髓损伤后神经丝蛋白200（NF200）和胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）表达的影响及意义。方法采用电控脊髓损伤打击装置制作大鼠脊髓损伤模型。按随机数字表将120只SD大鼠平均分为4组：假手术组（Sham组）,单纯损伤组（SCI组）,神经干细胞组（NSC组）和HIF-1α基因修饰NSC组（HIF—NSC组）。应用免疫组化法检测受伤脊髓中HIF-1α、NF200和GFAP的表达。结果HIF-NSC组中HIF-1αt免疫阳性细胞平均光密度值比其他各组各时间点均高（P〈O．01）,且表达高峰延迟至移植后14d;除第1天外,HIF—NSC组NF200表达比SCI组和NSC组明显增高（P〈0．05）,移植后28dNF200免疫阳性轴突数目也比SCI组和NSC组明显增多（P〈0．01）;移植后7d、14d、28dGFAP免疫阳性细胞面积均比SCI组和NSC组明显减少（P〈0．01）。结论HIF-1α基因修饰NSC移植可引起HIF-1α在损伤脊髓内有效表达,且能明显的促进NF200的表达,并能在脊髓损伤的后期抑制GFAP的表达。这提示HIF-1α基因修饰的NSC移植可减少受伤脊髓中胶质细胞的增生和胶质疤痕的形成,促进轴突再生。     

液压性脑损伤后室下区神经干细胞的分离培养与鉴定

目的分离液压性脑损伤室下区巢蛋白（nestin）和胶质酸性纤维蛋白（GFAP）阳性（nestin^＋／GFAP^＋）共存细胞进行培养和诱导分化，观察其分裂、增殖和分化能力，以阐明损伤反应性星形胶质细胞增生过程中nestin^＋／GFAP^＋共存细胞是否具有神经干细胞特性。方法用液压冲击法建立动物模型，分离损伤成年SD大鼠室下区nestin^＋／GFAP^＋共存细胞，制成单细胞悬液，培养和诱导分化，以免疫荧光化学方法对原代和传代培养形成的神经球以及原代和传代培养诱导分化的细胞进行鉴定。结果结果显示培养及传代的细胞不断分裂增殖，可以形成悬浮生长nestin阳性的神经球；神经球诱导分化后可以分化为少突胶质细胞、神经元和星形胶质细胞。结论成年大鼠液压性脑损伤后分离的室下区细胞具有自我更新能力和多向分化潜能，是中枢神经系统神经干细胞。     

维甲酸对神经干细胞的增殖和分化效应

目的 探讨不同浓度维甲酸对神经干细胞的增殖和分化的效应。方法 分离、培养胎龄14d的Wistar孕鼠的神经干细胞，通过与碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF对比观察维甲酸的促增殖效应；运用神经微丝200（NF-200）和神经胶质酸性纤维蛋白（GFAP）对维甲酸诱导分化的细胞进行组化染色，通过4’，6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）染胞核，计数各种分化细胞的比例，并对分化的神经元进行胆碱能表型鉴定。结果 维甲酸的增殖效应明显弱于bFGF，但其具有明显的促神经元生成的分化效应，并表达递质，在分化第24天，500nmol／L的浓度使分化的神经元占分化的总细胞数的90．80％。结论 维甲酸具有显著的促神经干细胞分化成神经元的效应。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。