吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期流行特征的影响因素分析

目的 了解吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的流行特征的影响因素,为制定相关预防与控制策略及措施提供参考依据。方法 本研究以2017-2018年吉林省心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目为基础,纳入吉林省6个项目点35~75岁常住居民11 903人为研究对象,进行体格检查、实验室检测和问卷调查。采用χ²检验、趋势χ²检验、F检验计算不同特征人群和健康指标的中心性肥胖及其前期情况,其影响因素采用多因素logistic回归模型分析。结果 吉林省居民中心性肥胖率为33.35%（3 970/11 903）,标化率为31.73%,中心性肥胖前期率为28.79%（3 427/11 903）,标化率为28.86%。多因素分析结果显示,农村居民（OR=1.99,95%CI：1.78~2.23）、女性（OR=1.76,95%CI：1.57~1.97）、65~75岁组（OR=1.21,95%CI：1.03~1.45）、高中/中专文化程度（OR=1.38,95%CI：1.17~1.63）、家庭年收入>10万元（OR=1.65,95%CI：1.20~2.26）、超重（OR=9.27,95%CI：8.26~10.41）、肥胖（OR=82.82,95%CI：62.63~109.52）、正常高值血压（OR=1.49,95%CI：1.27~1.74）、高血压（OR=1.70,95%CI：1.42~2.04）、糖尿病（OR=2.30,95%CI：1.94~2.73）、血脂异常（OR=1.33,95%CI：1.18~1.50）与中心性肥胖及其前期发生风险呈正相关。结论 吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期率均处于较高水平,农村居民、女性、年龄大、高中/中专文化程度、高收入、超重、肥胖、正常高值血压、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常是吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的危险因素。     

儿童家长预防接种后留观时间及其相关因素分析

目的 分析儿童家长预防接种后留观时间及其相关因素。方法 2019年12月至2020年1月,选取我国6个省份（山东省、广东省、河南省、四川省、内蒙古自治区和辽宁省）12个县（区）34个预防接种门诊,采用分阶段抽样方法招募预防接种0~3岁儿童家长,开展问卷调查。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析儿童家长预防接种后留观时间的相关因素。采用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学分析。结果 共招募0~3岁儿童家长3 292名,符合标准的研究对象为3 178名。儿童家长预防接种后正确留观时间≥30 min的比例为87.85%（2 792/3 178）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,影响儿童家长预防接种后留观时间的主要因素分别为预防接种工作人员正确告知家长留观时间≥30 min（OR=31.622,95%CI：19.847~50.384）、家长职业为医护人员（OR=2.779,95%CI：1.505~5.133）、参加预防接种宣传教育活动（OR=1.986,95%CI：1.438~2.743）、家长年龄≥35岁（OR=1.900,95%CI：1.215~2.971）、胎次为第1胎（OR=1.663,95%CI：1.282~2.156）、家庭人均年收入为8 000~元（OR=1.646,95%CI：1.168~2.319）、儿童年龄为0~12月龄（OR=1.646,95%CI：1.203~2.252）和13~24月龄（OR=1.506,95%CI：1.064~2.133）、信任预防接种工作人员的预防接种建议（OR=1.481,95%CI：1.067~2.055）。结论 儿童家长预防接种后正确留观时间≥30 min的比例较高。预防接种工作人员正确告知家长留观时间的影响最大。     

我国城市居民癌症筛查服务利用现况及服务支付意愿分析

目的 了解未参加过城市癌症早诊早治项目及其他国家级癌症筛查项目的城市居民对癌症筛查服务利用现况及对癌症筛查费用的支付意愿情况,从潜在筛查服务需求方的角度探索癌症筛查工作的可持续性。方法 2014-2015年基于城市癌症早诊早治项目的16个省份项目点,采用多中心横断面方便抽样方法对目标人群开展纸质问卷调查;采用χ²检验进行单因素分析、二元logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果 最终完成合格调查16 394人。调查对象中做过癌症筛查的居民占12.1%（1 984人）;对癌症筛查服务利用进行多因素分析显示,年龄为60~69岁（OR=1.27,95% CI：1.13~1.43）、女性（男性OR=0.56,95% CI：0.50~0.62）、学历偏高者（高中/中专OR=1.51,95% CI：1.35~1.70;大学及以上OR=2.10,95% CI：1.36~3.25）、事业单位等和企业单位等职业的人群（企业人员等OR=1.32,95% CI：1.06~1.64;事业单位人员等OR=2.85,95% CI：2.26~3.59）、收入偏高者（6~15万元OR=1.55,95% CI：1.39~1.73;≥ 15万元OR=2.57,95% CI：2.09~3.15）、城镇职工医疗保险/公费医疗（OR=1.15,95% CI：1.01~1.32）以及城镇居民医疗保险/商业保险（OR=1.01,95% CI：0.84~1.22）的人群对癌症筛查服务利用率更高。在不考虑费用等因素的情况下,65.8%（10 795人）的调查对象愿意接受癌症筛查服务,且做过癌症筛查的居民对癌症筛查的接受度更高（P<0.05）。对于多种癌症联合筛查,61.2%（10 038人）的居民愿意付费,多因素分析显示,年龄为40~59岁（60~69岁OR=0.80,95% CI：0.74~0.87）、企事业单位等职业人群（企业人员OR=1.32,95% CI：1.18~1.47;事业单位人员OR=1.76,95% CI：1.56~1.98）、收入偏高者（6~15万OR=1.51,95% CI：1.40~1.63;≥ 15万OR=1.95,95% CI：1.60~2.38）及做过癌症筛查人群（OR=2.18,95% CI：1.94~2.46）的支付意愿更高。结论 居民癌症筛查服务利用仍有较大的提升空间;年龄、性别、学历、职业、收入、医保是癌症筛查服务利用的主要影响因素;居民有一定的支付意愿,但支付额度有限,年龄、职业、收入、癌症筛查服务利用是居民支付意愿的主要影响因素。     

天津市中老年社区居民性活跃现状及相关因素分析

目的 了解天津市中老年社区居民性活跃现状及其相关因素。方法 2020年6月至2022年12月，通过多阶段抽样方法，对天津市≥50岁中老年社区居民开展横断面调查。样本量估计数为735名。通过调查员面对面收集问卷，包括社会人口学特征、健康特征以及性生活方式有关特征等相关信息。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析性活跃状态的相关因素。结果 共纳入776名研究对象（男性和女性分别为510名和266名），年龄以50~59岁（45.9%）为主。总体性活跃率为45.6%。年龄更大（60~69岁：aOR=0.67，95%CI：0.45~0.99；≥70岁：aOR=0.12，95%CI：0.07~0.21）、男性（aOR=1.93，95%CI：1.32~2.82）、城镇居民（aOR=0.18，95%CI：0.12~0.28）、同居/已婚（aOR=2.80，95%CI：1.41~5.58）、独居（aOR=0.51，95%CI：0.27~0.96）、爬楼或行走困难（aOR=0.55，95%CI：0.31~0.97）、现患慢性病（1种：aOR=0.55，95%CI：0.36~0.85；≥2种：aOR=0.53，95%CI：0.33~0.84）与性活跃状态有关。结论 相当比例的中老年社区居民仍然保持性活跃。身体健康状况与中老年社区居民的性活跃状态存在关联。应将性健康服务纳入中老年社区居民卫生保健服务范围，加强社区卫生服务人员的性健康相关服务意识和技能。     

山东省2015年艾滋病防治策略“三个90%”目标进展状况分析

目的 分析山东省2015年艾滋病防治策略"三个90%"（即90%诊断、90%治疗及90%有效）"目标的进展情况及相关影响因素。方法 收集山东省现存活HIV感染者/AIDS患者（HIV/AIDS）检测发现、接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗（HAART）服务的相关信息,分析进展情况。采用χ²检验进行单因素分析,多因素logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。结果 2015年12月31日,山东省估计现存活HIV/AIDS有11 700例,检测发现率61.2%,HAART率74.4%,病毒载量（VL）抑制率81.8%。经同性传播的HIV/AIDS检测发现比例较低（P<0.05）。青岛市（OR=1.30,95% CI：1.05~1.60）、烟台市（OR=1.53,95% CI：1.02~2.31）和威海市（OR=1.96,95% CI：1.07~3.58）的HIV/AIDS接受HAART的比例较高;同性传播（OR=0.12,95% CI：0.06~0.24）、异性传播（OR=0.13,95% CI：0.07~0.26）、注射吸毒传播（OR=0.08,95% CI：0.03~0.17）,羁押场所检测发现（OR=0.29,95% CI：0.21~0.41）的HIV/AIDS接受HAART比例较低;医疗机构接受HAART服务的HIV/AIDS（OR=1.81,95% CI：1.05~3.47）的VL抑制比例较高;同性传播（OR=0.43,95% CI：0.25~0.75）、异性传播（OR=0.49,95% CI：0.28~0.81）,羁押场所检测发现（OR=0.48,95% CI：0.28~0.80）的HIV/AIDS的VL抑制比例较低。结论 山东省2015年现存活HIV/AIDS的检测发现率、HAART率和VL抑制率与2020年实现的艾滋病防治策略"三个90%"目标仍有一定差距,尤其是检测发现目标。需加强检测和艾滋病综合关怀服务。     

家庭相关因素与中国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖关系的研究

目的 分析家庭相关因素与6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖的关系。方法 利用"2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测"数据筛选6~17岁儿童青少年作为研究对象,对其父母体重、文化程度、家庭年人均收入等家庭相关因素进行匹配后获得6 343名研究样本,通过单因素和多因素logistic逐步回归法分析家庭相关因素与儿童青少年超重肥胖的关系。结果 在调整年龄、性别、城乡因素后,多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,父母BMI越高（母亲：OR=1.83,95%CI：1.63~2.05;父亲：OR=1.74,95%CI：1.57~1.94）、家庭年人均收入越高（OR=1.30,95%CI：1.15~1.46）、母亲的文化水平越高（OR=1.24,95%CI：1.12~1.37）,儿童青少年的超重肥胖率越高。结论 父母超重肥胖、母亲文化水平高、家庭年人均收入高等相关因素与中国儿童青少年超重肥胖呈正相关。     

围孕期患病及心理状态与婴儿出生缺陷的关系

目的 了解陕西省出生缺陷患病水平及其主要危险因素,分析母亲围孕期患病及其心理状态与出生缺陷患病的关系。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法调查陕西省30个区（县）2010年1月至2013年11月怀孕且明确结局的育龄妇女及婴幼儿。采用多阶段复杂抽样logistic回归分析孕期患病及心理状态和出生缺陷的关系。结果 陕西省出生缺陷患病率为195.04/万。在29 121例调查对象中,围孕期患病者占51.1%,围孕期发生心理状态改变者占6.8%。控制混杂后,围孕期患感冒（OR=1.33,95% CI：1.10~1.61）、发热（OR=1.54,95% CI：1.09~2.16）、肝内胆汁淤积症（OR=32.77,95% CI：4.08~263.04）等疾病及存在情绪低落、烦躁易怒、焦虑等精神状态（OR=1.60,95% CI：1.19~2.15）及家庭关系不和（OR=2.07,95% CI：1.12~3.79）等心理因素与出生缺陷的发生有关。对各时期（孕前及孕早中晚期）患病分析发现：孕早期患感冒（OR=1.59,95% CI：1.28~1.98）、孕早期发热（OR=1.43,95% CI：1.48~4.00）、孕中期情绪不良（OR=1.52,95% CI：1.05~2.19）、孕晚期情绪不良（OR=1.63,95% CI：1.05~2.19）、孕晚期关系不和（OR=2.89,95% CI：1.16~7.20）与出生缺陷相关。对患病频率分析发现：4个时期只有1个时期患感冒（OR=1.24,95% CI：1.02~1.52）、有2个时期患感冒（OR=2.06,95% CI：1.30~3.26）、1个时期有发热（OR=1.49,95% CI：1.04~2.13）、1个时期存在情绪不良（OR=1.71,95% CI：1.19~2.45）、1个时期关系不和（OR=2.67,95% CI：1.32~5.39）与出生缺陷相关。结论 陕西省出生缺陷患病率处于较高水平,围孕期感冒、发热、情绪问题及关系不和可能增加出生缺陷的罹患风险。     

苏州市社区建成环境与居民体力活动的关联分析

目的 了解苏州市居民体力活动水平,探索社区建成环境与居民体力活动的关联。方法 2017年采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法抽取苏州市25~64岁常住人群进行面对面调查,采用国际体力活动量表长卷（IPAQ-L）评估居民体力活动水平,采用居民环境步行量表简表（NEWS-A）评价社区建成环境主观感知。结果 苏州市居民过去1周总体力活动水平M=3 610.42 MET-min/w,以工作相关体力活动水平为主,交通、家务及休闲相关体力活动水平较低。控制社会人口学因素后,公共服务可及性与社区居民的总体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.522,95%CI：0.329~0.830）,场所设施多样性与工作相关体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.701,95%CI：0.492~0.999）,步行和自行车道设施与工作相关体力活动水平呈正相关（OR=1.603,95%CI：1.004~2.559）;交通安全与交通相关体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.642,95%CI：0.416~0.990）;住宅密度与休闲相关体力活动水平呈正相关（OR=1.001,95%CI：1.000~1.002）;此外,社区美观与舒适的主观感知程度越高,工作、交通、家务及总体力活动水平越高（OR=1.889,95%CI：1.176~3.033;OR=1.671,95%CI：1.120~2.495;OR=1.775,95%CI：1.143~2.756;OR=1.593,95%CI：1.079~2.350）。结论 完善步行道和自行车道设施、提高社区的美观和舒适程度对于增加居民体力活动有重要作用。     

父母饮酒与儿童青少年饮酒的关联分析

目的 探讨父母饮酒与儿童青少年饮酒的关系,为儿童青少年饮酒的防控政策制定提供科学依据。方法 采用方便整群抽样的方法,选取济南市城区8~17岁儿童青少年,通过调查问卷获取儿童青少年及其父母饮酒的相关信息,共获得有效样本量2 785人。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析父母饮酒与儿童青少年饮酒的关系。结果 儿童青少年饮酒者占11.2%（311名）,父亲饮酒者占58.6%（1 633名）,母亲饮酒者占7.3%（204名）。与父亲从不饮酒者相比,父亲现在饮酒（OR=1.36,95% CI：1.03~1.80）和重度饮酒（OR=2.09,95% CI：1.44~3.05）与儿童青少年饮酒存在关联。与母亲从不饮酒者相比,母亲现在饮酒也与儿童青少年饮酒存在关联（OR=2.72,95% CI：1.89~3.91）。与父母均不饮酒者相比,父母仅一方饮酒（OR=1.58,95% CI：1.20~2.09）和父母双方均饮酒（OR=4.12,95% CI：2.73~6.20）与儿童青少年饮酒存在关联。按照性别、年龄组分层分析,男生组及13~17岁组的结果与总体结果类似,但是仅父亲重度饮酒或父母双方均饮酒与女生、8~12岁儿童饮酒存在关联。结论 父母饮酒可能是儿童青少年饮酒的重要影响因素。今后儿童青少年饮酒的防控政策制定应该考虑父母饮酒因素。     

江苏省心血管病高危人群颈动脉斑块流行及影响因素分析

目的 了解颈动脉斑块（CP）在江苏省心血管病高危人群中的流行概况及相关影响因素。方法 2015-2016年依托中国心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目,以江苏省6个项目点筛查出的11 392名心血管病高危人群作为研究对象,进行问卷调查、身体测量、实验室检测以及颈动脉彩色超声检测,探讨CP的流行概况,对CP发生的影响因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果 研究对象年龄为（59.4±8.9）岁,男性4 821例（42.3%）。颈动脉异常5 971例（52.4%）,其中颈动脉内中膜增厚1 782例（15.6%）,CP 3 811例（33.5%）,颈动脉狭窄378例（3.3%）。高龄（OR=2.253,95%CI：2.127~2.386）、城市居民（OR=2.622,95%CI：2.375~2.895）、高血压（OR=1.439,95%CI：1.195~1.732）、吸烟（OR=1.441,95%CI：1.259~1.650）、脉压差增大（OR=1.270,95%CI：1.198~1.347）、FPG升高（OR=1.109,95%CI：1.059~1.161）、LDL-C/HDL-C升高（OR=1.225,95%CI：1.164~1.288）增加心血管病高危人群发生CP的风险,女性（OR=0.558,95%CI：0.494~0.630）、高BMI（OR=0.948,95%CI：0.904~0.994）、较高的文化程度（OR=0.708,95%CI：0.531~0.945）和较高的家庭年收入（OR=0.773,95%CI：0.669~0.894）则降低其风险。结论 江苏省超一半心血管病高危人群颈动脉异常,高血压、高血糖、高血脂和吸烟是相关影响因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.