后循环动脉瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨后循环动脉瘤手术适应证和治疗效果.方法 纳入42例共44个后循环动脉瘤,包括基底动脉动脉瘤26例(27个)、椎动脉动脉瘤16例(17个).其中15例分别行颈外动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(4例)、颈内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、颌内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、椎动脉颅内外段(2例)、枕动脉.小脑后下小动脉(5例)搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术;余27例行单纯动脉瘤夹闭术.结果 经随访共37例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤14例、基底动脉主干动脉瘤3例、椎动脉动脉瘤9例、小脑后下动脉动脉瘤5例、大脑后动脉P1～P2段交界处动脉瘤4例、小脑上动脉动脉瘤l例和小脑前下动脉动脉瘤1例)患者恢复正常生活活动能力,无一例发生手术相关性神经功能障碍,恢复良好率达88.09%.其余5例患者,1例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤)术后出现严重神经功能缺损症状与体征,生活不能自理;2例(1例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤、1例基底动脉主干动脉瘤)因术后发生脑干缺血,围手术期死亡;2例(椎动脉动脉瘤)复发患者经再次治疗康复.结论 对于不宜直接行手术夹闭的后循环动脉瘤,为了避免因夹闭动脉瘤和延长临时阻断载瘤动脉时间而发生术后脑缺血事件.可选择颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术,以避免动脉瘤夹闭术带来的危险.     

基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的显微手术治疗策略

目的探讨基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的显微外科手术治疗策略。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2020年1月天津市环湖医院神经外科采用显微手术治疗的55例(共64个动脉瘤)基底动脉顶端动脉瘤患者的临床资料。根据动脉瘤的大小、指向以及瘤颈与后床突的位置关系选择手术入路,分别采用经翼点入路(25例)、经眶颧入路(5例)、经颞下入路(19例)及颞前-经颧-经海绵窦入路(6例)夹闭动脉瘤。采用改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)评估预后;采用CT血管成像(CTA)评估手术夹闭效果。结果55例患者中,动脉瘤完全夹闭46例(83.6%),部分夹闭9例;手术时长为(4.4±1.1)h(2.8~7.1 h)。11例患者术后出现脑缺血症状,其中1例死亡;21例患者出现动眼神经麻痹,其中4例因脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流术。共42例患者获得随访,随访时间为0.8~9.7年(中位时间为4.7年)。42例患者术后6个月随访时的mRS 0分32例,1分4例,2分2例,3分2例,4分1例,6分1例(随访期间因肺栓塞死亡)。CTA随访结果显示,完全夹闭的动脉瘤未见复发,载瘤动脉血流通畅;部分夹闭的动脉瘤均未见瘤体明显增大。结论开颅夹闭手术仍是基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的主要治疗方式。选择个体化的手术入路处理基底动脉顶端动脉瘤,能够获得良好的治疗效果。     

经颅底入路夹闭颅内动脉瘤

报告10例病人经颅底入路夹闭或切除颅内动脉瘤,获得优7例,良1例,中1例,差1例的满意效果.采用的颅底入路有四种:①经额眶入路处理前交通动脉瘤4例;②经眶颧入路处理眼动脉瘤4例,大脑中动脉瘤1例;③经岩骨小脑幕入路夹闭基底动脉中段动脉瘤1例;④经眶颧-颞极入路夹闭基底动脉分叉部动脉瘤1例.在选择的病人中,颅底入路可改善对深部或巨大动脉瘤的显露,因此减少对脑组织的牵拉.对手术的适应证、手术方法、颅底入路的优缺点进行简要讨论.     

经颅底入路夹闭颅内动脉瘤

报告10例病人经颅底入路夹闭或切除颅内动脉瘤，获得优7例，良1例，中1例，差1例的满意效果。采用的颅底入路有四种：①经额眶入路处理前交通动脉瘤4例；②经眶颧入路处理眼动脉瘤4例．大脑中动脉瘤1例；③经岩骨小脑幕入路夹闭基底动脉中段动脉瘤1例；④经眶颧-颞极入路夹闭基底动脉分叉部动脉瘤1例。在选择的病人中．颅底入路可改善对深部或巨大动脉瘤的显露，因此减少对脑组织的牵拉。对手术的适应证、手术方法、颅底入路的优缺点进行简要讨论。     

远外侧-乙状窦前联合入路治疗岩斜区脑干腹侧巨大占位

目的 探讨远外侧-乙状窦前联合人路在广泛侵及斜坡-脑干腹侧巨大肿瘤和椎-基底动脉复杂巨大动脉瘤的显微外科手术治疗中的应用.方法 回顾性分析应用远外侧-乙状窦前联合人路显微手术治疗的2例椎-基底巨大动脉瘤和1例巨大颅内外沟通之颈静脉孔区颈静脉球瘤,并广泛侵犯岩斜及鞍旁区域,对此3例临床、影像资料及手术入路进行研究分析.结果 1例巨大肿瘤近全切除,出现饮水呛咳,声音嘶哑,术后10 d好转,但周围性面瘫较术前加重,术后3个月复查恢复至术前水平.例2、3巨大椎-基底动脉瘤患者术后饮水呛咳均有好转,行走正常.结论 远外侧-乙状窦前联合入路对于侵蚀全斜坡的巨大颅底肿瘤或椎-基底动脉巨大动脉瘤的治疗是一种全新的安全有效的手术方法.     

颌内动脉搭桥治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤

目的 探讨颌内动脉与颅内动脉搭桥治疗复杂性动脉瘤的方法.方法 22例颅内巨大动脉瘤患者,颈内海绵窦段8例,大脑中动脉6例,眼动脉段4例,床突上段1例,椎-基底动脉交接处2例,基底动脉下段1例.瘤体有重要穿通动脉发出9例.3例经弹簧圈治疗后,动脉瘤复发.取7 cm桡动脉做移植血管,先行颌内动脉与桡动脉端-端吻合.颈内动脉瘤做桡动脉与中动脉M2起始部端-侧吻合,椎基底动脉瘤做大脑后动脉P2段近端行端-侧吻合.动脉搭桥后,16例海绵窦段和床突上段动脉瘤做孤立术,6例动脉瘤有穿动脉发出,仅作动脉瘤近端阻断远端开放,使搭桥血流逆流入动脉瘤体内,保持穿通动脉血流.结果 20例术后恢复良好,移植搭桥血管畅通,动脉瘤消失.2例吻合血管未通,但无缺血性神经功能缺失表现.22例患者经3个月-3.3年随访,21例恢复正常生活,1例因患其他疾病需要照顾.结论 用桡动脉移植,颌内动脉作为供血动脉与颅内动脉搭桥,可得到较高的搭桥通畅率和较小的损伤效果.     

经Dolenc入路手术治疗基底动脉顶端动脉瘤

目的 探讨经Dolenc入路手术夹闭基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的手术方法及治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2014年6月至2022年6月经Dolenc入路手术治疗的26例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的临床资料。结果 术后2周CTA检查显示26例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤均完全夹闭。术后出现动眼神经麻痹5例、脑积水1例（脑室-腹腔分流术）、偏瘫1例，无脑脊液漏，无手术死亡病例。26例术后随访6～48个月；动眼神经麻痹5例中，术后3个月内完全恢复4例，部分恢复1例；1例脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流术后恢复良好，1例偏瘫恢复生活自理。术后6个月改良Rankin量表评分0分16例，1分3例，2分4例，3分3例；CTA复查未见基底动脉顶端动脉瘤复发，载瘤动脉通畅。结论 显微手术是治疗基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的重要方式，经Dolenc入路手术可获得良好的效果。     

大脑后动脉第2段动脉瘤

目的对本院1990年以来治疗的11例大脑后动脉第2段(P2段)动脉瘤的临床和手术处理进行回顾性分析.方法 11例患者中,10例行手术治疗,其中6例经颞下入路、4例经翼点入路.5例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑形夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅,5例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立切除术;另l例行血管内弹簧栓栓塞术.结果手术治疗的10例患者8例术后恢复良好;其中包括5例动脉瘤夹闭者以及3例动脉瘤孤立者,另外2例动脉瘤孤立术后发生大脑后动脉供血区脑组织缺血性梗死,出现暂时性轻偏瘫和同向性偏盲.l例动脉瘤血管内栓塞术后动脉瘤消失,载瘤动脉通畅,恢复良好.结论 P2段动脉瘤多见于年轻人,有形成巨大动脉瘤的倾向.手术以经翼点入路和颞下入路显露为主,对必需行动脉瘤孤立者可行载瘤动脉重建以避免出现缺血性脑损害.     

微血管多普勒监测下显微手术治疗基底动脉顶端动脉瘤（附10例报告）

目的总结基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的临床特征、手术入路和治疗效果。方法2007年1月至2011年12月在微血管多普勒监测下手术治疗基底动脉顶端动脉瘤10例,其中7例采取翼点入路和3例采取扩大翼点入路手术夹闭。结果10例患者共夹闭13个动脉瘤,切除2个动静脉畸形。9例恢复良好,1例术后1周自动出院后死亡。1例轻偏瘫患者于出院后4周恢复,2例出现动眼神经麻痹的患者均于出院后3个月内恢复。9例随访10个月-5年,均未见动脉瘤复发。结论显微手术是治疗基底动脉顶端动脉瘤重要手段。翼点入路和扩大翼点入路可以有效暴露动脉瘤。微血管多普勒在基底动脉顶端动脉瘤夹闭术中是一种直接、有效和便捷的监测方法。     

血管搭桥治疗颅内复杂性动脉瘤(附39例报告)

目的 探讨应用血管搭桥治疗颅内复杂性动脉瘤的疗效.方法 39例颅内复杂性动脉瘤患者中11例患者有动脉瘤破裂,Hunt-Hess分级分别为I级和Ⅱ级.28例未破裂动脉瘤以头痛、脑神经压迫和脑缺血发病.用大隐静脉移植搭桥10例,桡动脉移植搭桥13例,颞浅动脉搭桥10例,枕动脉搭桥6例.搭桥动脉与接受动脉的血管吻合:大脑中动脉24例,小脑后下动脉5例,大脑后动脉P2段4例,大脑前动脉A2远端2例,椎动脉V5段2例,颈内动脉1例,小脑前下动脉1例.移植血管与供血动脉的吻合:颈外动脉19例,大脑中动脉8例,大脑前动脉A2段2例,椎动脉V3段2例,颈内动脉C2段1例,后交通动脉1例.另外6例枕动脉搭桥,无近心端血管吻合.在搭桥血管完毕后,将动脉瘤近心端和远心端的供血动脉结扎或夹闭,行动脉瘤孤立术.对19例有压迫脑神经或颅内占位的高颅压的患者,将动脉瘤切除.结果 35例术后恢复良好,3例出院后需要照顾,1例术后9 d死于脑干梗死.35例术后脑血管造影检查,34例移植搭桥血管畅通,动脉瘤消失;1例吻合血管未通,但无神经功能缺失表现.结论 血管搭桥可作为治疗难治性颅内复杂动脉瘤的有效方法 .     

破裂颅内椎动脉动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗在破裂颅内椎动脉夹层及梭形动脉瘤中的应用.方法 回顾性分析21例血管内介入治疗的颅内椎动脉夹层及梭形动脉瘤患者,其中8例采用微弹簧圈或球囊进行载瘤动脉闭塞术,13例应用支架辅助弹簧圈进行栓塞治疗.结果 8例载瘤动脉闭塞的患者,载瘤动脉完全闭塞,小脑后下动脉保持通畅;随访3-12个月,未遗留明显的神经功能障碍.13例支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞的患者,术中1例因再出血死亡;余12例中,致密栓塞10例,接近完全栓塞2例.9例患者(包括接近完全闭塞的2例患者)有效造影随访3-11个月,致密栓塞的患者中动脉瘤无复发,载瘤动脉及PICA保持通畅;接近完全闭塞的2例患者中有1例部分复发,给予再次致密栓塞,另1例达稳定状态;另3例电话随访,未发现遗留明显的神经功能障碍.结论 载瘤动脉闭塞术治疗破裂的椎动脉梭形及夹层动脉瘤效果肯定,但有潜在缺血的风险;支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术近期效果较好,但远期疗效有待长期随访的验证.     

前循环巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨手术治疗脑前循环巨大动脉瘤的方法，设计个体化治疗方案。方法回顾分析2001年1月至2005年3月间手术治疗的38例脑巨大动脉瘤方法和效果。分别采用：直接夹闭瘤颈12例；动脉瘤切除加脑血管重建5例；动脉瘤孤立术4例；颅内外动脉吻合伴或不伴血管内介入治疗14例；包裹1例；载瘤动脉阻断2例。结果术后恢复优良32例，重度病残4例，死亡2例。结论术前应充分评价脑血流动力学和侧支循环，个性化设计治疗方案，采用不同手术术式可取得良好预后；同时颅内外血管吻合术可有效改善颅内供血，确保动脉瘤的后续治疗；手术和血管内介入治疗的结合是今后巨大型动脉瘤治疗的一个方向。     

椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗

目的 探讨椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗策略.方法 分别采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉、支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤、单纯支架植入、手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,以及枕动脉-小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉等方法 治疗18例椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤患者.结果 18例患者中5例采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,5例行支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(3例基本致密栓塞、2例非致密栓塞),4例行单纯支架植入术(术后3例动脉瘤血流动力学改善),3例经远外侧入路手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,1例行枕动脉.小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉.其中2例术中动脉瘤破裂出血,1例死亡、1例中残;I例闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉患者,术后出现短暂性吞咽困难和偏侧肢体麻木,其余患者术后平稳.17例获得1个月至3年随访,无一例动脉瘤复发或进展.结论 用于治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的方法 有多种,选择治疗方案时需考虑动脉瘤是否破裂出血或引起脑梗死,以及动脉瘤形态(如局限性偏侧型)、是否位于优势侧、是否累及小脑后下动脉等因素,根据患者具体情况制定个体化治疗方案.     

An endovascular approach to ruptured aneurysms of the circumferential branch of the basilar artery

Aneurysms of the basilar perforating arteries are uncommon and those of the circumferential artery are particularly rare. Microsurgical clipping or trapping is the preferred treatment as these aneurysms are usually not accessible for endovascular treatment. We report two patients with ruptured aneurysms arising from the basilar circumferential artery. The first patient, a 66-year-old male, presented with a prepontine hematoma and a delayed filling aneurysm of the basilar circumferential artery. The second patient, a 28-year-old female, presented with a narrow-neck aneurysm of the basilar circumferential artery, associated with an arteriovenous malformation in the left cerebellum. Both patients were treated successfully with endovascular coiling, flow was preserved in the perforating parent vessels and the patients had excellent outcomes. This is the first report of this type of aneurysm being successfully treated by endovascular coiling. The treatment challenges regarding microsurgical and endovascular approaches are discussed.     

Result of Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery in the Treatment of Complex Intracranial Aneurysms : Outcomes in 15 Cases

Objective

The standard treatment strategy of intracranial aneurysms includes either endovascular coiling or microsurgical clipping. In certain situations such as in giant or dissecting aneurysms, bypass surgery followed by proximal occlusion or trapping of parent artery is required.

Methods

The authors assessed the result of extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery in the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms in one institute between 2003 and 2007 retrospectively to propose its role as treatment modality. The outcomes of 15 patients with complex aneurysms treated during the last 5 years were reviewed. Six male and 9 female patients, aged 14 to 76 years, presented with symptoms related to hemorrhage in 6 cases, transient ischemic attack (TIA) in 2 unruptured cases, and permanent infarction in one, and compressive symptoms in 3 cases. Aneurysms were mainly in the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 11 cases, middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 2, posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in one and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in one case.

Results

The types of aneurysms were 8 cases of large to giant size aneurysms, 5 cases of ICA blood blister-like aneurysms, one dissecting aneurysm, and one pseudoaneurysm related to trauma. High-flow bypass surgery was done in 6 cases with radial artery graft (RAG) in five and saphenous vein graft (SVG) in one. Low-flow bypass was done in nine cases using superficial temporal artery (STA) in eight and occipital artery (OA) in one case. Parent artery occlusion was performed with clipping in 9 patients, with coiling in 4, and with balloon plus coil in 1. Direct aneurysm clip was done in one case. The follow up period ranged from 2 to 48 months (mean 15.0 months). There was no mortality case. The long-term clinical outcome measured by Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) showed good or excellent outcome in 13/15. The overall surgery related morbidity was 20% (3/15) including 2 emergency bypass surgeries due to unexpected parent artery occlusion during direct clipping procedure. The short-term postoperative bypass graft patency rates were 100% but the long-term bypass patency rates were 86.7% (13/15). Nonetheless, there was no bypass surgery related morbidity due to occlusion of the graft.

Conclusion

Revascularization technique is a pivotal armament in managing complex aneurysms and scrupulous prior planning is essential to successful outcomes.     

载瘤动脉临时阻断处理颅内动脉瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨载瘤动脉临时阻断处理动脉瘤继发缺血性脑功能损伤的相关因素。方法 63例颅内动脉瘤夹闭过程中行载瘤动脉临时阻断，术后根据相应部位有无脑功能障碍，CT检查阻断血管供应区有无新鲜梗塞灶为标准判断是否造成缺血性脑损伤，并按有无蛛网膜下腔出血、动脉瘤所在部位、Hunt和Hess分级等进行分组对照。结果 63例载瘤动脉临时阻断时间3-59min，术后共有12例出现缺血性脑损伤表现，其中术前有蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)者11例，Hunt和Hess分级Ⅲ～V者8例，基底动脉5例、大脑中动脉4例。阻断时间16min以内者均无缺血性脑损伤。结论 载瘤动脉临时阻断继发缺血性脑损伤与阻断部位、阻断时间、阻断方式、侧支循环的个体差异、病人术前状况等因素有关。     

小脑后下动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点及手术方法 .方法 回顾性分析21例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及手术方法 .其中男9例,女12例,平均40.6岁.1例表现为后颅窝占位;20例为动脉瘤破裂出血.入院时患者Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例.头颅CT表现为幕下为主的蛛网膜下腔出血,或第四脑室出血或二者兼有.脑血管造影提示小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤13例,远端动脉瘤8例,分别采用枕下旁正中及枕下正中入路进行手术.结果 19例行动脉瘤蒂夹闭术,1例行孤立术,1例行载瘤动脉近端切断术.3例术后出现切口一过性脑脊液漏;1例术后偏瘫、后组脑神经麻痹和长期昏迷,2例轻度后组脑神经受损,3个月后完全恢复;其余患者术后无神经功能损伤或并发症,恢复良好.结论 小脑后下动脉瘤的治疗首选动脉瘤夹闭术,术中保护后组脑神经和后下动脉是手术的关键.     

A giant fusiform basilar aneurysm treated by bilateral vertebral artery occlusion.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Fusiform aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar arteries that progressively enlarge causing symptomatic brainstem compression are dangerous and their treatment is difficult. A patient with such an aneurysm treated successfully with staged, microsurgical occlusions of the proximal vertebral arteries is described, and the literature pertaining to this rare condition is briefly reviewed. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 48-year-old man with a fusiform basilar trunk aneurysm of uncertain etiology presented initially with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) of the posterior circulation that ceased with anticoagulation. Four years later he presented again with progressive ataxia, dysphagia and dysphonia due to considerable enlargement of the aneurysm causing brainstem compression. INTERVENTION: Staged microsurgical vertebral artery occlusions proximal to the aneurysm were performed. The second (left) vertebral artery was clipped only after the patient passed its temporary occlusion with an endovascular test balloon. The aneurysm subsequently thrombosed, the distal basilar artery kept patent by a single (left) posterior communicating artery. The patient's clinical condition improved markedly over a number of months as the aneurysm mass atrophied. CONCLUSION: Giant vertebrobasilar aneurysms are rare but treacherous lesions, sometimes justifying aggressive management. Carefully selected patients with progressive and severe symptoms due to brainstem compression may tolerate proximal vertebral artery occlusions, provided there is adequate collateral flow to the basilar termination and all of its perforating branches.     

Intraaneurysmal embolization of an unruptured basilar tip aneurysm associated with moyamoya disease.

We describe a patient with moyamoya disease associated with an unruptured basilar tip aneurysm which was treated by endovascular embolization using Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). A 53-year-old man presented with left hemiparesis persisting for 3 mon ths before admission. Cerebral angiography revealed occlusion of the bilateral middle cerebral arteries and the left anterior cerebral artery, stenosis of the right anterior cerebral artery, and basal moyamoya vessels. In addition, a saccular small aneurysm was seen at the top of the basilar artery. The aneurysm was completely embolized by intraaneurysmal GDCs. Direct surgical clipping is often selected for the treatment of posterior fossa aneurysms in moyamoya disease. However, complete clipping is usually difficult due to the difficulties in operative technique associated with moyamoya disease. We suggest that the endovascular treatment using GDCs is comparatively safe and effective for the treatment of surgically difficult aneurysms in patients with moyamoya disease.