-起食源性诺如病毒GⅡ.4/Sydney_2012变异株感染暴发的调查

目的 调查广州市某高校急性胃肠炎病例的感染来源、传播途径和危险因素.方法 按照病例定义开展病例搜索,采用描述性流行病学和病例对照研究进行分析;样本采用RT-PCR检测诺如病毒核酸,阳性标本分析基因核苷酸序列并进行同源性分析.结果 2013年1月8-21日该校共发生诺如病毒感染性腹泻141例,罹患率为8.5‰(141/16 600);8-9日为发病高峰;病例无班级和宿舍聚集性;病例对照调查显示A餐厅为早期病例的感染场所(OR=3.46,95％CI:1.07～11.1 6),1月7日的午餐是可疑餐次(OR=4.34,95％CI:1.18～17.37),可疑食物是手撕鸡套餐(OR=17.82,95％CI:4.46～78.17);采集病例和厨工肛拭子、剩余食物及环境涂抹样等266份,诺如病毒RT-PCR检测阳性21份(17例),病例阳性率为42.8％(9/21),A餐厅厨工阳性率为29.6％ (8/27),经基因测序为GⅡ.4/Sydney_2012变异株,学生、教职工病例与厨工同源性为100％.结论 该次疫情为诺如病毒GⅡ.4/Sydney_2012变异株感染引起的急性胃肠炎暴发,其原因是携带病毒厨工污染食物所致,以食源性传播途径为主.     

宁夏地区1997-2011年急性弛缓性麻痹病例非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒分型鉴定分析

目的 对1997-2011年宁夏地区急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例中分离的73株非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒(NPEV)进行分型鉴定.方法 采用简并引物RT-PCR对分离株进行VP1区基因扩增和序列测定,测序结果进行BLAST比较和基因进化分析.结果 经过基因测序分析鉴定,73株NPEV中,有4株无法定型,另69株共包括27个血清型,分别属于A组肠道病毒(HEV-A)和HEV-B组,无HEV-C和HEV-D组毒株,其中HEV-A组毒株包括8个血清型23株,HEV-B组毒株包括19个血清型46株.69株病毒中,以EV71所占比例最大(9/69),以CVA4、CVA16、Echo24、Echo6和CoxA9所占比例较高.结论 1997-2011年宁夏地区AFP病例分离的NPEV以HEV-B组为主要型别66.7％(46/69).     

湖南省2007年狂犬病病原学监测

目的 了解湖南省狂犬病病毒的分布及来源,从病原学角度分析该省狂犬病疫情高发的原因.方法 采集湖南省人间狂犬病高、中、低疫区市售家犬脑组织及疑似病例、病犬标本,用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)和RT-PCR检测狂犬病病毒,RT-PCR阳性标本进行狂犬病病毒N基因片段核苷酸序列分析. 结果 外观正常犬脑组织狂犬病病毒阳性率为2.78%,23株狂犬病病毒N基因片段核苷酸序列同源性范围为88.8%～100.0%,表明主要足同义突变,病毒株在省内的分布无明显的地域性.系统发生树揭示狂犬病病毒在湖南省省内及与周边省份(贵州、湖北、广西)和其他省份(江苏、河南)间存在扩散循环传播.疑似病例的唾液、尿液、血液标本均未检出狂犬病病毒,皮肤标本检出1例阳性. 结论 湖南省内普遍存在狂犬病病毒感染犬只,省内与外省的病毒分离株有高度的亲缘关系,此为疫情高发的主要原因.     

一起双足疼痛综合征的暴发调查

目的 对佛山市某高中(S学校)学生出现不明原因双足疼痛暴发进行调查.方法 疑似病例定义为2014年2月10日至 3月16日佛山市S学校的学生和教职工中出现无明确原因足部疼痛或麻木者.病例定义为疑似病例中同时具有足部疼痛和麻木者.通过查阅学校附近医院就诊记录和校医务室门诊日志、查看学校因病缺勤记录搜索病例.制订统一的临床症状信息调查表,首先培训班主任老师,由班主任给各自班级学生进行讲解,并由学生填写调查问卷.收集佛山市2014年1月1日至3月31日的每日温度,分析气候变化及每日温度与疾病发生的关系.在全校随机抽取14个班级开展病例对照研究,比较病例组和对照组的学习运动情况、膳食和保暖措施等.结果 共407例学生病例,罹患率为26.5%(407/1 536).女生罹患率为37.3%(320/859),高于男生(12.9%,87/677),差异有统计学意义(χ²=115.1,P< 0.01).住宿生罹患率为31.8%(323/1 016),高于走读生(16.2%,84/520),差异有统计学意义(χ²=43.2,P< 0.01).住宿女生罹患率(46.1%,269/584)高于走读生(18.5%,51/275),差异有统计学意义(χ²=61.4,P< 0.01),住宿男生罹患率(12.2%,54/442)和走读生(14.0%,33/235)差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.13,P> 0.05).2014年2月6－13日气温迅速从23 ℃下降至6 ℃,随后气温持续回升,至2月28日升至23 ℃.短期内气温呈现“V”形变化.2月13－28日等级相关分析显示,每日病例数与最高温度呈正相关关系(r=0.65,P=0.002).病例对照研究结果显示,住宿生夜晚感觉被子凉(OR=3.0,95%CI:1.3～7.0)、平时缺乏体育锻炼(OR=2.8,95%CI:1.5～5.6)、既往脚部有类似症状(OR=3.4,95%CI:1.1～11.0)是不明原因双足疼痛发病的危险因素.结论 本次不明原因双足疼痛暴发可能与气温骤降骤升变化有关.     

深圳市一起学校水痘暴发的现场流行病学调查

目的 探讨学校水痘暴发疫情的流行病学特征、传播因素和扩散方式，明确疫情控制的难点。方法 根据现场流行病学调查方法和步骤，确定病例定义并完成病例搜索，描述病例 三间分布特征，重点分析可能的传播因素与该起疫情间的关系，采用回顾性队列研究探讨相关传播因素。结果 该起水痘暴发的总罹患率为4．4％(122／2742)，小学生罹患率(8．3％，118／1419)明显高于初中生(0．3％，4／1323)，但小学生罹患率的性别差异无统计学意义。疫情波及全校9个年级22个班，罹患率最高的是五年级(23．7％)和三年级(13．4％)，呈现明显的班级聚集性。该起疫情为人与人接触传播，共持续72 d，出现4个发病高峰。“军训”促成疫情在首发病例的班级内传播，而疫情期间全校组织学生健康体检，又引发疫情的跨年级传播；未及时有效的落实隔离措施，是该起水痘在班级内传播的原因，但参加校外辅导班和乘坐社区免费接送车与疫情扩散的关联无统计学意义。该起疫情突破性水痘病例占所有病例的52．5％(64／122)，病例均接种过一剂次水痘减毒活疫苗(VarV)，从接种到发病的时间中位数为7年，接种疫苗与病程的差异无统计学意义，提示可能由于VarV剂次不足或接种疫苗年限较长而引发疫情。结论 水痘暴发是学校重要的突发公共卫生事件。隔离措施难于落实，且跨班级的疫情传播链一旦形成，一般性的控制措施很难在短时间内显效。     

2012年上海市虹口区麻疹流行株基因特征分析

目的 鉴定2012年上海市虹口区麻疹流行株基因型,了解2000--2012年上海市麻疹流行株基因特性。方法 采集疑似麻疹病例咽拭子标本,使用Vero-SLAM细胞分离麻疹病毒,使用RT-PCR扩增分离培养阳性病毒N基因羧基末端450bp片段并测序,与GenBank中的部分流行株构建系统进化树,分析麻疹病毒基因型,同时进行流行病学调查。结果 34份咽拭子标本中分离到麻疹病毒7株,进化树分析显示,6株为Hl基因型,1株为D8基因型。流行病学调查显示,D8基因型为上海自2000年开展病毒监测以来的首次外来输入病毒。结论 2012年虹口区麻疹分离株与历年上海市麻疹流行株属于同一基因型,Hla亚型为优势流行株,首次出现D8基因型,为外来输入病毒。     

浙江省6例人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例的临床与流行病学特征分析

目的分析2013年4月浙江省人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例的临床与流行病学特征,探讨其临床特征、感染重点地区和人群及危险因素。方法采用实时荧光定量PCR检测病例和密切接触者咽拭子H7N9禽流感病毒核酸;采用流行病学个案调查与描述性流行病学相结合方法,收集与分析6例确诊病例的临床与流行病学相关资料;采用SPSS 17．0软件进行统计分析。结果6例人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例主要分布在杭州和湖州地区,平均年龄60．83(M=64．50)岁,男性多于女性(5：1);咳嗽常为首发症状,主要临床表现有发热、头晕、肌肉酸痛、咳嗽、咳痰以及气促、呼吸困难等,胸部影像学均显示严重肺炎,大部分病例(5／6)有慢性基础性疾病。所有病例均无病(死)禽暴露史,但有高频度农贸市场暴露史,其暴露的农贸市场外环境标本H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阳性率达43．21％。6例病例的375名密切接触者中有32人(8．53％)出现异常症状,但咽拭子H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测均为阴性。结论人感染H7N9禽流感以急性呼吸系统损害为主要I临床表现;老年男性,特别是有慢性基础性疾病者是浙江省人感染H7N9禽流感病例的危险人群,其感染来源可能与禽类暴露有关,暂无充分证据支持病毒的人际传播。     

上海市2010－2014年确认和疑似诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情流行病学分析

目的 分析2010－2014年上海市确认或疑似诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情及其流行病学特征。方法 统计分析2010年1月至2014年11月上海市报告的确认或疑似诺如病毒聚集性疫情的调查报告。结果 共报告80起聚集性疫情,报告病例总数为2 399例,总罹患率为4.17%。聚集性疫情持续时间M=4.5 d,疫情达到峰值时间M=2 d。秋冬季疫情高发,10月至翌年2月共发生53起,占总例数的66.25%。发生在学校、幼儿园和养老院的疫情共75起(93.75%)。医院住院病例和养老院老年人罹患率高于托幼儿童及学生,差异有统计学意义(χ²=683.12,P< 0.01);集体机构员工罹患率均低于其服务对象的罹患率。临床症状以呕吐为主,共1 900例(79.20%),腹泻和发热仅分别为694例(28.93%)和364例(15.17%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=2 251.48,P< 0.01)。短期共同来源为主要暴露形式,接触传播是主要感染途径。结论 2010－2014年上海市诺如病毒聚集性疫情主要发生在秋冬季和集体机构,应加强重点地区和人员监测及防护。     

1起可能经空气传播引起的疱疹性咽峡炎暴发疫情的调查与分析

目的 对一起幼儿园疱疹性咽峡炎暴发疫情的调查分析,探讨疱疹性咽峡炎的空气传播方式,为防控策略提供参考。 方法 依据疱疹性咽峡炎病例定义,开展病例搜索与流行病学调查,采用RT-PCR方法检测肠道病毒核酸并进行基因分型,运用Excel 2010和SPSS 17.0整理数据与统计分析。 结果 此次疱疹性咽峡炎暴发疫情的罹患率为6.0%(25/419), 班级间的罹患率差异有统计学差异(χ2=30.64,P<0.05),中(3)班和小(3)班有明显聚集性;采集19份病例咽拭子和27份外环境棉拭子标本,其中15例病例咽拭子和1份中(3)班空调通风口涂抹样品人肠道病毒(通用)核酸阳性,分型确认均为柯萨奇病毒A组4型(Cox A4)。 结论 在疱疹性咽峡炎疫情期间,应做好教室开窗通风和空调系统消毒,以有效控制疫情的进一步扩散和蔓延。     

感染性腹泻疫情检测结果分析

目的明确一起感染性腹泻疫情的病原体和来源。方法通过流行病学调查,查明罹患率。采集疑似感染性腹泻患者肛拭子、生活饮用水、空气和环境涂抹拭子,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR法快速检测轮状病毒A群、B群、C群,诺如病毒GⅠ、GⅡ型和肠道腺病毒三种感染性病毒核酸,肛拭子采用细菌培养检测肠道致病菌,生活饮用水检测菌落总数和大肠菌群。结果共采集病例标本21份,生活饮用水2份,厕所空气样2份,环境标本标本厕所蹲位地面墙面、寝室门把手地面等涂抹拭子20份,病例标本13份、环境标本3份为诺如病毒核酸GⅡ型,其他轮状病毒A群、B群、C群,诺如病毒GⅠ型和肠道腺病毒核酸、肠道致病菌检测为均阴性,饮用水菌落总数和大肠菌群检测均未检出。结论该起疫情为诺如病毒感染所致。暴发的可能传播为人与人接触传播和空气气溶胶传播。实时荧光定量RT-PCR法准确快速的检测出诺如病毒GⅡ型病原体,为疫情的处理提供了及时正确的方向。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.