T型原位回肠新膀胱:尿动力学与上尿路功能初步评价

目的 评价T型原位回肠新膀胱尿动力学特征及对上尿路功能的影响.方法 2004年6月至2009年9月,90例T2a～T4a膀胱肿瘤患者接受根治性膀胱切除加T型原位回肠新膀胱重建术,采用肌酐测定、超声、膀胱造影、静脉尿路影或增强CT等方法进行上尿路功能的检查,对患者进行尿控情况的随访与尿动力学评价.结果 术后3周拔除导尿管之前行膀胱造影检查,未发现明显造影剂外溢,4例(4.4%)输入袢显示清楚,但未见输尿管显示,其他均未见反流.上尿路超声、静脉尿路造影或CT检查,提示18例(20.0%)术后45 d内出现双侧肾盂及输尿管的暂时性轻度扩张,其中1例(1.1%)出现术后一过性肾功能不全,肌酐最高达57 mg/L,但在随访过程中肾盂输尿管恢复正常形态;4例(4.4%)术后3年出现双侧肾盂输尿管轻度扩张,但肾功能保持正常;其他患者血尿素氮、肌酐均在正常范围之内.日间94.4%(85/90)患者能完全控尿,5.6%(5/90)控尿满意,满意率达100%;夜间41.1%(37/90)患者完全控尿,41.1%(37/90)控尿满意,17.8%(16/90)控尿不满意,满意率达82.2%.尿动力学结果显示,平均灌注末压力为(16±10)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),最大膀胱容量为(316±96)ml;排尿呈腹压排尿模式,最高压力为(87±25)cm H2O,平均最大尿流率为(17±10)ml/s,残余尿量为(33±29)ml.结论 T型原位新膀胱输入袢的抗反流效果令人满意,充分保护了上尿路功能;新膀胱具有良好顺应性,患者控尿能力、尿流率及残余尿量也令人满意.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder: report of 33 cases

Background The laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) with orthotopic ileal neobladder is now applied to treat invasive bladder cancer, however, it has not been well codified and illustrated. We describe in this paper a technique step by step that we have developed in 33 patients and achieved excellent results.Methods The surgical procedure can be divided into eight steps: laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy and mobilization of the distal ureters; exposing Denonvillier’s space and the posterior aspect of prostate; exposing retropubic space and anterior surface of the bladder; dividing the lateral pedicles of the bladder and the prostate; dividing the apex of the prostate; extracorporeal formation of the ileal pouch; extracorporeal implantation of the ureters; and laparoscopic urethra-neobladder anastomosis. This operation was performed in 33 patients, 29 males and 4 females, with muscle invasive bladder cancer between December 2002 and September 2004.Results The operating time was 5.5-8.5 hours with an average of 6.5 hours; the estimated blood loss was 200-1000 ml with an average of 460 ml. The surgical margins of the bladder specimen were negative in all patients. There was no evidence of local recurrence at follow-up of 1-21 months in all the patients. However lymph node metastases were found in one case at 9 months postoperatively. Most of patients achieved urine control 1 to 3 months after surgery. The daytime continence rate was 94% (31 cases) and nighttime continence rate was 88% (29 cases). Urodynamic evaluation was performed between 3 and 6 months postoperatively for all cases. The mean value of neobladder capacity was (296±37) ml. The mean value of maximum flow rate was (18.7±7.1) ml/s. The mean residual urine volume was (32±19) ml. In all cases, excretory urography at 1 to 2 months postoperatively demonstrated slightly dilated upper urinary tracts without ureteral obstruction, which resolved at follow up. Cystography showed neobladders being similar in shapes to normal. Two small ureteral nipples with intermittently efflux of urine were observed at cystoscopy in most patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 6 of 33 patients (18%), including pouch leakage in 2 cases, pelvic infection in 1, partial small bowel obstruction in 2 and neobladder-vaginal fistula in 1.Conclusions The LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder is a feasible option for bladder cancer when radical cystectomy is indicated. The extracorporeal formation of the ileal pouch and ureteral implantation through a small lower midline incision can simplify the complexity of the procedures, shorten the duration of surgery and reduce the medical expenses.     

腹腔镜下膀胱前列腺全切除-原位回肠新膀胱术初步报告

【目的】探讨腹腔镜下膀胱前列腺全切除-原位回肠新膀胱手术方法。【方法】为4例52～65岁男性膀胱癌患者施行了手术。采用5个套管针,腹腔镜由脐上或脐下套管针进入,手术者经左侧2个套管针操作,助手经右侧2个套管针操作。游离输精管、精囊,剪开狄氏筋膜分离前列腺后面;游离输尿管下段在其末端切断;剪开前腹壁腹膜反折,游离膀胱前壁;缝扎阴茎背深静脉复合体;游离膀胱侧韧带及前列腺侧韧带;在结扎线近端剪断阴茎背深静脉复合体,紧贴前列腺尖端离断尿道;下腹正中耻骨上作6cm切口,取出切除的膀胱前列腺,将回肠拉出切口外,隔离50cm回肠剖开后“M”形折叠形成贮尿囊,将输尿管末段1cm插入贮尿囊后顶部作吻合,贮尿囊最低位开口与尿道断端6针吻合。【结果】手术时间平均约为8h,出血量平均为650mL。术后3周作腹部平片、静脉尿路造影,以及新膀胱造影检查,显示:新膀胱充盈良好,容量约300mL,无输尿管返流及梗阻,所有患者术后1个月内恢复控尿功能。无排尿困难及残余尿。【结论】腹腔镜下切除膀胱前列腺视野清楚,可减少出血,避免尿道括约肌损伤,保留神经血管束;可减少肠管暴露时间,有利用术后肠道功能恢复,减少肠粘连。作一小切口取出膀胱前列腺,并将肠管拉出体外形成贮尿囊,可大大缩减手术时间。回肠作贮尿囊有取材容易     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除及回肠原位新膀胱术（附9例报告）

目的总结腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加回肠原位新膀胱术的经验。方法对9例膀胱癌患者施行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除及回肠原位新膀胱术,采用完全腹腔镜下标准的双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫加根治性膀胱切除,然后体外行回肠新膀胱构建和输尿管新膀胱吻合,最后在腹腔镜下行新膀胱尿道吻合。结果9例手术均成功,无中转开腹,无围手术期死亡,平均手术时间为370min,平均出血量为650ml,所有患者手术切缘均为阴性。术后9例日间尿控均良好,2例存在夜间尿失禁。术后随访2—8个月,1例出现新膀胱腹壁瘘,1例发生新膀胱前假性尿液囊肿,2例出现肾盂肾炎。结论腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加回肠原位新膀胱术具有切口小、损伤少、疼痛轻、出血少、术后恢复快等优势,将成为肌层浸润性膀胱癌的标准手术方式。     

腹腔镜下膀胱全切除原位乙状结肠代膀胱术(附12例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下膀胱全切除原位乙状结肠代膀胱手术的方法与治疗效果。方法:对12例浸润性膀胱癌患者采用腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术,前列腺切除或子宫次全切除。经腹壁造口取出切除物,行乙状结肠去带原位新膀胱术。结果:12例手术成功,手术时间5~10 h,平均6.5 h;出血量200~1 000 ml,平均387 ml,代膀胱充盈良好,容量约300 ml,术后4~6周患者恢复控尿功能,无排尿困难及尿失禁。结论:腹腔镜下行膀胱全切除视野清晰,可减少出血,缩短手术时间。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术加原位T型回肠新膀胱重建的临床观察

目的 总结13例腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加T型原位回肠新膀胱重建的经验,评价此术式肿瘤学结果与功能性结果.方法 2005年8月至2009年7月,对首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院13例肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者实施腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加下腹壁小切口行原位T型回肠新膀胱重建术,对手术时间、淋巴结数量、围手术期并发症、出血量、输血量、生存率、上尿路形态与功能、控尿情况进行分析.结果 平均手术时间为6 (5～8) h,平均出血量为480(100～800)ml,平均输血量133(0～400)ml,平均清扫淋巴结数16(8～22)个,无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症发生率为15.4% (2/13).术后3周行膀胱造影检查,未发现明显造影剂外溢及反流.患者日间完全控尿率达84.6%(11/13);夜间完全控尿率为46.1%(6/13),夜间仅需要1块尿垫者占30.8%(4/13).上尿路检查提示,23.1%(3/13)术后45 d内出现双侧肾盂及输尿管的轻度暂时性扩张,但肾功能保持正常.随访24(16～63)个月,7.7% (1/13)于术后55个月死于急性心肌梗死,92.3%(12/13)无复发生存.结论 腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加下腹壁小切口行T型原位回肠新膀胱重建术取得了满意的肿瘤学与功能性结果;T型原位新膀胱输入袢的抗反流效果令人满意,能够充分保护上尿路形态与功能.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the preliminary experiences of 13 cases of laparoscopic radical cystectomy and construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder and evaluate the oncological and functional outcomes of this procedure. Methods From August 2005 through July 2009, 13 patients underwent radical cystectomy and standard lymphadenectomy followed by construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder via mini-laparostomy for muscular invasive bladder cancer. The data were analyzed according to procedure time, blood loss volume, transfusion volume, number of dissected lymph nodes, peri-operative complications, morphology and function of upper urinary tract and status of urinary continence. Results The mean operating duration was 6 (5-8) hours, estimated volume of blood loss 480 (100-800) ml, transfusion volume 133 (0-400) ml and the number of dissected lymph nodes 16 (8-22). There was no peri-operative mortality. The peri-operative complications were found in 15.4% (2/13) and included urine leak at neobladder-urethra junction managed by drainage (n=1) and urine leak at ureter-neobladder junction repaired (n=1). The complete daytime continence rate was 84.6%(11/13), complete nocturnal continence rate 46.1% (6/13) and <1 pad in 30.8% (4/13). No reflux into afferent limb of neobladder was observed by cystography. Temporary dilation of upper urinary tract was observed in 23.1% (3/13) at Day 45 post-operation and later it disappeared spontaneously. Serum creatinine remained in a normal range in all patients. Within a follow-up of 24 (16-63) months, 7.7% (1/13) died of myocardial infarction at Month 55 post-operation. And 92.3% (12/13) survived without a local relapse or a distal metastasis. Conclusion Within an intermediate follow-up period, the oncological and functional outcomes are encouraging after laparoscopic radical cystectomy and construction of orthotopic T pouch ileal neobladder via mini-laparostomy. The anti-reflux mechanism is effective to preserve the morphology and function of upper urinary tract.     

膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌临床分析

目的：探讨膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法：32例膀胱癌患者,其中男29
例,女3例,均行膀胱全切原位W形回肠新膀胱术。膀胱全切后,截取35~40 cm末端回肠,排列成W形制作原位新膀
胱。双侧输尿管与新膀胱乳头法吻合,尿道与新膀胱低位吻合。结果：所有患者手术均成功,术后患者可通过腹
压自主排尿,白天控尿率为87.5%,夜间控尿率为78.1%。术后6个月平均膀胱容量410.6 mL,残余尿量22.7 mL。
术后新膀胱漏尿3例,轻度肠梗阻2例,新膀胱尿道吻合口狭窄1例,新膀胱分泌物导致排尿困难3例,并发症经处
理后效果满意。9例术前有勃起功能男性患者,术后5例保留勃起功能;1例保留子宫和附件女性患者术后性功能正
常。平均随访15个月,1例患者因肺部感染、肿瘤远处转移死亡,其余患者均无瘤生存。结论：膀胱全切原位W形回
肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌术后患者可原位排尿,控尿良好,上尿路损害与电解质紊乱发生率低,可作为膀胱全切尿流
改道的首选。术后应注意并发症的处理和随访。     

Urodynamic study of enhanced continent mechanism using tapered ileum as continent urinary reservoir

Objective To investigate the effect of extramural support from the pouch and abdominal wall to enhance the continent mechanism of tapered ileum. Methods A total of 24 patients underwent a procedure in which an ileal segment was tapered into an efferent tube, of which a part was placed between the back surface of the rectus muscle and the ileal pouch wall. The internal orifice of the tapered ileum was anastomosed to the ileal pouch and its external orifice was anastomosed to the umbilicus. A urodynamic study of the efferent tubes and pouch was done 1.5 to 3 months and 6 to 24 months postoperatively. Results One patient died of heart disease 55 days postoperatively, while 22 of the remaining 23 were completely continent day and night. At 1.5 to 3 months, the urodynamic study of the efferent tubes demonstrated that the maximum closure pressure with a full pouch was 46-124 cmH20 （91.26±15.71 cmH20）and with an empty pouch was 34-84 cmH20 （67±10.60 cmH20）. The difference in mean maximum closure pressure in the full and empty pouches was statistically significant (t=-11.78 and P=0.00001). At 6 to 24 months, a second urodynamic study was performed on 18 cases, demonstrating a reservoir capacity of 420 to 750 ml (481.67±78.83 ml). Reservoir pressure was 6 to 9 cmH(2)O (7.17±1.17 cmH20) when the pouch was filled to 50 ml, and 16 to 35 cmH(2)O (24.12±5.61 cmH20) when it was filled to maximum capacity. There was no contractive wave during the filling in any patient. Maximum closure pressure in the efferent tube was 80 to 194 cm H(2)O (98.89±26.34 cmH20) when the pouch was filled with saline, and 64 to 128 cmH(2)O (74.78±14.54 cmH20) when the pouch was empty. The difference in mean maximum closure pressure in the full and empty pouches was statistically significant (t=-7.58 and P=0.00003). Conclusions This study indicates that the continent mechanism of tapered ileum may be greatly enhanced by extramural support from the abdominal and pouch walls.     

膀胱癌根治术后T型回肠新膀胱术的临床应用

目的探讨膀胱癌根治术后T型回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床应用价值。方法对25例膀胱癌患者施行T型回肠新膀胱术：截取一段54 cm左右的回肠,利用远端的44 cm肠管做成储尿囊,而近端的10 cm肠管作为新膀胱的输入袢,并通过将输入袢远端的5 cm肠管包埋于构成储尿囊两肠管之间的浆膜隧道内而形成抗返流机制。结果25例手术经过顺利,术后3周拔除尿管后均能自控排尿,尿量为50～200 ml。术后3个月复查尿常规无异常,肾功能及电解质无异常。尿动力学检查,新膀胱最大容量为（327.3±62.7）ml,最大尿流率为（16.2±7.9）ml/s,充盈期膀胱内压力为0～8 cmH2O,排尿期膀胱内压力为8～16cmH2O,剩余尿为0～40 ml。静脉肾盂造影或B超检查,结果表明无肾积水、无输尿管扩张。膀胱造影未见输尿管返流。结论原位T型回肠新膀胱术具有良好的可操作性、较好的尿控及排尿能力,是一种良好的尿流改道术,值得临床推广应用。     

可控性肠代膀胱术的疗效观察

目的：探讨去带可控性盲升结肠膀胱术、回肠可控膀胱术及回肠原位新膀胱术的临床疗效.方法：对14例患者采用去带可控性盲升结肠膀胱术,8例采用回肠可控膀胱术,12例采用回肠原位新膀胱术,对3种术式的并发症、可控性、尿容量、排尿次数及间隔时间、肾功及肾积水情况进行对比分析. 结果：1例回肠可控膀胱术及2例回肠原位新膀胱术可控性差,但随容量增加及经肛门括约肌训练,溢尿逐渐消失,1例回肠原位新膀胱术患者发生漏尿,1个月后自愈.3例回肠原位新膀胱术患者发生排尿困难,经扩张后症状消失.术后半年,去带可控性盲升结肠膀胱术容量平均400 ml左右,4 h导尿1次,最大容量700～1 200 ml;回肠可控膀胱术容量300～400 ml ,2.5～4 h导尿1次,最大容量400～1 000 ml左右;回肠原位新膀胱术容量250～300 ml左右,3～4 h排尿1次,最大容量300～400 ml.结论： 在严格选择适应证的基础上,应先选择回肠原位新膀胱术,有利于改善病人生活质量.其次可选择去带可控性盲升结肠膀胱术,此术式可建立低压、大容量的储尿囊.     

T型原位回肠膀胱重建术的疗效观察

目的评估T型原位回肠膀胱重建术在膀胱癌治疗中的疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2004年3月～2012年3月间膀胱全切加T型原位回肠膀胱重建术患者的临床资料,通过随访统计手术时间、尿控及性功能情况、尿动力学检查、并发症发生率,评估此术式的有效性。结果此术式手术时间为（120～205）min,平均（145．5±1O．5）min;术后患者均用腹压排尿,白天尿失禁发生率为10％,夜间尿失禁发生率为5．7％;新膀胱容量从术后6个月的平均（270±15）mL增加到术后9个月的平均（418±27）mL,最大尿流率从术后3个月的平均（11．2±2．4）mL／s增加到术后9个月时的平均（17．9±1．3）mL／s,残余尿量从术后3个月时的平均（40±1）mL减少到术后9个月时的平均（21±2）mL;膀胱尿道吻合处狭窄发生率为3．6％。回肠新膀胱多发结石发生率为5．5％;无肾积水、输尿管反流及肿瘤远处转移等。结论作为可控性尿流改道方式,T型原位回肠膀胱重建术并发症少、尿控率高,在膀胱癌治疗中具有良好疗效。     

腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术108例分析

目的 报道108例腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术手术资料及术后并发症、性功能、控尿功能和肿瘤根治情况.方法 2002年12月至2007年5月,108例膀胱癌患者施行了腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,其中男96例,女12例.采用5孔经腹入路,首先进行完全腹腔镜下标准的双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫及根治性膀胱切除,然后行体外回肠新膀胱的构建和输尿管新膀胱吻合,最后在腹腔镜下进行新膀胱尿道吻合,其中26例患者施行保留勃起神经步骤.结果 平均手术时间为330 min,出血量为320 ml,无中转开放手术.无围手术期死亡,手术并发症发生率为18.5%,所有患者手术切缘均为阴性.术后6个月日间尿控率90.7%,夜间尿控率82.6%.术后6个月,26例行保留勃起神经患者中10例有性功能.术后随访1～53个月,局部肿瘤复发5例,套管穿刺口种植转移1例,远处转移6例,随访期间死亡11例.结论 腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术是可行的,具有低并发症和较好的新膀胱功能.     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的早期临床应用（附15例报告）

目的：探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的临床价值。方法：对具有手术指征的15例膀胱癌患者施行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术治疗。常规建立5个工作通道,在腹腔镜下行双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫及膀胱全切除,自下腹切口取出标本。4例行回肠膀胱术,11例行原位回肠新膀胱术。观察手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、术后肠道功能恢复、尿外渗、尿瘘及术后腹腔并发症发生以及手术后效果。结果：15例手术成功。腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除手术时间150～300 min;腹腔镜下新膀胱与后尿道吻合手术时间30～100 min;手术总时间300～660 min,术中出血500～1 200 mL;术中输血0～800 mL。2例术后出现急迫性尿失禁,经锻练后控尿满意;其余患者恢复良好。无腹腔并发症发生。结论：腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术具有创伤小、术中操作精细、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快、并发症少的优点。     

改良单孔腹腔镜下膀胱前列腺根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术应用分析

目的 观察单孔腹腔镜-内镜手术在膀胱前列腺根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术中的可行性及治疗效果.方法 对2008年11月至2009年8月收治的8例男性膀胱癌患者采用自制多通道套管进行改良单孔腹腔镜下膀胱前列腺根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术.多通道套管由2个胶圈和1个外科手套构成,手套手指连接着2个穿刺套管和2个活瓣圈,多通道套管经下腹部正中小切口置入,腹腔镜器械经该套管置入进行操作.另经脐上置入1个套管用于放置腹腔镜,依次行腹腔镜下双侧扩大盆腔淋巴结清扫、膀胱前列腺根治性切除、体外构建回肠新膀胱及腹腔镜下新膀胱尿道吻合术.收集围手术期及术后资料并进行分析.结果 所有患者手术均顺利完成,无一例中转常规腹腔镜手术或开放手术.平均手术时间为399 min(355-455 min),平均出血量为154 ml(90～210 ml),平均术后住院时间为15 d(14-18 d).其中1例患者术后出现谵妄,经保守治疗恢复正常.无一例发生操作通道相关并发症.术后病理示所有病例手术标本切缘均为阴性,平均清扫淋巴结20个.患者平均随访6.1个月(2.0～10.0个月),未发现肿瘤复发、转移.结论 改良单孔腹腔镜下膀胱前列腺根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术技术上可行,减少了4个手术套管,手术并发症发生率低,短期随诊肿瘤控制效果好,长期根治效果尚待观察.     

可控性肠代膀胱术的临床应用体会

目的：探讨3种可控性肠代膀胱术的手术方法，总结经验，逐步完善并推广该手术方法的应用。方法：13例患者中，10例施行去带可控盲升结肠膀胱术(阑尾输出道)．2例施行回肠可控膀胱术(回肠输出道)，1例施行回肠原位新膀胱术。结果：术后随访2个月～2年，除1例回肠新膀胱有尿失禁现象外，其余12例均获得了良好的可控性。膀胱容量平均300～400ml，白天2～5h导尿1次，夜间导尿1～2次或夜间留置尿管，无插管困难。1例去带可控盲升结肠膀胱术后2个月时有一侧输尿管返流，1年后自愈。结论：(1)去除盲升结肠结肠带后，能有效地增加3倍左右储尿囊容积，阑尾输出道可控性确切。(2)回肠可控膀胱(回肠输出道)亦取得了良好可控性，也是一种很好的可控膀胱方法之一。(3)对合适病例施行回肠原位新膀胱术，是很理想的方法，符合生理排尿特点。     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder in the female: report of 14 cases

Background Bladder carcinoma is the most common malignant urological tumor in China. We present our preliminary experience and results of laparoscopic radical cystectomy （LRC） with orthotopic ileal neobladder in female patients with bladder carcinoma.
Methods From February 2003 to February 2008, 14 female patients with bladder carcinoma underwent LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder. Nine of these patients underwent hysterectomy and ovariectomy, and the other 5 had preservation of the uterus and ovarian appendage. Standard bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was followed by radical cystectomy that was completed laparoscopically with hysterectomy and ovariectomy when needed. The tumor was removed by a 4-5 cm lower midline abdominal incision, followed by the construction of ileal neobladder and the extracorporeal anastomosis of ureter-neobladder. The neobladder was anastomosed to the urethral stump under a laparoscope.
Results The mean operative time and blood loss in the 14 patients were 350.2 minutes and 349.8 ml, respectively. Postoperative complications included uretero-pouch anastomotic stricture in 1 patient and pouch-vaginal fistula in 1 patient. Follow-up time of all patients ranged from 3 to 60 months, and 12 patients were followed up for more than 6 months and achieved micturition in half a year. One patient had occasional day-time urinary incontinence and 2 had night-time incontinence. Two patients who had undergone hystectomy and ovariectomy had voiding difficulties after one year, which was treated by intermittent self-catheterization. The mean volume of the neobladder and the residual urine were 333.6 ml and 31.2 ml, respectively. Surgical margins were tumor free for all patients. One patient had bone metastasis and died 11 months after the operation.
Conclusions LRC with orthotopic ileal neobladder in female patients is a technically feasible, safe and mini-invasive procedure with a low morbidity and acceptable neobladder function. Long-term follow-up is required to confirm the neobladder func     

全膀胱切除137例临床分析

目的总结探讨全膀胱切除尿流改道不同术式的临床特点。方法回顾性分析137例行全膀胱切除术患者的临床资料,其中男117例,女20例;年龄36～88岁,平均65.2岁。经腹腔镜手术101例,其中9例术中改开放手术;传统开放术式36例。尿流改道方式:原位回肠新膀胱术86例,占62.8%;原位乙状结肠新膀胱术12例,占8.8%;回肠膀胱术20例,占14.6%;输尿管乙状结肠吻合术9例,占6.6%;输尿管皮肤造口术8例,占5.8%;胃代膀胱术2例,占1.5%。结果所有手术均获成功,手术时间为4～8h,术中出血400～1 600mL,随访3～60个月,术后早期并发症包括伤口感染、漏尿和肠梗阻等,严重并发症为肠瘘3例。围手术期死亡3例,死亡原因为呼吸、循环系统疾病。术后晚期主要并发症有泌尿系结石、尿路感染等。获随访的原位新膀胱术者51例,白天控尿良好48例(94.1%),夜间控尿良好43例(84.3%)。获随访的72例中男性67例,其中41例自诉阴茎可勃起,占61.2%(41/67)。术后无长期尿失禁,未发现尿道肿瘤。结论根治性全膀胱切除手术风险较高,术前应充分评估适应证;原位膀胱术是尿流改道的首选术式;全膀胱切除尿流改道严重并发症少,不易复发,患者生活质量高,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。     

保留勃起功能的腹腔镜原位回肠膀胱术6例

目的：观察保留勃起功能的腹腔镜原位回肠膀胱术在年轻膀胱癌患者中的应用及疗效。方法：6例膀胱移行细胞癌患者在腹腔镜下行保留神经血管束和前列腺远端包膜的膀胱切除,切取肠管缝制成新膀胱,分别与输尿管和前列腺包膜吻合,实现原位尿流改道。结果：6例手术均成功,手术时间为280～410 min,平均310 min。随访24～40个月,6例均存活,无尿道复发,无转移及前列腺癌。术后1个月均有自发性阴茎勃起现象。术后6～24个月,5例患者可顺行射精,1例顺行和逆行射精共存。结论：保留勃起功能的腹腔镜原位回肠膀胱术可较好维持年轻膀胱癌患者勃起功能,提高患者生活质量。     

24例回肠新膀胱术分析

1991年6月以来,我们对24例男性膀胱癌患者施行了回肠新膀胱术,术后随访2-12个月。92％的患者达到了日间可控性排尿、平均膀胱容量为365ml,电解质紊乱等各种并发症低于传统的其它尿流改道术。术后经原尿道排尿明显提高了病人的生活质量,远期的疗效有待进一步观察。