Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with cyclophosphamide on growth and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer

Background Ginsenoside Rg3, the main component isolated from ginseng, inhibits some kinds of tumour growth and angiogenesis. The combination of low dose chemotherapy and antiangiogenesis inhibitors suppresses growth of experimental tumours more effectively than conventional therapy. The effect of this combination on ovarian cancer remains to be evaluated. Therefore, we investigated the synergism of ginsenoside Rg3 and cyclophosphamide （CTX） on growth and angiogenesis of human ovarian cancer. Methods Twenty-eight female athymic mice were divided randomly into 4 groups of 7： ginsenoside Rg3, CTX, ginsenoside Rg3 and CTX combination and control, after being transplanted with ovarian cancer cells （SKOV-3）. The mice were given intraperitoneal injection of ginsenoside Rg3 and CTX for the 10 days following inoculation of SKOV-3 cells. The life quality and number of living days of mice were recorded. The size of tumour, tumour inhibitive rate, life elongation rate, proliferating cell nuclear antigen labelling index （PCNALI）, expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor （VEGF） and microvessel density （MVD） of the tumour tissues were estimated. Results Life quality of mice in ginsenoside Rg3 and combined treatment groups were better and number of living days longer than control. Average tumour weights of each treated group were less than control and there was no significant difference among the treated groups. PCNALI of treated groups was lower than control. The MVD value and VEGF expression in treated groups were significantly lower than control and the MVD values of ginsenoside Rg3 and combined treatment groups were lower than that of CTX group. Conclusions Ginsenoside Rg3 significantly inhibited growth and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer when used alone or combined with CTX. Ginsenoside Rg3 and CTX combination reinforced the antitumour effect each other and improved the living quality and survival time of mice with tumour.     

Expression and biological function of N-myc down-regulated gene 1 in human cervical cancer

The expression of N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has previously been reported to be involved in the proliferation,differentiation,invasion and metastasis of cancer cells,but its role in cervical cancer is still unclear.This study aimed to investigate the expression of NDRG1gene in human cervical cancer and its effect on aggressive tumor behaviors.The NDRG1 expression in cervical tissues and cells was detected by RT-PCR.Specific expression plasmid pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP was used to enhance the expression of NDRG1 in human cervical cancer cell lines.The mRNA and protein level of NDRG1 was assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting,respectively.Its effects on cell proliferation,migration,invasion,cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by MTT,transwell migration assay and flow cytometry (FCM),respectively.The results showed that the expression of NDRG1 in cervical cancer tissues and cells was significantly lower than in normal cervical tissues (P<0.001).After transfection with pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP,the mRNA and protein expression of NDRG1 was up-regulated in Siha cells,which suppressed cell proliferation (P<0.001),induced cell cycle arrest (P<0.05),reduced invasion and migration of Siha cells (P<0.05),but caused no cell apoptosis.Moreover,vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),a tumor-induced angiogenesis factor,was markedly reduced and E-cadherin,a cell adhesion molecule,was increased in the cells transfected with pEGFP-N1-NDRG1-GFP.It was concluded that up-regulated NDRG1 may play a role in the suppression of malignant cell growth,invasion and metastasis of human cervical cancer.     

Human ovarian neoplasm cell CD147 stimulates production and activation of matrix metalloproteinases in co-cultures with mouse fibroblasts

Objective: To investigate the expression of CD147 on human ovarian neoplasm cell lines and its influence on production and activation of matrix metallproteinases (MMPs). Methods : The expression of CD147 on different human ovarian neoplasm cell lines was studied by western blotting. Co culture was carried out to investigate the stimulative effect of the positive expression CD147 cell HO-8910 on the production of MMPs of fibroblast cell in vitro. Zymography and immune blotting were used to study the production and activity of positive MMPs, at the time, to explore the relation between CD147 and MMPs. Results: CD147 was positively presented in 2 ovarian neoplasm cell lines (HO-8910, 3-AO), but in SKOV3, TC-1,NIN3T3 cell was negative. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were detected by HO-8910 cell line, mouse fibroblast cell and co-culture cells ； but the expression in co-culture cell is obviously higher than individual cultures of each type alone. CD147 stimulated MMPs in dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: CD147 causes increased production and activation of MMP-2, MMP-9. CD147 is probably a indirect marker of some ovarian cancer cells with invasion and metastasis.     

The Expression and Activity of MMPs Are Increased in Residual Tumor Tissues after the Termination of Immunotherapy

To investigate the invasive ability of the residual tumor cells after immunotherapy and explore the feasible approach suppressing the invasion, mice were inoculated with B16 cells, and then treated by gene therapy with p4-1BBL/psPD-1 or IFN-γ. The production and activities of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in residual tumor tissues were analyzed with gelatin zymography 1 day and 7 days after the termination of the immunotherapy. The production of MMP-9 and MMP-2 by B16 cells treated with IFN-γ was also analyzed. IFN-γ-treated B16 cells were inoculated to mice via subcutaneous injection. The invasion of tumor to muscular tissue was analyzed. Gene therapy with CH50 was used to suppress the invasive growth of tumor. The results showed that the expression and the activities of MMP-9 and MMP-2 were significantly increased 7 days after the end of immunotherapy. The re- sponse of tumor cells to ECM molecules was intensified after the removal of IFN-γ, resulting in significant increase of both the production and activities of MMP-9 and MMP-2, and the increased invasion of tumor. Gene therapy with CH50 effectively suppressed the invasive growth of tumor. It is concluded that the termination of immunotherapy may result in a higher metastatic potential of residual tumor cells. Suppressing tumor invasion by suitable treatment will improve the efficacy of immunotherapy..     

Ginsenoside Rgl-induced alterations in gene expression in TNF-α stimulated endothelial cells

Background In China the ginseng root began to be used in medicine over 2000 years ago.Ginsenosides are the most important component isolated from ginseng. The authors investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rgl on the spectrum of gene expression in the endothelial cells stimulated by TNF-α and further explored the potential molecular mechanism of endothelial protection by ginsenoside Rgl.Methods Nitric oxide (NO) production in(HUVECs) was measured by using an NOthe cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells assay kit. A home-made oligonucleotide microarray containing approximately 400 cardiovascular disease-related genes was constructed. The alteration of the spectrum of gene expression induced by ginsenoside Rgl in HUVECs which were activated by TNF-α were detected by oligonucleotide microarray analysis.Results NO production in HUVECs was decreased significantly after TNF-α treatment, while pretreatment with ginsenoside Rgl enhanced NO production in TNF-αstimulated HUVECs.Ginsenoside Rg1 affected the expression levels of genes involved in vascular constriction, cell adherence, coagulation, cell growth and signal transduction in TNF-αstimulated HUVECs.Conclusions Ginsenoside Rgl could enhance NO production and the expression of eNOS mRNA in TNF-α stimulated HUVECs. Ginsenoside Rgl regulated sets of genes in endothelial cells and protected endothelial cells from TNF-αectivation. Microarray analysis provided us with valuable insights into the atheroprotective mechanism by gingsenoside Rg1.     

TNF-alpha-induced metastasis gene changes in MCF-7 cells

Objective: Studies have shown that TNF-αsecreted by tumor cells and macrophages infiltrated into the tumor microenvironment might promote the metastasis of a variety of malignant cancers, including breast cancer. The present study was designed to detect global metastasis-related gene expression changes of MCF-7 cells treated by low dose TNF-α and to further explore the mechanisms by which TNF-αcontributes to metastasis. Methods: MCF-7 cells were cultured and treated with low dose TNF-α(20 ng/ml). cDNA array analysis was applied to detect the metastasis related gene expressions. Results: A total of 36 gene expressions were significantly regulated by TNF-α. Functional analysis indicates that the altered genes belong to different functional group. Most of the genes changed may promote the metastasis of MCF-7 cells while the others may inhibit metastasis. The changes observed in gene expression following TNF-αwere somewhat time dependent. Conclusion: TNF-αcan enhance the invasive ability of MCF-7 cells, partly by regulating a series of metastasis related genes, and these genes may take part in every step of metastasis. Some of the genes deserve further study.     

Influence of deleted in colorectal carcinoma gene on proliferation of ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3 in vivo and in vitro

Objective To elucidate the effects of the deleted in colorectal carcinoma(DCC) gene on proliferation of ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3.Method An exogenous recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+)-DCC,containing human DCC cDNA coding sequences,was constructed and transfected into SKOV-3 cells(SKOV-3/DCC).The pcDNA3.1(+) transfected cells(SKOV-3/Neo) and SKOV-3 cells were used as the positive and negative controls,respectively.Expressions of DCC mRNA and protein were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analysis,respectively.Cell growth was detected by soft agar colony formation assay and MTT assay.Flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess the effects of DCC on cell cycle distribution and ultrastructure,respectively.BALB/c mice were used to evaluate the effects of DCC on tumorigenicity in vivo.Results RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analysis revealed the exogenous DCC gene was successfully transfected into SKOV-3 cell lines and obtained permanent expression.The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50) of SKOV-3/DCC cells was significantly lower than that of SKOV-3 or SKOV-3/Neo cells(all P<0.05).DCC expression caused SKOV-3 cells to be arrested in G1 phase(78.0%),and electron microscopic analysis showed SKOV-3/DCC cells displayed typical morphological changes of apoptosis.Two mice xenografted with SKOV-3/DCC cells showed no tumor tumorigenecity.The tumor volume of BALB/c mice bearing SKOV-3/DCC cells(3.403 mm3) was smaller than that of SKOV-3 cells(9.206 mm3).Conclusion DCC gene may play an important role in suppressing the growth of SKOV-3 cell line and inducing apoptosis.     

Functional expression of voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.5 in human breast caner cell line MDA-MB-231

Voltage-gated sodium channels （VGSCs） are known to be involved in the initiation and progression of many malignancies, and the different subtypes of VGSCs play important roles in the metastasis cascade of many tumors. This study investigated the functional expression of Nav1.5 and its effect on invasion behavior of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The mRNA and protein expression of Nav1.5 was detected by real time PCR, Western Blot and immunofluorescence. The effects of Nav1.5 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion were respectively assessed by MTT and Transwell. The effects of Nav1.5 on the secretion of matrix metalloproteases （MMPs） by MDA-MB-231 were analyzed by RT-PCR. The over-expressed Nav 1.5 was present on the membrane of MDA-MB-231 cells. The invasion ability in vitro and the MMP-9 mRNA expression were respectively decreased to （47.82±0.53）% and （43.97±0.64）% （P〈0.05） respectively in MDA-MB-23 t cells treated with VGSCs specific inhibitor tetrodotoxin （TTX） by blocking Navl.5 activity. It was concluded that Navl.5 functional expression potentiated the invasive behavior of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by increasing the secretion of MMP-9.     

20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3 抗B16黑色素瘤转移的作用

目的：探讨20(S)-人参皂苷Rg₃抗B16黑色素瘤转移作用及其机制。方法：采用B16黑色素瘤自发肺转移和人工肺转移模型观察Rg₃抗肿瘤转移作用,观察Rg₃对B16黑色素瘤诱导的肿瘤新生血管的形成及B16黑色素瘤细胞自身侵袭能力的影响。结果：在B16黑色素瘤自发肺转移和人工肺转移实验中,Rg₃组C57BL/6N小鼠肺部转移结节数显著减少,且Rg₃组肿瘤周围的血管数也明显减少;Rg₃作用后的B16黑色素瘤细胞侵袭人工基底膜能力明显下降。结论：Rg₃可明显抑制B16黑色素瘤肺转移,该作用可能与Rg₃抑制肿瘤新生血管形成以及降低B16黑色素瘤细胞的侵袭能力有关。     

人参皂甙Rg3抑制肿瘤新生血管形成的研究

目的 :探讨人参皂甙 Rg3抗肿瘤生长的作用机制。方法 :利用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜 (CAM)观察 Rg3作用后肿瘤新生血管的生长情况 ,并采用 L ewis肺癌模型进一步探讨 Rg3在体内对肿瘤生长及肿瘤新生血管形成的影响。结果 :Rg3浓度为 0 .1和 0 .5 mm ol/L时 ,CAM血管生长抑制指数分别达 (6 2 .4± 9.3) %和 (4 5 .6± 5 .7) % ,与对照组相比差异非常显著 (P<0 .0 1)。对 L ewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠分别以 5、10、2 0 mg/kg的剂量隔日灌胃一次给予 Rg3,连续 10次 ,2 0 d后观察到 3组的肿瘤瘤质量分别为 (1.77± 0 .2 1)、(1.5 8± 0 .17)及 (1.2 2± 0 .2 9) g,与对照组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,生长抑制率分别为 2 3.0 4%、31.30 %和 47.10 % ,同时观察到 Rg3组的新生血管数也明显减少。 结论 :人参皂甙 Rg3可明显抑制 L ewis肺癌的生长 ,其抑瘤作用部分是因为抑制了肿瘤诱导的新生血管形成     

20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3抑制肿瘤生长的作用

目的：观察20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3的抗肿瘤生长的作用并探讨其机制。方法：通过B16黑色素瘤实体瘤模型、MTT法观察Rg3对B16黑色素瘤生长的作用,采用新生血 管计数实验、流式细胞术检测Rg3对肿瘤组织血管生成及细胞周期的影响。结果：实体瘤模型中,不同浓度Rg3各组瘤重明显低于对照组（P<0.01）,且Rg3组肿瘤周围的血管数也明显少于对照组（P<0.01）。体外实验中,MTT法见Rg3抑制B16黑色素细胞的生长,其IC₅₀为（7.76±0.46）mg·L^-1,并且Rg3可阻滞B16黑色素瘤细胞于G0/G1和S期,使G₂/M期细胞数明显减少。 结论：Rg3抑制B16黑色素瘤的生长,其机制可能是通过抑制肿瘤内血管生成及阻滞肿瘤细胞进入分裂期来发挥作用的。     

人参皂苷Rg1联合奈达铂通过Hedgehog通路抑制卵巢癌细胞OVCAR-3的增殖及机制探究

目的 探究人参皂苷Rg1联合奈达铂对卵巢癌细胞OVCAR-3增殖的影响、可能的机制以及二者的协同作用。 方法 CCK-8法检测人参皂苷Rg1、奈达铂以及两者联合对OVCAR-3细胞增殖的影响;Western blotting检测3组药物干预后Hedgehog通路关键蛋白PTCH1、SMO、Gli1表达的改变;流式细胞仪检测3组药物干预后OVCAR-3细胞周期的变化。 结果 与未进行药物干预的对照组相比,人参皂苷Rg1组、奈达铂组、联合药物组均对OVCAR-3细胞的增殖产生了抑制作用,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,人参皂苷Rg1与奈达铂表现出协同增效作用;与对照组相比,奈达铂组、人参皂苷Rg1组、联合药物组降低了PTCH1、SMO、Gli1蛋白的表达,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,人参皂苷Rg1与奈达铂表现出协同增效作用;与对照组相比,仅有联合药物组将细胞周期阻滞在G₂期（P < 0.05）。 结论 人参皂苷Rg1联合奈达铂可能通过调低Hedgehog通路相关蛋白将OVCAR-3细胞的周期阻滞在G₂期从而抑制其增殖,人参皂苷Rg1对奈达铂表现出协同增效作用。     

人参皂苷Rg3剂型的研究进展

人参皂苷Rg3作为人参中的有效活性成分,抗肿瘤作用明显,能有效抑制肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、肠癌和乳腺癌的发展,提高机体免疫力.人参皂苷Rg3单体水溶性差、口服吸收慢、消除快、血药浓度和生物利用度低,因此如何克服其溶解度低,改善其生物利用度成为研究的重要方向.本文通过查阅相关文献,综述了人参皂苷Rg3的剂型研究.     

人参皂苷Rg3抗肿瘤新生血管形成的实验研究

目的：探讨人参皂苷Rg3的抗肿瘤血管形成作用。方法：用含不同浓度人参皂苷Rg3的培养液培养人肺癌SPC－A－1细胞，收集培养上清并制备条件培养液（CM），将人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）团培养在纤维蛋白凝胶中，在凝胶上面加入CM，观察并记录内皮细胞形成的血管状结构数量。结果：来自肺癌细胞的CM能刺激内皮细胞呈管状结构生长，用人参皂苷Rg3处理肺癌细胞后的CM对管状细胞生长的刺激作用减弱。结论：人参皂苷Rg3在体外能抑制肺癌细胞新生血管的形成。     

人参皂甙Rg3对乳腺浸润性导管癌的抗癌作用及其机制

目的　探讨人参皂甙 Rg3 ( Rg3 )抑制裸鼠原位种植人乳腺浸润性导管癌的作用及其机制。方法　采用移植人乳腺浸润性导管癌的雌性裸鼠 15只 ,随机分为 Rg3组、环磷酰胺 ( CTX)组和对照组 ,分别用 Rg3、CTX及对照剂连续灌胃 5 6d,处死后病理标本用光镜及免疫组化检查。结果　 Rg3组瘤重 ( 0 .84± 0 .2 6g)低于对照组( 1.2 0± 0 .2 4g,P=0 .0 5 ) ,CTX组瘤重 ( 0 .75± 0 .2 3 g)明显低于对照组 ( P<0 .0 5 )。免疫组化显示 ,Rg3组的微血管密度 ( 16.68± 8.0 0 )及血管内皮生长因子 ( VEGF)明显低于对照组 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 Rg3抑制人乳腺浸润性导管癌移植瘤生长的机制可能与抑制其新生血管形成有关     

丙戊酸对人卵巢A2780细胞增殖及血管生成和转移相关因子表达的影响

目的 研究丙戊酸(VPA)对人卵巢癌A2780细胞生长、血管生成和转移相关因子表达的影响.方法 用不同浓度的VPA处理体外培养的人卵巢癌A2780细胞,采用MTT比色法、流式细胞仪和免疫组织化学检测细胞生长和凋亡、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)蛋白的表达变化.结果 经VPA处理后,A2780细胞的细胞形态发生明显变化,细胞生长能力降低,并呈现浓度和时间依赖性,VEGF和MMP-9蛋白表达均降低.结论 VPA可以抑制卵巢癌A2780细胞生长,并诱导人卵巢癌细胞凋亡,下调VEGF和MMP-9蛋白表达.VEGF和MMP-9蛋白表达下调提示VPA可能有抑制肿瘤血管生成和转移作用.     

人参皂苷Rg3调控ERK通路抑制Lewis小鼠肺癌生长的研究

目的:通过人参皂苷Rg3对Lewis肺癌小鼠模型及其细胞模型的抑制研究,探讨ERK信号通路及相关基因在抗肿瘤中的作用。方法:建立Lewis肺癌小鼠荷瘤动物模型,通过口饲法给予定量人参皂苷,连续3周,处死动物后,比较各组荷瘤小鼠肿瘤体积。含药动物血清作用于Lewis肺癌细胞,MTT法检测各组细胞抑制效率。Realtime-PCR法检测荷瘤鼠Dusp6,Bax,Bcl-2基因表达变化,Western blot法检测荷瘤鼠ERK,p-ERK蛋白表达变化。结果:人参皂苷Rg3对Lewis肺癌细胞及荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长均有明显抑制作用（P <0.01）。Western blot显示ERK在Rg3处理组中的表达明显比对照组低,Realtime-PCR结果显示,在动物肿瘤标本中,Dusp6,Bax基因药物处理组比对照组高表达（P <0.01）,Bcl-2基因药物处理组比对照组低表达（P <0.01）。结论:人参皂苷Rg3在Lewis肺癌体内外模型中具有一定的肿瘤抑制效果,ERK信号通路及Dusp6基因与Rg3的抑制作用有关,Rg3诱导的细胞凋亡也参与了抗肿瘤的作用。