肝移植术后肺部细菌感染的流行病学特征

目的 探讨肝移植术后肺部细菌感染的流行病学特征.方法 采用回顾性调查方法,分析53例肝移植受者肺部感染的发生率、死亡率和相对危险度,肺部感染发生的时间、相关因素、临床表现、致病菌种类和分布、细菌耐药性.结果 53例肝移植受者,33例发生肺部感染,感染率62.3%,死亡6例,死亡率18.2%,肺部感染死亡相对危险度是非肺部感染的1倍.感染均发生于术后1个月内,最常见于术后第1周.移植前后有多种因素与术后肺部感染有关或提示肺部感染.痰液、咽拭子和气道吸引液中致病菌最多,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌最为常见.G-菌大部分对氨基糖苷类、内酰胺酶抑制剂复合制剂和碳青霉烯类敏感,G 菌仅对糖肽类敏感,均对喹诺酮类、三、四代头孢菌素耐药.结论 肝移植术后肺部感染率、死亡率高,时间早,临床表现不典型,感染与多种因素有关,致病菌种类多,分布广,对常用抗生素耐药.     

原位肝移植病人术后细菌感染病原菌及耐药性的研究

目的 研究原位肝移植病人术后感染的主要病原菌分布及耐药情况,探讨防治方法.方法 分析从67例原位肝移植病人术后各部位分离出的167株病原菌及药敏结果.结果 67例肝移植病人分离的病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌82株,占49.1%,革兰阳性球菌79株,占47.3%,真菌6株,占3.6%.主要致病菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌.感染部位最常见呼吸道,其次为胆汁和腹腔引流液.其中有21例病人合并有两种以上病原菌感染.碳青霉烯类和糖肤类抗生素分别对革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌有较高敏感性.结论 感染是肝移植术后主要的并发症,合理、适当选用抗生素对降低肝移植病人术后感染,提高病人存活率非常重要.     

同种异体肝移植术后腹腔感染的病原菌分析及特点

目的 总结同种异体原位肝移植术后腹腔感染的常见病原菌以及耐药性特点.方法 总结我院2011年1月至2016年4月连续170例行同种异体原位肝移植术患者的临床资料,筛选出术后发生腹腔感染的患者,进而分析其常见病原菌的种类以及耐药性特点.结果 本组170例中,术后发生腹腔感染者38例,发生率为22.35％,2种以上病原菌的混合感染占44.74％.培养出的71株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌占35.21％、革兰阳性菌占52.11％、真菌占12.68％.屎肠球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和溶血葡萄球菌是最常见的病原菌,分别占19.72％、15.49％和11.27％.鲍曼不动杆菌对青霉素类、喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类抗生素均已广泛耐药,耐药率达90％以上,仅对替加环素较为敏感,耐药率为27％.革兰阳性球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素和替加环素最为敏感,真菌对氟康唑敏感.结论 肝移植术后腹腔感染发生率高,常规广谱抗生素治疗效果差,应反复多次留取相关病原学检查并依据药敏结果合理使用抗生素.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并肺部感染239例痰培养和药敏结果分析

目的:了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期肺部感染患者细菌感染趋势及其耐药情况。方法:采用回顾性调查方法,收集239例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并肺部感染老年患者的痰标本进行细菌培养及药物敏感试验。结果:239例住院的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并肺部感染老年患者的痰标本细菌分布以革兰氏阴性菌为主,革兰阳性菌和真菌感染有上升趋势。药物敏感试验显示,大多数革兰阴性菌对广谱抗菌药物耐药,对碳青霉烯类、内酰胺/酶抑制剂类敏感率高。结论:临床上应重视细菌下呼吸道感染的耐药问题,合理使用抗菌药物。     

小儿肺炎480例痰液细菌培养及耐药性分析

目的 探讨小儿肺炎常见细菌分布及耐药情况.方法 收集肺炎患儿痰液标本分离208株致病菌株,用纸片法按照全国临床操作规程进行药敏试验.结果 主要致病菌株是革兰阴性菌株,比例明显高于革兰阳性菌株,真菌占10%.药敏试验显示革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类抗生素及少用的头孢西丁等均敏感,其他耐药性较高.结论 小儿肺炎常见的致病菌是革兰阴性菌株,对常用抗菌药物耐药性较高,应加强病原菌监测及合理使用抗生素.     

尘肺病患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的分析尘肺病患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌分布情况与耐药性。方法选取我院2012年5月-2015年3月收治尘肺病合并下呼吸道感染患者853例,开展口痰培养并鉴定细菌,进行药敏试验。结果 853份痰液标本共培养出213株病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌占比82.6%,革兰阳性菌11.3%,真菌6.1%。革兰阴性杆菌对于第二代及第三代头孢菌素具有较高耐药性,对复合酶制剂较为敏感,对第四代头孢菌素、碳青霉烯类较为敏感。结论革兰阴性杆菌为尘肺病患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌,临床中应对细菌耐药性进行动态检测,确保抗菌药物应用合理,减少耐药菌株的出现。     

老年院内感染败血症的危险因素与病原菌特征

目的:分析老年院内感染败血症的危险因素及病原菌特征。方法:回顾性分析48例老年院内感染败血症患者的临床资料,对细菌菌株进行鉴定,并行药敏试验。结果:老年院内感染败血症的危险因素主要包括基础疾病、侵袭性操作、住院时间、大剂量化疗以及激素、抗生素的使用。48例患者共检出病原菌97株,其中革兰阴性杆菌73株(75.3%),革兰阳性球菌18株(18.6%),真菌6株(6.2%)。药敏试验结果显示,大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类敏感,对第3代头孢耐药明显;铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类及第3、4代头孢较敏感,对碳青霉烯类耐药明显;肺炎克雷白菌对氨基糖苷类、碳青霉烯类敏感,对头孢类及喹诺酮类耐药明显;金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌等对青霉素、苯唑西啉、头孢唑啉耐药明显。结论:对于老年败血症,应在治疗基础疾病的基础上强化院内感染的控制,加强营养支持治疗及抗生素的合理应用,及早对致病菌进行培养和药敏试验,以正确指导临床用药。     

新生儿重症监护室内感染病原菌及其耐药性

[目的]探讨新生儿重症监护室(NICU)院内感染病原菌及其耐药性变化.[方法]分析近3年88例培养阳性的新生儿NICU内感染致病菌及其对抗生素的耐药性.[结果]共检出病原菌107株,革兰阴性杆菌94株(87.9%),革兰阳性球菌13株(12.1%).革兰阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷伯杆菌最常见,产ESBL菌株比例高,占60%(24/40).大肠杆菌产ESBL株占40%(4/10).革兰阴性杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率均高(44.6%～79.5%),显著高于添加β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的抗生素、碳青霉烯类和喹诺酮类(P＜0.05).产ESBL菌株对碳青霉烯和喹诺酮类耐药率显著低于青霉素类、氨基糖苷类和头孢菌素(P＜0.05).[结论]革兰阴性杆菌特别是肺炎克雷伯杆菌是新生儿NICU内感染主要病原菌,产ESBL肺炎克雷伯杆菌和大肠杆菌比例增加应引起高度重视.碳青霉烯、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦可作为新生儿严重院内感染经验用药,应尽量根据药敏试验调整抗生素.     

血液科医院感染致病菌分布及耐药性分析

目的：分析血液科住院病人医院感染致病菌分布及耐药情况。方法：回顾性研究我院发生医院感染的血液病住院病人2003年11月-2007年11月细菌送检阳性的390份标本，药敏试验用Kirby-Bauer法。结果：390株细菌依次分布于呼吸道分泌物、尿液、血液等标本。G^-菌占62.05%，G^＋菌37.95%。单纯的头孢类和青霉素类抗生素除头孢他啶外，对G^-菌的敏感性不高，而碳青霉烯类、加β^-内酰胺酶抵制剂的头孢三代类和青霉素类对G^-菌敏感性较高。G^＋菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁100%敏感，而对各种头孢类、青霉素类和喹诺酮类抗生素均显示出很高的耐药性；咽拭子及血标本中的金黄色葡萄球菌100%耐甲氧西林，仅万古霉素及替考拉宁100%敏感。结论：我院血液科医院细菌感染仍以G^-菌为主，G^＋菌的比例处于上升趋势。呼吸道感染最常见。金黄色葡萄球菌100%耐甲氧西林。     

小儿上呼吸道感染中主要病原菌检验及药敏分析

目的:了解小儿上呼吸道感染中主要病原菌检验及药敏情况,为临床合理用药提供有利依据。方法:对168例出院诊断为上呼吸道细菌感染患儿进行回顾性分析,同时痰标本进行痰培养及药敏试验。结果:共分离到致病菌60株,革兰阴性杆菌45株。革兰阴性杆菌的药敏结果以碳青酶烯类、三代头孢、喹诺酮类敏感,革兰阳性球菌药敏以万古霉素敏感。结论:革兰阴性杆菌是上呼吸道感染合并感染的主要致病菌,在治疗中要根据药敏结果合理选择抗生素。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Survey and practice of reporting quality of randomized controlled clinical trials on traditional Chinese medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.