急性外伤性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的神经电图表现

为了探讨神经电图对判断急性外伤性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤程度和预后的临床意义，对１９９７年９月～１０月收治的４例急性外伤性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者作了上肢的神经电图和体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）检测。随访４个月～５个月。结果证实，双上肢腋神经、肌皮神经、尺神经、桡神经及正中神经的ＳＥＰ和运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）都能引出。认为，连续检测ＳＥＰ和ＭＥＰ，对颈脊髓损伤的程度和预后可提供有价值的参考数据     

对急性创伤性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的病因探讨

作者报道近年来收治的急性创伤性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者２７例。常规Ｘ线及ＣＴ扫描均不能确切了解脊髓损伤的真正原因和致伤机理。１６例经ＭＲＩ检查表明两种机制造成了脊髓损伤：（１）脊髓的一过性挫伤。由伤时椎间瞬间的小位移造成，原先存在的颈椎退变因素也参与了损伤。（２）脊髓的持续性压迫。主要由急性外伤性椎间盘突出造成。作者强调对本病的诊断应提高警惕，对Ｘ线等检查无骨折脱位而临床表现有脊髓损伤者应首选ＭＲＩ检查。     

急性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的治疗

急性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的治疗毛方敏１池永龙１徐华梓１林焱１急性颈脊髓损伤常发生在颈椎骨折脱位之后，但不伴有颈椎骨折脱位的颈脊髓损伤在临床上也非少见。我院１９９１年１月至１９９７年７月手术治疗无骨折脱位的颈脊髓损伤１９例，占同期颈椎损伤患者的１３．...     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的核磁共振成像诊断

对２０例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的ＭＲＩ检查结果做分析，将无骨折脱位颈髓损伤分为不伴有颈椎疾病组和伴有颈椎疾病组。两组在年龄、致伤原因、ＭＲＩ图像、治疗方法及治疗效果上存在着差异。ＭＲＩ是诊断无骨折型颈髓损伤的一种有效检查手段，并有助于制订外科治疗计划和预后判断。     

急性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的机制与治疗

目的 探讨急性创伤性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的机制及治疗方法。方针 对２７例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者进行ＲＭＩ检查;８例颈椎间盘突出对脊髓压迫明显者予以手术治疗,１９例予以非手术治疗;分别于入院时及治疗后６周对脊髓损伤程度按ＡＳＩＡ标准分级评定。结果 采用大剂量甲基强的松龙治疗６例患者,６周后ＡＳＩＡ分级平均提高了２个等级,神经功能改善较明显;颈椎间盘突出明显者早期手术治疗神经功能有一定改善,受伤     

前后路联合手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出临床疗效观察

目的探讨前后路联合手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析20例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出20例的临床资料。结果本组获5~28个月的随访,患者术后感觉及运动功能均较术前有明显提高。结论后路单开门椎管扩大成形术加颈前路髓核摘除椎间融合器融合术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并颈椎间盘突出,其操作安全、简便,并发症少,维持颈髓减压、颈椎稳定以及生理曲度效果好。     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的临床研究进展

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤是指没有骨折或脱位的颈部创伤所导致的急性颈脊髓损伤。通常多见于儿童,具体损伤机制至今仍不明了。X线、CT检查提示颈椎无骨折脱位,MRI检查有脊髓损伤的表现。临床表现多种多样,以脊髓中央型损伤综合征常见。临床治疗可分为保守治疗和手术治疗,如何选择合适的治疗方法仍存在争议。本文就无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的病因、损伤机制、临床治疗等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

诱发电位对急性颈髓损伤后神经功能状态的诊断价值

目的：研究磁刺激运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）和体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）对颈髓损伤的诊断及预后判断价值。方法：Ｅａｇ２型磁刺激仪对２７例颈髓患者进行经颅磁刺激ＭＥＰ检查,在双侧外展拇短肌（ＡＰＢ）和径前肌（ＡＴ）进行记录,采用Ｋｅｙｐｏｉｎｔ肌电图诱发电位仪进行体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）检查,收集患者的临床资料按照ＡＳＩＡ９２运动评分和损伤标准分级。随访１５例,并以２０例健康志愿者做对照。结果：颈髓２组ＡＰＢ肌     

急性中央颈脊髓损伤MRI表现及其与预后的关系

目的 探讨急性中央颈脊髓损伤的ＭＲＩ表现及其与预后的关系。方法 对３５例急性中央颈脊髓损伤的早期ＭＲＩ检查资料进行分析,并与ＡＳＩＡ评分改善率进行比较。结果 非手术治疗组与手术治疗组ＡＳＩＡ评分改善率差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５）,脊髓受压程度与改善率呈显著负相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）,脊髓信号无异常、脊髓水肿与脊髓血肿３组病例的改善率差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,脊髓血肿组预后最差。结论 ＭＲＩ检查对选     

轻、中度无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤非手术与手术治疗疗效观察

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤在治疗上仍然存在着诸多尚未解决的难题。长期以来．关于无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的病因、损伤机制、治疗等方面始终处于不断研究之中．非手术与手术治疗的选择一直存在争论,特别是轻、中度无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤病人分歧更大。现将本院自2001年5月以来收治的28例无骨折脱位颈髓损伤患者．经非手术治疗和手术治疗后脊髓功能状况恢复的程度进行比较分析。     

TMS—MEP与CSEP诊断脊髓损伤的作用比较

目的比较脊髓损伤后经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位和皮层体感诱发电位检测的诊断价值。方法 １５只家猫脊髓部分切断和６９例ＳＣＩ的ＭＥＰ和ＣＳＥＰ检测。结果 ＭＥＰ对脊髓前柱损伤，前后柱混合损伤和肌力异常极敏感，对后柱损伤不敏感；而ＣＳＥＰ对脊髓后柱损伤，前后柱混合损伤和关节位置觉异常十分敏感，对前柱伤却相反。     

Neurophysiological evaluation in detrusor instability

Different and complex neuronal systems are involved in the control of continence. Detrusor overactivity has been divided by the International Continence Society into two functional subgroups: a) detrusor instability and b) detrusor hypereflexia. Only in the latter group has neurological damage been shown, but pathophysiological mechanisms are still unknown. In order to complete a full investigation of sensory and motor pathways 12 female patients affected by idiopathic detrusor instability (mean age 60.2 years; range 49–73) and 13 age-matched healthy women were studied. All patients were submitted to a subtracted cistometrogram (CMG), anal sphincter electromyography (EMG) with a bipolar coaxial needle, sacral reflex analysis after stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris, tibial and pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials after magnetic cortical coil stimulation, and recording from anal sphincter and abductor brevis hallucis muscles. All patients had normal neurophysiological tests, and no significant differences between patients and controls could be seen. Our data confirms the absence of both clinical and subclinical damage of central sensory or motor pathways in detrusor instability; an alteration of suprasegmental mechanisms cannot be excluded.     

Combined motor and somatosensory evoked potentials for intraoperative monitoring: intra- and postoperative data in a series of 69 operations

The primary objective of neurophysiologic monitoring during surgery is to avoid permanent neurological injury resulting from surgical manipulation. To prevent motor deficits, either somatosensory (SSEP) or transcranial motor evoked potentials (MEP) are applied. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate if the combined use of SSEP and MEP might be beneficial. Combined SSEP/MEP monitoring was attempted in 100 consecutive procedures, including intracranial and spinal operations. Repetitive transcranial electric motor cortex stimulation was used to elicit MEP from muscles of the upper and lower limb. Stimulation of the tibial and median nerves was performed to record SSEP. Critical SSEP/MEP changes were defined as decreases in amplitude of more than 50% or increases in latency of more than 10% of baseline values. The operation was paused or the surgical strategy was modified in every case of SSEP/MEP changes. Combined SSEP/MEP monitoring was possible in 69 out of 100 operations. In 49 of the 69 operations (71%), SSEP/ MEP were stable, and the patients remained neurologically intact. Critical SSEP/ MEP changes were seen in six operations. Critical MEP changes with stable SSEP occurred in 12 operations. Overall, critical MEP changes were recorded in 18 operations (26%). In 12 of the 18 operations, MEP recovered to some extent after modification of the surgical strategy, and the patients either showed no (n = 10) or only a transient motor deficit (n = 2). In the remaining six operations, MEP did not recover and the patients either had a transient (n = 3) or a permanent (n = 3) motor deficit. Critical SSEP changes with stable MEP were observed in two operations; both patients did not show a new motor deficit. Our data again confirm that MEP monitoring is superior to SSEP monitoring in detecting impending impairment of the functional integrity of cerebral and spinal cord motor pathways during surgery. Detection of MEP changes and adjustment of the surgical strategy might allow to prevent irreversible pyramidal tract damage. Stable SSEP/MEP recordings reassure the surgeon that motor function is still intact and surgery can be continued safely. The combined SSEP/ MEP monitoring becomes advantageous, if one modality is not recordable.     

Evoked potentials and their clinical application

Electrical activity evoked in a sensory pathway by an external stimulus is termed an evoked potential (EP). EPs are one class of investigations within electrophysiology which also includes areas such as electromyography and electroencephalography. The methodology of recording an EP is well-documented and primarily relies on techniques to detect and extract small responses from a somewhat noisier background signal. The activity being recorded from suitably sited electrodes, typically surface scalp electrodes. The three main modes of stimulation in clinical practice are auditory, visual and somatosensory and each provides a valuable, objective means of investigating the functioning of their respective pathways and diagnosis of pathology. EPs also play a major part in the intraoperative monitoring of surgical procedures. The practical application of EPs will be discussed both in their diagnostic role and as monitoring tools in the operating theatre.     

体感诱发电位联合运动诱发电位在Chiari畸形伴脊柱侧凸后路矫形手术中的应用价值

目的:评估体感诱发电位(somatosensory evoked potentials,SSEPs)联合经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(transcranial electric motor evoked potentials,TCe MEPs)在Chiari畸形伴脊柱侧凸患者脊柱后路矫形手术中的应用价值。方法:选取2013年10月~2015年7月在鼓楼医院行脊柱后路矫形手术的63例Chiari畸形伴脊柱侧凸患者,均行术中SSEPs监测,其中50例患者行TCe MEPs监测。回顾性分析患者的术中SSEPs和TCe MEPs等神经电生理监测资料。分别计算单模式SSEPs、单模式TCe MEPs和联合应用SSEPs与TCe MEPs的成功率、报警率、真假阳性率、真假阴性率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、监测的敏感性和特异性。采用卡方检验比较三种监测模式的监测结果。结果:单模式SSEPs监测成功率为95%,单模式TCe MEPs监测成功率为96%,联合应用SSEPs和TCe MEPs监测成功率为100%;单模式SSEPs监测敏感性为100%,特异性为95%;单模式TCe MEPs监测敏感性为100%,特异性为98%;联合应用SSEPs和TCe MEPs监测敏感性和特异性均为100%;三种监测模式的阴性预测值均为100%;三种模式之间比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。单模式SSEPs监测阳性预测值为25%,单模式TCe MEPs监测阳性预测值为50%,联合应用SSEPs和TCe MEPs监测阳性预测值为100%;三种模式之间比较存在统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:SSEPs和TCe MEPs监测不同的神经传导通路,联合应用两种监测方法可提高Chiari畸形伴脊柱侧凸患者脊柱后路矫形手术中监护的预警价值,获得满意的监护成功率、敏感性及特异性。     

阴茎勃起障碍病人神经诱发电位146例临床分析

本文对１４６例阴茎勃起障碍病人的阴部神经诱发电位（ＰｕｄｅｎｄａｌＥＰｓ）进行了检测分析，其中骨盆骨折３１例，腰椎骨折１１例，盆腔手术９例，高血压１６例，糖尿病１７例，严重手淫６２例。分析结果：阴部皮层体感神经诱发电位（ＣＰＥＰ）、骶髓反射时（ＳＲＬ）和生殖皮层运动诱发电位（ＣＭＥＰ）总体异常率在骨盆骨折、腰椎损伤、盆腔手术、高血压、糖尿病及严重手淫组分别为５１．６１％、５４．５５％、７７．７７％、３１．２５％、４７．０５和３２．２６％，超强度电流刺激在骨盆骨折、腰椎损伤、盆腔手术、高血压、糖尿病及严重手淫组依次为５５．５５％、４５．５４％、４１．１７％、３８．７０％、３０．６０％和６．２５％。研究结果表明：在骨盆骨折、腰椎损伤、盆腔手术及糖尿病人，其ＰｕｄｅｎｄａｌＥＰｓ异常率及超强度刺激率都相当高。提示在这些病人中阴部神经受损的机率较高，而ＰｕｄｅｎｄａｌＥＰｓ检测将有助于阴茎勃起障碍的病因学诊断     

皮层体感诱发电位及经颅电刺激运动诱发电位联合监护在脊柱畸形矫正术中的应用

目的:探讨脊柱畸形矫正术中皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)及经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(TES-MEP)联合监护在脊柱畸形矫正手术中的应用。方法:对我院收治的脊柱畸形患者根据术中监护方法分为两组:A组37例,其中男25例,女12例,年龄13～42岁,平均26.1岁,术中进行CSEP及TES-MEP联合监护;B组29例,其中男10例,女19例,年龄13～20岁,平均15.8岁,单纯采用CSEP监护作为对照组。术中持续观察CSEP及TES-MEP波幅及潜伏期变化,出现波幅下降50%、潜伏期延长10%或刺激强度高于初始刺激强度100V仍未引出者,停止手术并对症处理,术后给予激素治疗。结果:A组术中出现CSEP异常者4例(10.8%),TES-MEP异常者19例(60%)。术中CSEP及TES-MEP均异常者4例(10.8%),无术中CSEP异常而TES-MEP正常者。2例(陈旧性结核并后凸畸形1例,陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形1例)术中合拢截骨平面时,TES-MEP波形均消失,但仅1例出现CSEP异常,经术中积极处理,至手术结束时波形仍未恢复至术前水平,术后均出现神经功能障碍。余35例患者术后无神经功能损伤(假阴性率0%)。B组9例(21%)术中出现CSEP波形异常,其中2例虽经减少矫形角度及激素冲击治疗,术后仍出现双下肢瘫,余术后未出现神经功能障碍。3例术中监护未见异常者,术后出现重度不可逆性脊髓损伤(假阴性率10%)。结论:CSEP结合TES-MEP联合监护能较可靠、准确的反映术中脊髓功能状态,可降低监护假阴性率,为手术治疗过程提供参考。     

Usefulness and Pitfalls of Intraoperative Spinal Motor Evoked Potential Recording by Direct Cortical Electrical Stimulation

Summary ? Objective. The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness and problems with spinal motor evoked potential (MEP) recording, especially the reasons for failed recording. We report our personal experience over the last 8 years in patients with lesions adjacent to the primary motor cortex. Methods. MEP records of 50 consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed. MEP was recorded by a catheter electrode inserted in the cervical epidural space. Stimulation electrodes were placed on the cortical surface during surgery. SEP recording was also performed in 29 of 50 patients. Results. MEP was obtained in 40 cases, and SEP was recorded in all 29 cases. The central sulcus was identified in 93% of patients in whom both MEP and SEP were performed, whereas in only 86% of patients who underwent only MEP. The main reason for MEP failure were inadequate exposure of the motor cortex, pre-existing hemiparesis and technical errors. Postoperative deterioration of motor function was closely related to intra-operative MEP changes. Conclusion. MEP is a useful tool to determine the motor cortex and to predict postoperative motor function. However, precise pre-operative craniotomy planning and combination with intra-operative SEP is essential to reduce the MEP failure.     

生长棒撑开术中经颅刺激运动诱发电位和体感诱发电位监测的应用价值

目的:分析生长棒撑开术中经颅刺激运动诱发电位(MEP)和体感诱发电位(SEP)神经功能监测的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2010年10月~2015年1月我院进行的65例141次生长棒撑开手术,在生长棒撑开术中,运用MEP和SEP进行神经功能监测。MEP监测采用经颅刺激C3、C4,记录外周肌源性MEP,SEP监测采用刺激双侧胫后神经,记录电极采用Cz-CPz。阳性诊断标准:与基线相比,MEP波幅下降75%,SEP波幅下降50%或潜伏期延长10%。结果:141例次撑开手术中成功获得具有监护价值且重复性较好MEP 139例次,检出率98.6%,全程失败2例次(占1.4%);SEP成功监测140例次,检出率99.3%,失败1例(占0.7%)。所有患者均能成功记录到一种以上的诱发电位。本组141例次手术中未出现MEP及SEP监测阳性。所有患儿术后神经系统检查均无异常发现,神经功能监测结果均为真阴性。结论:生长棒撑开术是简单安全的手术操作,但是,运用MEP和SEP进行术中神经功能监测可以为生长棒撑开术提供客观的安全评估指标。