重度僵硬型脊柱侧凸的一期后路Ponte截骨置钉二期后路矫形术

 目的 探讨一期后路Ponte截骨置钉二期后路矫形在治疗重度僵硬型脊柱侧凸中的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2010年6月至2012年12月接受一期后路Ponte截骨二期后路矫形治疗的Cobb角大于100°的僵硬型脊柱侧凸患者24例,男9例,女15例;年龄14~30岁,平均（21.4±4.1）岁。术前冠状面主弯Cobb角106°~156°,平均125.8°;后凸角59°~141°,平均100.1°。一期后路Ponte截骨松解、置钉,术后Halo-股骨髁上牵引,再行二期后路置棒矫形融合术。比较术前站立位、后路松解牵引后仰卧位、术后及末次随访的冠状面主弯Cobb角。结果 术前仰卧Bending位主弯侧凸柔韧性为14.8%±7.5%;后路松解牵引后主弯侧凸柔韧性为29.1%±9.9%;较术前平均提高14.3%,差异有统计学意义。后路矫形术后主弯Cobb角平均74.4°±14.5°,矫正率平均41.0%±8.1%;与术前仰卧Bending位和松解牵引后比较矫正率分别提高了26.2%和11.9%,差异有统计学意义。术后随访15~36个月,平均（24.0±5.9）个月。末次随访时主弯Cobb角平均丢失1.4°。术后后凸角平均53.0°±13.7°,较术前（100.1°±23.7°）明显改善,矫正率平均46.1%±11.9%,末次随访时无矫正丢失。牵引中1例发生左侧股骨髁上钉道感染,2例发生左下肢静脉血栓。结论 后路Ponte截骨松解+Halo-股骨髁上牵引能够使重度僵硬型脊柱侧凸患者获得满意的矫正率,但应注意下肢静脉血栓形成的风险。     

后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸

【摘要】 目的：评价经后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙矫形治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸畸形的安全性和早期临床效果。方法：2014年5月~2016年12月对我院15例青少年重度脊柱侧后凸患者行经后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙手术治疗,术前仅1例严重脊柱侧后凸患者行头盆环牵引。男6例,女9例,年龄13～18岁（16.1±1.6岁）。其中先天性脊柱侧后凸3例,特发性11例,神经纤维瘤病性1例。术前侧凸Cobb角82°～144°（102.5°±17.6°）,侧凸的柔韧性为6.4％～28.5％[（21.56±5.70）%];后凸50°～95°（68.1°±15.3°）,冠状位躯干偏移距离（C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离）2.0～6.8cm（3.40±1.37cm）。术前四肢肌力及感觉均正常。观察治疗效果。结果：椎板楔形截骨5.20±0.56个（4~6个）,松解椎间隙5.20±0.56个（4~6个）,手术时间6.1～7.9h（7.00±0.51h）,术中出血量1050～2500ml（1450.0±521.3ml）。术后侧凸Cobb角18°～40°（28.0°±6.6°）,矫正率72.5%;后凸22°～42°（27.8°±6.1°）,矫正率58.4%;冠状位躯干偏移距离0～2cm（0.85±0.74cm）,矫正率72.8%。随访25～41个月（33.1±5.4个月）。末次随访时侧凸Cobb角19°～43°（30.0°±6.9°）,矫正率70.6%;后凸22°～42°（28.6°±6.5°）,矫正率57.2%;冠状位躯干偏移距离0.2～2.3cm（1.10±0.72cm）,矫正率71.3%。无胸膜破裂,无假关节形成,无内固定断裂及松动,矫正度无显著丢失。1例患者术前骨盆牵引发生钉道感染,经局部换药及抗生素应用,2周后感染控制;1例术后第3天发生十二指肠系膜上动脉综合征,采取禁食水、持续胃肠减压、维持水电解质平衡、左侧卧位,术后2周痊愈;1例T4左侧椎弓根螺钉侵入椎管压迫神经,术后5h发生左下肢不完全性瘫痪,术后8h去除T4左侧椎弓根螺钉,术后5个月左下肢功能完全恢复。结论：采用后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸畸形,不需要剥离椎体侧方胸膜,手术解剖层次表浅和创伤小,不仅有助于增加脊柱柔韧性,而且可提供足够的压缩和闭合空间来矫正脊柱侧后凸,能获得良好的脊柱三维矫正。     

不对称经椎弓根截骨矫治成人先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形

【摘要】 目的：分析应用不对称经椎弓根截骨技术矫治成人先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法：2009年9月~2013年10月采用不对称经椎弓根截骨矫治成人先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者16例,男9例,女7例。年龄18～42岁,平均23.6岁。均有腰背痛,无神经受压症状。16例患者脊柱侧凸Cobb角43°~97°,后凸Cobb角15°~70°。侧凸畸形和后凸畸形顶椎均位于同一节段,其中顶椎位于胸椎10例、腰椎6例。于术前、术后及末次随访时在X线片上测量脊柱冠状面主弯Cobb角、矢状面后凸角、冠状面平衡及矢状面平衡,比较术前、术后及末次随访时影像学参数评估手术矫形效果。于术前、末次随访时填写SRS-22问卷量表,评估患者术后的生活质量变化。结果：手术融合节段5~12个,平均7.23个节段。手术时间3~7h,平均4.26h。术中出血量700～2500ml,平均1265ml。1例L1部位截骨患者术后出现双下肢痛觉过敏,急诊手术探查发现截骨部位硬脊膜皱褶,脊髓受压,对截骨部位椎板切开减压,术后症状明显好转,术后3个月随访神经症状消失。2例患者术后出现一侧胸腔积血,紧急行胸腔闭式引流术,1周后拔除引流管。15例患者获得6～48个月（平均13.4个月）随访。获得随访的15例患者冠状位主弯Cobb角术前为58.67°±20.36°（43°～97°）,术后为20.32°±8.76°（8°～37°）,末次随访时为21.76°±8.34°（10°～41°）,术后与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,矫正率为50.76%~82.36%,平均为65.36%,末次随访时与术后比较丢失率为2.45%。术前矢状位后凸角度为45.62°±16.26°（15°～70°）,术后为16.35°±16.87°（-20°～40°）,末次随访时为18.27°±13.92°（-15°～40°）,术后与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,矫正率为50.97%~79.32%,平均为64.16%,末次随访时与术后比较丢失率为4.2%。15例患者中,6例术前存在冠状面失平衡,术后均恢复平衡;4例术前存在矢状面失平衡,术后3例恢复平衡,1例仍为失平衡。SRS-22问卷量表总得分由术前66.47±12.35分（49～79分）提高至末次随访时的84.13±6.42分（76～92分）（P<0.01）。15例患者均获得骨性融合,无假关节形成或内固定断裂。结论：应用不对称经椎弓根截骨技术矫治先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形,可获得较好的矫形效果,显著改善患者躯体外观及躯体平衡,同时明显改善患者的生活质量。     

多发颈椎不连综合征的影像学特点与外科诊疗策略

【摘要】 目的：分析多发颈椎不连综合征（multilevel cervical disconnection syndrome,MCDS）的影像学特点及外科诊疗策略。方法：2004年3月~2021年6月,我院收治MCDS患者共7例,男性3例,女性4例;年龄5~46岁（中位年龄12岁）。7例MCDS患者中,平均椎体发育不良节段数3.6±1.3个节段,平均椎弓不连节段数5.7±1.5个节段,局部后凸角平均-92.2°±20.2°,C2-7 Cobb角平均-68.6°±31.0°,T1倾斜角（T1 slope,T1S）平均-12.5°±12.5°,后凸顶点位于C4节段1例,C5节段5例,T1节段1例;术前改良日本骨科学会评分（mJOA评分）8.5~14分（平均12.6±2.1分）,其中1例患者伴有吞咽困难。记录患者预矫形方式及手术方式,入院时、预矫形后、术后及末次随访影像学参数,神经功能及并发症。结果：1例术前接受颅骨牵引,3例接受平衡悬吊牵引,3例接受联合牵引,经术前牵引预矫形后,局部后凸角矫正率为60.8%。1例接受手术松解、Halo-vest外固定治疗,1例接受前路矫形内固定手术,1例接受后路矫形固定融合术,4例接受前-后联合手术治疗,手术固定6.0±2.1个节段,2例患者出现术后神经系统并发症,接受翻修手术。术后随访时间6~84个月（41.2±32.0个月）,末次随访局部后凸角平均-27.9°±11.6°,矫正率69.7%,C2-7 Cobb角平均-13.3°±28.4°,T1S平均4.9°±17.9°;术后mJOA评分10.5~17分（15.7±2.3分）,改善率78.3%。对比手术前后临床及影像学指标,mJOA评分、C2-7后凸角、局部后凸角及T1S有统计学差异。结论：MCDS影像学上主要表现为前方椎体发育不良伴多节段椎弓不连,继发严重后凸畸形。治疗策略可采取术前牵引预矫形并前路多节段椎体切除重建、后路长节段固定融合。     

后路全脊椎截骨矫形术治疗重度胸腰椎角状后凸/侧后凸的中远期效果观察

【摘要】 目的：评价中重度胸腰椎角状后凸/侧后凸畸形行后路全脊椎截骨矫形术患者的中远期影像学和临床疗效。方法：总结2004年5月～2016年6月于我院行后路全脊椎截骨矫形术（posterior vertebral column resection,PVCR）的68例中重度胸腰椎角状后凸/侧后凸患者的临床资料,其中男性37例,女性31例,平均年龄36.89±15.38岁。45例患者术前存在下肢神经症状,Frankel分级A级1例,B级2例,C级9例,D级33例。病因诊断：结核性后凸50例,先天性后凸18例。所有患者均行手术前后和随访时的后凸局部和全脊柱X线、CT、MRI检查,确定后凸顶点,并测量后凸角度。对合并侧凸的21例患者测量侧凸角度。在全脊柱X线片上评价患者的矢状位和冠状位平衡状况。临床评价包括下肢神经功能的Frankel分级,生活质量的Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）,腰背部疼痛的视觉模拟评分（visual analogue score,VAS）,以及患者的手术治疗满意度（patient satisfactory index,PSI）。将患者依照年龄、后凸病因、后凸严重程度（后凸角度）、后凸顶椎节段、术前Frankel分级和有无并发症分组,进行影像学和临床结果比较,并对随访ODI评分改善率的影响因素进行多元回归分析。结果：患者平均随访时间为41.47±4.68个月（36～96个月）。患者术前平均后凸角度94.14°±22.57°（60.0°～155.2°）,术后减少至31.92°±16.79°,末次随访时为34.60°±18.09°,后凸矫正率为（64.26±15.13）%。21例同时伴有侧凸的患者术前平均侧凸角度37.36°±26.19（12.0°～107.0°）,术后减少至13.21°±14.72°,末次随访时为14.33°±14.93°,侧凸矫正率为（69.70±28.44）%。末次随访时,30例患者Frankel分级改善,3例患者从A级或B级提高到C级,5例患者从C级提高到D级,1例患者从C级提高到E级,21例患者从D级提高到E级。术后平均ODI改善率为（48.82±33.99）%,平均VAS改善率为（64.03±21.42）%;患者PSI为91.2%。对后凸矫正率、ODI改善率的单因素分析结果提示,后凸角度小于95°和年龄小于35岁时,后凸矫正率更高;当患者角状后凸顶点位于T10或以下,术前双下肢无神经症状,或围手术期无并发症发生时,其临床改善率更高。多因素回归分析结果发现,术前后凸角越小,随访时后凸角矫正度数越大,术前Frankel分级为D或E级,其ODI改善率越高。中远期发生内固定失败6例（8.8%）,均行翻修手术。结论：后路全脊椎截骨矫形术是治疗胸腰椎中重度角状后凸/侧后凸畸形的一种有效、安全的方法,中长期随访结果发现患者可获得满意的畸形矫正效果以及良好的神经功能改善。     

退变性脊柱侧凸的选择性手术治疗

【摘要】 目的 评价选择性手术治疗退变性脊柱侧凸的临床疗效。 方法 2005年1月~2009年9月共手术治疗22例患者。记录所有患者术前、术后3个月及末次随访时的Oswestry功能评分;记录实施内固定治疗患者术前、术后3个月及末次随访时的侧凸Cobb角、腰椎前凸角以及融合时间。 结果 平均随访19个月（8~36个月）。椎管减压3例;椎管减压并内固定植骨融合术19例,其中长节段固定6例。Oswestry功能评分术前为39.25±10.47,术后3个月为13.85±7.73,末次随访时为17.95±6.18。实施内固定的患者侧凸Cobb角术前为21.05°±8.51°,术后3个月为12.13°±4.83°,末次随访时为14.03°±5.25°;腰椎前凸角术前为 14.40°±14.72°,术后3个月为26.62°±11.48°,末次随访时为24.27°±11.03°;术后6个月,均达到骨性融合。上述各组术后3个月及末次随访的数据与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 退变性脊柱侧凸的治疗主要以缓解症状为目的,依据不同的临床及影像学表现制定个体化治定方案能够取得满意的临床疗效。     

脊柱缩短截骨术治疗合并脊髓拴系的先天性脊柱侧凸

 目的 探讨脊柱缩短截骨术治疗合并脊髓拴系的先天性脊柱侧凸的安全性和有效性。方法 2007年4月至2011年8月采用脊柱缩短截骨术治疗合并脊髓拴系的脊柱侧凸患者18例,男5例,女13例;年龄10~24岁,平均（14.5±3.3）岁。椎体形成障碍5例（28%,5/18）、分节不良6例（33%,6/18）、混合畸形7例（39%,7/18）。脊髓末端均在L4椎体平面或以下。于顶椎部位进行截骨,其中10例行全脊椎截骨,8例行经椎弓根楔形截骨。截骨完成后应用平移技术安装内固定系统,不植入椎间融合器,直接缩短闭合截骨间隙及侧凸矫形。结果 平均手术时间（544.5±135.1）min,失血量（2 965.8±1 750.2）ml,输血量（3 068.3±1 586.1）ml,截骨长度（28.3±5.7）mm,融合节段（12.9±2.8）个。全部患者获得随访,随访时间27~74个月,平均（47.3±16.1）个月。术前冠状位Cobb角83.9°±25.7°,末次随访时33.0°±16.7°,矫正率60.7%;术前矢状面Cobb角74.1°±19.6°,末次随访时31.0°±10.4°,矫正率58.2%。末次随访时肌力减弱患者症状改善率57%（4/7）,腰骶部或下肢疼痛患者改善率100%（3/3）,下肢感觉减退患者症状改善率75%（3/4）,3例术前大小便障碍患者症状均消失。术后出现脑脊液漏1例、神经并发症2例。结论 脊柱缩短截骨术在侧凸矫形的同时通过缩短脊柱骨性结构间接降低脊髓张力,进而改善神经功能,避免了椎管内拴系松解术可能对脊髓造成的损伤,是一种相对安全有效的手术方式。     

色努支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的疗效及影响因素分析

【摘要】 目的：观察色努支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的疗效,探究影响疗效的相关因素。方法：2016年1月~2018年6月采用色努支具治疗的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者49例,其中女性46例,男性3例,治疗初始年龄12.6±1.3岁（10~15岁）,初始主弯Cobb角32.5°±6.9°（20°~45°）,初始Risser征2.2±1.6。收集患者的临床资料：年龄、每日佩戴时间等信息;影像学资料：初始、佩戴支具即刻和随访的系列脊柱全长X线片。通过佩戴支具即刻X线片计算初始支具矫正率。评估治疗后结果：Cobb角减少≥6°定义为“改善”,Cobb角变化5°以内定义为“稳定”,Cobb角增大≥6°定义为“进展”,前两者为治疗成功。观察初始支具矫正率在各组结果中的差异;分析畸形进展的患者相关因素：畸形严重程度（20°~29°,30°~39°及40°~45°三组）、Risser征（0~4）和侧凸类型（胸弯、胸腰弯/腰弯、双主弯三种类型）;并分析影响初始支具矫正率的可能因素。结果：49例患者平均治疗2.0±1.0年,所有患儿每天支具佩戴时间在18~20h以上,依从性良好。随访2.0±1.0年（1~5年）,末次随访时年龄14.6±1.4岁,Risser征4.2±0.6,末次随访Cobb角28.5°±9.6°;其中畸形改善31例,畸形稳定14例,支具治疗的总体成功率为91.8%（45/49）;畸形进展4例,其中3例畸形超过45°。初始支具矫正率平均（64.9±23.6）%,其在改善组、稳定组和进展组分别为（69.5±23.2）%、（61.5±23.7）%和（42.5±10.0）%,初始支具矫形率和各组结果存在中等强度相关性（相关系数0.318,P=0.026）;有序多分类Logistic回归显示支具矫正率对结果存在正向影响,差异有统计学意义（P=0.045）。分析畸形进展的患者相关因素发现：畸形严重和骨骼成熟度低是畸形进展的危险因素（P=0.016和P=0.010）,不同侧凸类型的畸形进展率没有统计学差异（P=0.124）,但4例进展患儿均发生在胸段侧凸（3例胸弯,1例双主弯）,胸腰弯/腰弯无进展病例。多因素分析显示,畸形程度越低,初始支具矫正率越高（P=0.001）;侧凸类型和Risser征对矫正率无显著影响（P＞0.05）。结论：色努支具是治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的有效方法,初始支具矫正率是影响结果的重要因素,初始支具矫正率越高治疗效果越优;畸形程度严重（>40°）和骨骼成熟度低（Risser 0）的胸段侧凸患儿,畸形进展的可能性更大。     

后路矫形手术对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱高度的影响

要】 目的：评估后路矫形手术对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）患者脊柱高度的矫正程度及其影响因素。方法：2010年1月~2011年6月接受后路矫形内固定术的AIS患者277例,单弯（single curve,SC）173例,双弯（double curve,DC）104例,站立位主弯Cobb角平均53.63°±15.38°（40°~140°）,仰卧位主弯Cobb角43.87°±15.01°（20°~124°）。脊柱高度（spinal height,SH）定义为仰卧位全脊柱正位X线片上T1椎体上终板中点至S1椎体上终板中点之间的垂直距离。测量术前、术后SH,ΔSH为手术矫正SH值。评估不同Cobb角侧凸患者的ΔSH,并采用偏相关分析评估脊柱侧凸术前Cobb角、Cobb角矫正值、Cobb角矫正率、术前SH及术后SH与ΔSH的相关性。结果：SC组仰卧位Cobb角术后矫正至15.69°±9.21°（4°~79°）,DC组仰卧位主弯Cobb角术后矫正至19.50°±13.07°（3°~95°）,矫正率分别为69.7%和65.5%。SC组和DC组术前SH分别为41.29±2.96cm和39.97±3.26cm,术后SH分别为43.77±2.71cm和42.86±3.04cm。SC组术前仰卧位Cobb角分别为≤30°、31°~40°、41°~50°、51°~60°、61°~70°、71°~80°、>80°时,ΔSH分别为1.97±0.79cm、2.14±0.63cm、2.52±0.65cm、2.77±0.51cm、3.92±0.61cm、4.33±0.22cm、4.85±0.22cm;而在DC组中,ΔSH分别为2.37±0.60cm、2.35±0.69cm、2.56±0.53cm、3.27±0.40cm、3.79±0.94cm、3.89±1.11cm、5.46±0.91cm。ΔSH与术前Cobb角[SC：r=0.702,P<0.001;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=0.718,P<0.001]、Cobb角矫正值[SC：r=0.659,P<0.001;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=0.698,P<0.001]和术后SH[SC：r=0.182,P=0.017;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=0.213,P=0.033]呈显著相关性,但与Cobb角矫正率[SC：r=0.083,P>0.05;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=0.039,P>0.05]和术前SH[SC：r=-0.082,P>0.05;DC（主弯+次发弯）：r=-0.047,P>0.05]无明显相关性。结论：后路矫形手术可显著改善AIS患者的SH,术前Cobb角和Cobb角矫正值是影响SH矫正程度的主要因素,术后SH是次要影响因素,而Cobb角矫正率则影响不大。     

不同入路手术治疗成人胸腰椎结核的中远期临床疗效分析

【摘要】 目的：对比分析后路（Wiltse′s入路）、前路及后前路联合入路手术治疗成人胸椎和腰椎结核中远期疗效。方法：2008年1月～2016年1月共有421例胸椎和腰椎结核患者在我科行手术治疗,其中获得中远期随访者341例,男性190例,女性151例;年龄18～73岁（42.1±15.1岁）。330例术前接受标准化抗结核治疗至少2周（异烟肼+利福平+吡嗪酰胺+乙胺丁醇）,11例行急诊手术。T1~T10 82例,T11~L2 165例,L3~L5 94例。179例采用经后路（Wiltse′s入路）病灶清除椎体间植骨融合内固定术（A组）;98例采用经前路病灶清除椎体间植骨融合内固定术（B组）,64例经Wiltse′s入路内固定+前路病灶清除椎体间植骨融合术（C组）。术后采用规范抗结核药物治疗1.5~2.0年。收集三组患者手术时间、术中出血量和住院天数,术前、术后1周的血沉（ESR）和C-反应蛋白（CRP）;术前、术后1周和末次随访时的胸腰背部疼痛VAS评分,在X线片上测量胸腰椎后凸Cobb角,计算胸腰椎后凸畸形矫正率、末次随访矫正丢失角度;末次随访时脊髓神经功能恢复状况、植骨融合率和术后并发症。结果：所有患者均顺利完成手术,随访5~13年（8.4±2.1年）。A组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均小于B组和C组（A组分别为207.8±50.0min、570.0±309.6ml、12.5±2.5d,B组分别为249.9±47.7min、745.5±394.6ml、16.8±9.7d,C组分别为274.3±59.3min、792.0±282.8ml、17.3±3.4d,P＜0.001）。A组术前、术后1周时的ESR和CRP分别68.8±26.1mm/h、31.4±13.0mm/h和53.0±14.6mg/L、27.9±7.1mg/L;B组分别为63.7±22.4mm/h、27.9±10.0mm/h和53.4±20.3mg/L、27.6±9.4mg/L;C组分别为65.4±24.2mm/h、31.1±11.1mm/h和55.2±16.9mg/L、26.0±7.8mg/L。三组术后1周的ESR、CRP均较术前显著性下降（P＜0.001）。A组术前、术后1周和末次随访时的VAS评分为5.1±1.1分、2.5±0.8分、1.8±0.7分;B组为5.2±1.0分、2.6±1.0分、2.0±0.6分;C组为4.9±1.0分、2.5±1.1分、2.0±0.7分。三组术后1周和末次随访VAS评分均较术前显著性改善（P＜0.001）。A组术前、术后1周和末次随访时的Cobb角为27.0°±3.1°、9.8°±2.0°、13.0°±1.9°;B组为27.5°±1.9°、10.4°±0.8°、14.4°±0.9°;C组为28.3°±4.8°、10.6°±2.4°、13.9°±2.3°。三组后凸畸形均得到显著性矫正（P＜0.001）。末次随访时矫正角度丢失：A组3.2°±1.1°、B组4.0°±0.7°、C组3.3°±1.0°,B组矫正角度丢失大于A组和C组（P<0.001）。末次随访时三组未达到1级和2级融合共15例,A组10例（5.6%）,B组2例（3.1%）,C组3例（3.1%）（P>0.05）。24例伴有脊髓神经功能损害患者末次随访时均有明显改善。术后A组6例（3.4%）、B组6例（6.1%）、C组5例（7.8%）发生并发症（P>0.05）,均经对症治疗治愈。B组1例术后2年结核复发,采用经后路Wiltse′s病灶清除椎间植骨融合内固定术治愈。结论：在抗结核药物治疗基础上三种入路手术治疗成人胸椎和腰椎结核均能够取得较满意的中远期疗效,经Wiltse′s入路组在手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间优于单纯前路组和后前路联合组,经Wiltse′s入路组和后前路联合组对后凸畸形的矫正和维持优于单纯前路组。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.