超声联合微泡促进大鼠损伤跟腱及肉芽组织局部基因转染的实验研究

目的 探讨超声联合微泡促进基因局部转染大鼠损伤跟腱及肉芽组织的最适超声转染条件。方法 建立双侧大鼠跟腱损伤模型,在大鼠双侧损伤跟腱内局部注射微泡与增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)质粒混合溶液,应用不同输出功率、占空比及超声辐照时间的超声辐照双侧损伤处跟腱,根据荧光染色及免疫组化染色下EGFP表达结果判断转染效果。根据基因转染效果最高,同时正常组织损伤坏死最小筛选出最合适的照射条件。将大鼠分为4组:①质粒+微泡+超声辐照组,②质粒+微泡组,③质粒+超声辐照组,④单纯质粒组。根据前几步所选取的条件辐照损伤跟腱,观察跟腱及肉芽组织内的EGFP表达情况及正常组织损伤情况。 结果 在超声输出功率2 W/cm2、占空比20%、超声辐照10 min条件下,跟腱及肉芽组织内EGFP表达明显,且无明显正常组织损伤。超声辐照+微泡+质粒组跟腱及肉芽组织内EGFP表达高于其余3组（P<0.05）,其余各组间差异无统计学意义。结论 在适合的超声辐照条件下,超声联合微泡能明显增强损伤肌腱及肉芽组织的基因转染效果,且不损伤正常组织,这为肌腱损伤的基因治疗的可行性提供了实验基础。     

微泡造影剂结合超声介导绿色荧光蛋白质粒转染大鼠移植静脉的实验研究

目的 探讨微泡造影剂及超声辐照介导基因转染移植静脉桥的可行性.方法 建立SD大鼠颈外静脉颈总动脉旁路移植模型,选择增强型绿色荧光蛋白质粒(pEGFP)为报告基因.将大鼠颈外静脉段浸泡入粘附质粒的微泡中,予超声照射,再将静脉段间置植入颈总动脉,7 d后,取出静脉段行快速冰冻切片,荧光显微镜下观察血管平滑肌内荧光表达,同时进行苏木精-伊红染色行病理观察.结果 微泡造影剂结合超声辐照组的荧光强度显著高于质粒浸泡+超声辐照组、质粒+微泡造影剂组及单纯质粒浸泡组(P<0.05).苏木精-伊红染色观察血管组织并无坏死灶出现.结论 微泡造影剂结合超声辐照可以实现基因靶向转染至大鼠移植静脉桥的血管平滑肌中.     

携自杀基因微泡转染卵巢癌细胞株SKOV_3的超声参数及转染效率

目的:探究超声介导携Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶(hsv1tk)自杀基因微泡转染SKOV3细胞的超声参数及转染效率.方法:超声在不同微泡浓度与辐照时间(8,15,30,60s间隔1s)组合下辐照SKOV3细胞,MTT法筛选最适辐照时间和微泡浓度.将实验分成6组分别进行以下处理:超声辐照组,脂质体+超声辐照组,脂质体+微泡+超声辐照组,微泡+超声辐照组,裸质粒组(阴性对照),脂质体组(阳性对照).用裸质粒及脂质体处理后分别转染pcDNA3.1-EGFP/hsv1tk质粒;采用荧光显微镜、流式细胞技术分别定性和定量检测各组转染效率;采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测hsv1tk基因的表达.结果:MTT检测在超声强度0.5W/cm2,频率1MHz,微泡浓度0.56×1011个/L,辐照时间8s间隔1s条件下,超声辐照微泡转染对细胞活性无明显抑制.经此条件转染后荧光显微镜下可观察到脂质体+微泡+超声辐照组的绿色荧光强度最强;流式细胞技术检测表明,微泡+超声辐照组转染效率为(11.74±0.19)%,比超声辐照组(2.19±0.22)%高,而脂质体+微泡+超声辐照组(25.62±0.08)%均高于其他各组(P<...     

超声微泡造影剂介导pEGFP-N_1质粒转染HGFs的实验研究

目的 探讨超声破坏微泡介导pEGFP-N_1质粒转染人牙龈成纤维细胞的可行性、优化转染的条件及转染效率.方法 体外原代培养HGFs.以pEGFP-N_1质粒为报告基因,微泡造影剂为载体,用超声辐照介导质粒pEGFP-N_1转染HGFs.实验组分为质粒组、微泡+质粒组、超声+质粒组、超声+微泡+质粒组,超声+微泡+质粒组按不同的转染条件分成亚组.转染48 h后倒置荧光显微镜下观察GFP的表达,MTT检测HGFs活性.结果 超声微泡介导pEGFP-N_1质粒对HGFs的转染效率明显高于其他实验组(P<0.05).优化转染条件后,频率300 KHz,声强1.5 W/cm~2,连续波,辐照时间60 s,微泡浓度10%,质粒浓度6.67 μg/ml时,转染率较高.结论 在一定条件下,超声微泡造影剂能够促进外源基因对HGFs的转染.     

自制辅助装置完成超声微泡介导pEGFPC1-Akt1基因转染

目的初步探讨超声微泡介导基因转染的可行性.方法 自制辅助装置,联合应用超声辐射和SonoVue超声微泡介导pEGFPC1-Akt1基因转染293FT细胞,用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)作为报告基因,转染后荧光显微镜下计数细胞转染率.实验分4组:A组,单纯质粒组;B组,质粒+微泡组;C组,质粒+超声组;D组,质粒+超声+微泡组.结果自制辅助装置制作成功,符合实验要求的条件.转染结果为 A组和B组未见荧光表达,C组转染率约为4.26%,D组转染率为34.56%,D组转染率高于C组(P<0.05).结论 使用自制辅助装置,联合应用超声辐射和微泡法能够有效介导pEGFPC1-Akt1基因转染.     

超声微泡携MAGL-shRNA靶向释放对大鼠肝细胞肝癌转移作用的实验研究

目的观察超声微泡携单酰基甘油脂肪酶沉默基因(monoacylglycerol lipase short hairpin RNA,MAGL-shR-NA)在大鼠肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)组织中转染及对HCC转移的作用。方法建立大鼠肝细胞肝癌模型,病理解剖和二维超声验证肝脏成瘤情况。40只SD大鼠完全随机分成4组,分别为PBS液组、MAGL-shRNA质粒微泡组(MAGL-shRNA+microbubble,MB)、空白质粒微泡+超声辐照组(microbubbles+ultrasound,MB+US)、MAGL-shRNA质粒微泡+超声辐照组(MAGL-shRNA+MB+US)。每只注射1 mL,对MB+US组和MAGL-shRNA+MB+US组大鼠肝区同时给予超声辐照,辐照条件为300 kHz,2 W/cm2,辐照10 s,间隔10 s,共20 min。Western blot检测大鼠HCC组织MAGL蛋白的表达,免疫组化检测MAGL和基质金属蛋白酶2(matrixmetalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)的表达。比较各组动物的肿瘤转移情况。结果 MAGL在HCC组织中表达明显高于正常肝组织(P<0.05);微泡携MAGL-shRNA可以在HCC组织被超声辐照击破后靶向释放,在各组HCC组织中均有MAGL蛋白的表达,其中MAGL-shRNA+MB+US组表达量明显低于其他组(P<0.01);免疫组化检测MAGL-shRNA+MB+US组MMP-2表达均低于其他组(P<0.01);各组动物均见肿瘤转移,但MAGL-shRNA+MB+US组转移率最低(P<0.05)。结论超声辐照可破坏携MAGL-shRNA的微泡使之靶向释放并增强了MAGL-shRNA的转染效率,MAGL-MMP-2通路可能与HCC的转移相关。     

超声微泡介导肾小管上皮细胞β-半乳糖苷酶基因的转导

目的：以β-半乳糖苷酶基因作为报告基因,探讨超声微泡介导在人肾近端小管上皮细胞（HKCs）中的转染效率和安全性。方法：体外培养HKCs,分为单纯超声组、单纯微泡组、裸质粒组、超声+质粒组、微泡+质粒组、超声+微泡+质粒组以及VigoFect+质粒组。超声+微泡+质粒组应用微泡和Plenti6-LacZ质粒转导HKCs后,给予不同强度不同时间超声辐照。采用X-gal染色观察细胞基因转导效率,台盼蓝染色观察细胞存活率,Hochest染色观察细胞凋亡率。结果：超声+微泡+质粒组转染效率高于其他各组;与VigoFect+质粒组相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。随超声声强增加和辐照时间延长,HKCs存活率下降,凋亡率升高。声强为0.3 W/cm2时,辐照时间为60 s时,细胞存活率和转导效率均较高,而细胞凋亡率较低。结论：在适当超声强度和辐照时间条件下,超声微泡可安全、有效地促进肾小管上皮细胞的基因转染,是一种较理想的基因转导方法,这为肾脏病的基因治疗提供了实验基础。     

心腔内超声辐照增加基因表达技术的安全性研究

目的建立一套包括经皮介入心肌内基因投递、心腔内超声辐照增强基因表达的技术体系,并探讨其安全性。方法研制心腔内超声辐照导管(intracardiac ultrasound,US),经常规介入法置于活体犬左心室,并经导管中特制的微型针刺入心肌注射报告基因增强绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescence protein,EGFP)质粒;12月龄健康杂种犬12只,体质量15～20 kg,雌雄不拘,分为EGFP+US组、单纯EGFP组。在EGFP+US组,注射质粒500μg后,心腔内超声辐照1 min(1 MHz、1 W/cm2、60s)。单纯EGFP组仅注射质粒,继续饲养犬,测定照射前、照射过程中、照射后心肌酶谱变化,7 d后,测定心肌、肝、肾、肺脏、肌肉中EGFP mRNA及蛋白质表达,观察心肌及上述脏器的病理形态变化。结果经超声导管成功实现了经皮心肌内注入EGFP质粒,心肌形态正常,心腔内超声辐照后明显增加EGFP基因在心肌表达,与单纯EGFP组相比,EGFP+US组EGFP mRNA表达增加6.5倍,蛋白表达增加3.4倍(P<0.01)。心肌无损伤、出血,辐照前后心肌酶谱没有变化(P>0.05)。光镜下肺脏、肝脏、肾脏形态无改变,也未见EGFP表达,心肌外未见质粒沉积。结论心腔内超声辐照能增强裸质粒在活体心肌组织中转染表达,未见超声辐照对心脏的毒副作用,心腔内超声辐照增强基因表达安全有效。     

微泡造影剂结合超声介导一氧化氮合成酶基因转染血管平滑肌细胞

目的 探讨微泡造影剂及超声辐照介导内皮型一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)基因转染体外培养大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)的可行性.方法 实验分为A、B、C、D、E5组,分别为空白对照组、单纯质粒浸泡组、质粒+微泡造影剂组、质粒+超声辐照组、质粒+超声辐照+造影剂组.用重组真核表达载体pcDNA3.1- eNOS经微泡造影剂及超声辐照介导转染体外培养的大鼠VSMCs,辐照条件为超声探头频率为10 MHz,机械指数为1.9,辐照时间为10 min,重组真核细胞表达载体pcDNA3.1-eNOS 5μg/mL.辐照48 h后,采用RT-PCR、Western blot及免疫组化检测VSMCs内eNOSmRNA和蛋白的表达.结果 RT -PCR检测E组eNOS mRNA的表达最显著,积分吸光度(IA)比值为(91.11±3.41)％,B、C、D组也有少量表达,IA比值分别为(26.10±1.32)％、(31.42±2.43)％、(35.05±2.25)％,与E组相比均P＜0.05.蛋白印迹分析eNOS蛋白表达,A组有极少量表达,B、C、D组也有少量表达,IA比值分别为(22.12±1.33)％、(25.42±2.41)％、(33.11±3.11)％,而E组表达最明显,IA比值为(84.22±9.22)％,与各组相比均P＜0.05.结论 超声辐照结合微泡造影剂能显著提高eNOS基因在VSMCs的转染效率,提高细胞内一氧化氮合成酶的表达.     

超声靶向微泡破碎介导EGFP质粒转染肝癌细胞的研究

目的 探讨超声靶向微泡破碎(ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction,UTMD)介导EGFP质粒转染肝癌细胞株HepG2的有效性、安全性并优化超声辐照参数.方法 体外培养HepG2细胞,在治疗超声的不同声强、占空比和辐照时间作用下,观察pEGFP-N3质粒在HepG2细胞中...     

Ultrasound-mediated microbubble delivery of pigment epithelium-derived factor gene into retina inhibits choroidal neovascularization

Background Many studies have suggested that the imbalance of angiogenic factor and anti-angiogenic factor expression contributes significantly to the development of choroidal neovascularization （CNV）, and ultrasound microbubble combination system can increase the gene transfection efficiency successfully. This study was designed to investigate whether ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction could effectively deliver therapeutic plasmid into the retina of rat, and whether gene transfer of pigment epithelium-derived factor （PEDF） could inhibit CNV.
Methods Human retinal pigment epithelial cells were isolated and treated either with ultrasound or plasmid alone, or with a combination of plasmid, ultrasound and microbubbles to approach feasibility of microbubble-enhanced ultrasound enhance PEDFgene expression; For in vivo animal studies, CNV was induced by argon lasgon laser in rats. These rats were randomly assigned to five groups and were treated by infusing microbubbles attached with the naked plasmid DNA of PEDF into the vitreous of rats followed by immediate ultrasound exposure （intravitreal injection）; infusing liposomes with the naked plasmid DNA of PEDF into the vitreous （lipofectamine ＋ PEDF）; infusing microbubbles attached with PEDF into the orbit of rats with ultrasound irradiation immediately （retrobular injection）; infusing microbubbles attached with PEDF into the femoral vein of rats with exposed to ultrasound immediately （vein injection）. The CNV rats without any treatment served as control. Rats were sacrificed and eyes were enucleated at 7, 14, and 28 days after treatment. Gene and protein expression of PEDF was detected by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The effect of PEDF gene transfer on CNV was examined by fluorescein fundus angiography.
Results In vitro cell experiments showed that microbubbles with ultrasound irradiation could significantly enhance PEDF delivery as compared with microbubbles or ultrasound alone. In the rat CNV model, transfection efficiency mediated by ultrasound/microbubbles was significantly higher than that by lipofectamine-mediated gene transfer at 28 days after treatment. The study also showed that with the administration of ultrasound-mediated microbubbles destruction, the CNV of rats was inhibited effectively.
Conclusions Ultrasound-microbubble technique could increase PEDF gene transfer into rats＇ retina and chorioid, in association with a significant inhibition of the development of CNV, suggesting that this noninvasive gene transfer method may provide a useful tool for clinical gene therapy.     

Efficient Gene Delivery to Myocardium with Ultrasound Targeted Microbubble Destruction and Polyethylenimine

The aim of present study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of enhanced green fluorescent protein （EGFP） gene delivery to myocardium in vivo by ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction （UTMD） and polyethylenimine （PEI）. SonoVue/DNA and PEI/DNA/SonoVue complexes were prepared. Gel electrophoresis analysis was performed to determine the structural integrity of plasmid DNA or PEI/DNA after UTMD. Solutions of plasmid DNA, SonoVue/DNA, PEI/DNA complexes or PEI/DNA/SonoVue complexes were respectively transduced into BALB/c mice hearts by means of transthoracic ultrasound irradiation. Mice undergoing PBS injection, plasmid injection or PEI/DNA complexes injection without ultrasound irradiation served as controls. Gene expression in myocardium was detected 4 days after treatment. Cryosections and histological examinations were conducted. Electrophoresis gel assay showed no damage to DNA or PEI/DNA complexes after UTMD. When the heart was not exposed to ultrasound, the expression of EGFP was observed in the subendocardial myocardium obviously. The strongest expression was detected in the anterior wall of the left ventricle when the heart was exposed to ultrasound alone. Injection of PEI/DNA complexes and UTMD resulted in the highest transfection efficiency and the distributional difference of EGFP was not obvious. No tissue damage was seen histologically. In conclusion, a combination of UTMD and PEI was highly effective in transfecting mice hearts without causing any apparently adverse effect. It provides an alternative to current clinical gene therapy and opens a new concept of non-viral gene delivery for the treatment of cardiac disease.     

超声靶向破坏微泡技术介导小鼠肝癌细胞株JNK1基因表达、细胞迁移和侵袭抑制

目的: 探讨应用超声靶向破坏微泡 (UTMD) 技术介导小鼠肝癌细胞株JNK1基因的表达、细胞迁移和侵袭抑制的作用,阐明其作用机制。方法: 构建并筛选RNA干扰效果最好的短发夹RNA(shRNA)。将小鼠肝癌细胞株Hca-F分为正常Hca-F细胞组、shRNA质粒组、脂质体组、超声微泡结合超声辐照组及脂质体结合超声微泡加超声辐照组。采用倒置荧光显微镜观察各组细胞转染率,荧光定量PCR和Western blotting 法检测JNK1基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平,CCK-8法检测各组细胞的细胞活性,应用Transwell 实验检测各组细胞的体外迁移能力。结果: 脂质体结合超声微泡加超声辐照组细胞转染率高于shRNA质粒组、脂质体组和超声微泡结合超声辐照组(均P<0.05),脂质体组和超声微泡结合超声辐照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脂质体结合超声微泡加超声辐照组JNK1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平低于其他各组(P<0.05);脂质体结合超声微泡加超声辐照组细胞活性和平均穿膜细胞数均低于其他各组(P<0.05)。结论: UTMD技术结合脂质体转染法可以提高小鼠肝癌细胞株JNK1 shRNA的转染效率,增强其对基因表达、细胞活力、迁移和侵袭能力的抑制。     

超声联合一氧化氮微泡对大鼠心肌组织的生物学效应

目的:本研究旨在探讨超声联合一氧化氮(NO)微泡的作用对大鼠心肌组织局部基质衍生因子-1(SDF-1)的影响,及其对心肌组织作用的安全性?方法:将32只SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组,每组8只?第1?2?3组分别经尾静脉输入1 ml的NO微泡?普通脂质微泡以及PBS,并采用频率为1 MHz?强度为1 W/cm2的超声辐照大鼠心前区,辐照时间为10 min;第4组为空白对照组?4 h后每组处死4只大鼠,留取心肌组织进行HE染色,观察局部的炎症反应情况;同时留取血清标本用于检测肌酸激酶(CK),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌钙蛋白I(TnI)的含量?1周后处死剩余大鼠,取心肌组织进行RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测SDF-1的基因及蛋白相对表达量?结果:辐照4 h后留取心肌组织行HE染色显示各组均可见少量炎性细胞浸润,组间没有明显差异;血清学指标检测显示,第1组与第2组血清CK和LDH高于第3组和第4组,且差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);第1组血清TnI低于第2组,但高于第3组和第4组,且差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);辐照1周后留取的心肌组织行RT-PCR和Western blot分析结果均显示第1组SDF-1相对表达量最多,各组间进行两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)?结论:超声联合NO微泡辐照大鼠心肌组织,与内含全氟显气体的普通脂质微泡一样,对心肌组织无明显破坏;但能使大鼠心肌组织SDF-1表达增加,其程度高于应用超声联合普通脂质微泡,因此,NO微泡应用于干细胞归巢将优于目前普通脂质微泡?     

超声微泡介导反义寡核苷酸转染肾脏的实验研究(英文)

目的：探讨超声联合自制脂质体微泡(lipid contrast agent,LCA)转染肾脏的条件和效率。方法：HE染色、肝肾功能检测评价其安全性;荧光显微镜评价其转染效率;RT-PCR和Western印迹检测其对结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)表达的影响。结果：超声联合LCA显著增强基因在肾脏内的转导效率,CY5标记的寡核苷酸主要表达在85%~90%的肾小球、肾小管和间质区;血液生化指标无明显改变;转染后第7天的LDH水平均低于0天(P<0.05);转染至肾脏的CTGF反义寡核苷酸成功抑制了CTGF的表达。结论：超声联合LCA的基因转移系统显著增强基因转移和表达的效率,该方法可以用来转导其他外源性的基因。     

Gene transfection mediated by ultrasound and Pluronic P85 in HepG2 cells

Summary In order to assess whether gene transfection could be mediated by ultrasound in association with P85 and find the appropriate parameters of ultrasound irradiation, the effects of ultrasound with or without P85 on gene transfection of HepG2 cells were examined. The HepG2 cells were irradiated by ultrasound at 1 MHz, 0.4–2.0 W/cm² and 50% duty cycle with plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a report gene. Forty-eight h later, the expression of EGFP was detected under the fluorescence microscopy. Transfection efficacy was quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry, and cell viability was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion. The results showed that the transfection efficacy was increased with the increases in ultrasound output power and the ideal transfection efficacy was achieved in HepG2 cells irradiated by ultrasound at 0.8 W/cm² for 30 s. The transfection efficacy in ulstrasound+P85 group was three times higher than in single ultrasound group [(17.63±1.07)% vs (5.57±0.56)%, P<0.05]. The cell viability was about 81% and 62% in ultrasound group and ultrasound+P85 group respectively. It was concluded that ultrasound in combination with P85 could mediate the gene transfection of HepG2 cells, ideal transfection efficacy was achieved by ultrasound irradiation at 0.8 W/cm² for 30 s, and P85 could somewhat increase the damage to cells caused by ultrasound. This project was supported by a grant from National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No.30670620).     

Gene Transfection Mediated by Ultrasound and Pluronic P85 in HepG2 Cells

In order to assess whether gene transfection could be mediated by ultrasound in associa- tion with P85 and find the appropriate parameters of ultrasound irradiation, the effects of ultrasound with or without P85 on gene transfection of HepG2 cells were examined. The HepG2 cells were irra- diated by ultrasound at 1 MHz, 0.4-2.0 W/cm2 and 50% duty cycle with plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a report gene. Forty-eight h later, the expression of EGFP was detected under the fluorescence microscopy. Transfection efficacy was quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry, and cell viability was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion. The results showed that the transfection efficacy was increased with the increases in ultrasound output power and the ideal trans- fection efficacy was achieved in HepG2 cells irradiated by ultrasound at 0.8 W/cm2 for 30 s. The transfection efficacy in ulstrasound P85 group was three times higher than in single ultrasound group [(17.63±1.07)% vs (5.57±0.56)%, P<0.05]. The cell viability was about 81% and 62% in ultrasound group and ultrasound P85 group respectively. It was concluded that ultrasound in combination with P85 could mediate the gene transfection of HepG2 cells, ideal transfection efficacy was achieved by ultrasound irradiation at 0.8 W/cm2 for 30 s, and P85 could somewhat increase the damage to cells caused by ultrasound.     

超声介导自制白蛋白微泡和声诺维对体外报告基因转染效率的比较研究

目的:探讨超声介导微泡破裂法促进外源基因的安全转移的方法,为临床上肿瘤等疾病的基因治疗研究提供新的思路。方法:以绿色荧光蛋白基因为标记基因,以人大肠癌细胞株SW480为靶细胞,分别以自制白蛋白微泡和声诺维(SonoVue)微泡作为载体,通过超声介导微泡破裂法促进绿色荧光蛋白GFP基因在人大肠癌细胞株的定向转染,以激光共聚焦显微镜来定性和半定量观察GFP在靶细胞的表达情况,以椎虫蓝染色法检测超声作用于细胞的安全性。结果:当超声的强度为0.75W/cm2,作用时间为40s时,对细胞比较安全;自制白蛋白微泡和声诺维微泡的浓度为10%时,分别达到最佳的基因转染效率,两者无显著性差异,但后者的相对表达强度较高。结论:超声介导微泡破裂法促进外源基因的转移是一种比较安全而有效的基因转染方法。