经颅多普勒超声和颈部血管超声诊断脑梗死的临床价值

目的分析和探讨联合应用经颅多普勒超声和颈部血管超声的可行性和意义。方法按照随机双盲对照的原则抽取2012-06—2014-06来我院神经内科就诊的120例脑梗死患者为研究对象,依据患者年龄大小分为观察组(60岁以上)78例和对照组(60岁以下)42例,所有入组患者均常规给予经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈部血管超声(CUS)检查,对比分析经颅多普勒超声和颈部血管超声联合应用的价值和意义。结果经过经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检查发现,观察组其颈内动脉颅外段狭窄和脑动脉硬化的发病率和对照组相比明显升高,且2组差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);而经过颈部血管超声(CUS)检查发现,观察组其颅内前循环狭窄发病率和对照组相比明显降低,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论临床上在诊断脑梗死的过程中联合应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈部血管超声(CUS),不仅简单、快捷和方便,且有利于发现病因和提高诊断准确率,值得推广。     

经颅多普勒超声在青年缺血性脑卒中患者的应用及临床意义

目的：探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对青年人缺血性脑卒中的应用价值及临床意义。方法：选取96例缺血性脑卒中的青年患者于入院3天内行TCD检查并与47例青年健康查体者做对照，部分病例行磁共振血管成像(MRA)、DSA、颈部血管超声检查。结果：TCD检测发现卒中组颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞率显著高于对照组，且部分病例经MRA等影像学和超声检查进一步确诊。结论：青年人缺血性脑卒中患者很多存在颅内外大动脉狭窄或闭塞等异常病理改变．而TCD可用于检测脑卒中患者脑血流动力学的改变。作为临床一线筛选性检查技术可以指导进一步的影像学或超声检查，对明确青年人缺血性脑卒中患者的发病原因和诊断具有重要的应用价值及临床意义。     

经颅多普勒超声波在脑血管疾病中的应用

经颅多普勒超声(以下简称TCD)是一种将低发射频率与脉冲多普勒相结合,用以检测颅内血管的新技术。国外于1982年由Aaslid等首推,国内在1988年陆续引进。由于TCD能无创伤性地穿透颅     

美国经颅多普勒超声操作标准一一第二部分:临床适应证及预期结果

经颅多普勒超声(transrania Doppler,TCD)是一项安全有效的超声检查.影像检查在显示血管结构的同时亦可描绘颅内血流状况,但经颅彩色双功能超声(transcranial color-coded duplex songraphy,TCCS/TCCD)和传统TCD最终是通过频谱波形分析来评估血流的生理学特征.多学科专家小组制定的TCD临床适应证包括:镰状细胞疾病、脑梗死/短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attak,TIA)、右向左分流(right-to-left shunts、RLS)、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑死亡、围手术期及术中监测.住院及门诊的临床实践中需遵循的TCD规程为:部分或完整的TCD检查,以探查颅内血管是否存在狭窄、闭塞以及侧支循环的情况;完善颈部血管彩色超声及无创血管影像结果;血管舒缩反应性检测识别首发或复发卒中的高危患者;拴子监测实时发现、定位及量化拴塞形成;对可疑反常性栓塞及拟采用封堵术治疗的患者进行RLS检测;溶拴中监测以促进血管再通及发现再闭塞;血管内支架置入术、颈动脉内膜剥脱术、心脏手术中监测能发现围手术期栓塞、血栓形成、灌注不足及过度灌注.上述标准规定了TCD的应用范围,可作为医生或第三方开据检查、评估及应用检查结果的参考.     

症状性颈内动脉闭塞的临床及影像学特点

目的分析颈内动脉闭塞(internal carotid artery occlusion,ICAO)后的临床和影像学特点。方法分析85例ICAO患者的临床表现与合并其它脑血管狭窄及是否建立侧支循环的关系;比较经颅多普勒超声(tran-scranial doppler,TCD)、磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)与数字减影血管造影(digital subtrac-tive angiography,DSA)对侧支循环动脉的显示率。结果 ICAO后最常见的临床表现是肢体无力,重症患者多合并其他脑血管狭窄或闭塞,侧支循环建立不完善。后交通动脉(posterior communicating artery,PCoA)显示率MRA高于TCD(P<0.05);眼动脉(ophthalmic artery,OA)显示率TCD高于MRA(P<0.01);TCD联合MRA对侧支动脉的显示率与DSA比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 ICAO患者的临床症状转归与是否合并其它脑血管狭窄及是否建立侧支循环有密切的关系。TCD与MRA能够很好地显示ICAO后颅内脑血管血流动力学变化和侧支循环状态,可替代或减少有创性DSA的使用。     

经颅多普勒与彩色多普勒超声对椎基底动脉供血不足的诊断价值

目的对比经颅多普勒、彩色多普勒超声对椎基底动脉供血不足的诊断价值。方法选取椎基底动脉供血不足患者92例,另选取体检的健康人40例为对照组,分别进行TCD(经颅多普勒超声)、CDFI(彩色多普勒超声)检查,对检查结果进行对比分析。结果经TCD检查,VBI组低速和高速血流和健康组的血流比较,P均0.05;CDFI对VBI患者和健康组检查,血流、血管参数2组差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);单独用一种方法有片面性,两种方法联用,灵敏度和特异性均高,与TCD灵敏度、CDFI特异性比较,P均0.05。结论对于VBI可采用彩色多普勒超声与经颅多普勒超声相结合的诊断方法,对颅内椎基底动脉和颅外椎动脉进行全面检测,能提高准确率。     

经颅多普勒联合CT灌注成像对单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者脑血流动力学评价

目的 经颅多普勒(TCD)联合CT灌注成像(CrP)对单侧颈内动脉(ICA)重度狭窄或闭塞患者脑血流动力学评价.方法 经TCD检测为单侧ICA重度狭窄或闭塞患者19例,分症状组(9例)及无症状组(10例),行头颅CT血管成像(CTA)和CTP检查.15例健康志愿者为对照组.比较症状组和无症状组患侧之间、症状组和无症状组患侧与对照组TCD及CTP参数.结果 TCD示症状组患侧大脑中动脉(MCA)平均血流速度(Vm)低于对照组(P＜0.001),而无症状组MCA Vm低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);症状组和无症状组MCA搏动指数(PI)均低于对照组(P＜0.05).症状组患侧MCA Vm明显低于无症状组(P ＜0.001),与颅内侧枝循环有关.症状组和无症状组与对照组CTP参数分析,症状组患侧脑血流量(CBF)减低(P＜0.05),而无症状组CBF无明显改变(P＞0.05);症状组和无症状组平均通过时间(MTI)及达峰时间(TIP)延长(P＜0.05),但两组脑血容量(CBV)与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 TCD与CTP结果有良好的一致性,二者联合应用可以综合评估单侧颈动脉狭窄或闭塞患者脑灌注情况,为临床选择有效治疗方案提供科学依据.     

经颅多谱勒检测阿尔茨海默病的对照研究

目的 了解阿尔茨海默病(AD)的颅内各大血管血流速度的改变情况,及其与认知功能改变之间的关系.方法 记录60例首次入院的AD患者经颅多谱勒(TCD)颅内血管检测结果,包括两侧大脑中动脉、两侧大脑前动脉、两侧大脑后动脉、基底动脉、两侧椎动脉.同时记录简易智力状态检查(MMSE)结果.对照组为60例血管性痴呆(VD)和60例精神分裂症(S).结果 研究组和对照组自身每一颅内动脉的两侧血流速度无显著差异(P＞0.05).AD组的TCD检测异常率为90.00%,其中以血流速度降低为突出表现,与VD组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但明显低于S组(P＜0.01或0.05,两侧椎动脉除外).AD的颅内各动脉(右侧大脑后动脉除外)血流速度与简易智力状态检查(MMSE)分数呈正相关.结论 AD的TCD检测对该病的病因探讨、认知功能评估及治疗有一定意义.     

经颅多普勒超声对肺性脑病脑血流的测定

经颅多普勒超声诊断(TCD)是一种非创伤性检测颅内血管血流变化的方法。目前国内外关于肺原性心脏病合并肺性脑病应用TCD检测脑血流的改变尚未报道。本文应用该项检查观察了16例肺性脑病颅内血流的变化。     

颅高压的经颅多普勒与腰穿对比研究

颅内压的改变可引起颅内动脉血流速度的改变．而经颅多普勒(TCD)检查通过对颅内主要大血管的血流速度测定．可间接反映颅内压的高低。我们自1992年起对110例颅高压患者进行TCD检查．并与腰穿测得的颅压进行对比．以了解TCD改变与颅压变化的规律。     

TCD对颈内动脉中度及重度狭窄患者脑血流动力学的评估价值

目的应用经颅多普勒超声(transcranial doppler,TCD)评价颈内动脉中度及重度狭窄患者的脑血流动力学变化。方法经数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)确诊单侧颈内动脉中度及重度狭窄的患者69例,采用TCD检测其大脑中动脉血流参数,评价其侧支循环开放情况和脑血流储备能力(CRV)。结果 TCD显示侧支循环开放者患侧收缩期峰时血流速度(Vs)、搏动指数(PI)及CVR明显高于无侧支循环开放患者(P0.05),颈内动脉中度狭窄组患侧收缩期峰时血流速度(Vs)、PI值及CVR明显高于重度组(P0.05)。结论颈内动脉狭窄时侧支开放可以改善远端血流动力学指标,但改善程度有限。TCD可检测颈内动脉狭窄患者颅内血流动力学变化,评价颅内侧支循环的建立情况,为临床治疗和评估提供可靠依据。     

症状性颅内动脉闭塞患者脑灌注缺损与侧支循环的相关性研究

目的 研究症状性颅内动脉闭塞患者脑灌注缺损与侧支循环的关系。 方法 回顾性纳入2017年1月-2018年10月于解放军总医院第一医学中心连续收治的症状性单侧颈 内动脉（internal carotid artery,ICA）颅内段或大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）M1/M2段闭塞 患者,根据闭塞部位分为ICA闭塞组和MCA闭塞组。收集患者临床资料并记录影像学特征,采用定量 分析软件获取患侧脑血流残余功能达峰时间（time to maximum of the residual function,Tmax）>4 s和 Tmax>6 s的低灌注区容积,并采用多时相CTA 6级评分法对侧支循环进行评分。比较两组患者低灌注 区容积与侧支循环的差异,并分析低灌注区容积与侧支循环评分的相关性。 结果 最终纳入42例患者,平均年龄54.9±13.9岁,男性29例（69.0%）,其中I CA闭塞组19例,MCA 闭塞组23例。ICA闭塞组Tmax>4 s容积（163.1±98.6 mL vs 64.6±54.2 mL,P <0.001）、Tmax>6 s容积 （92.4±87.1 mL vs 13.0±27.6 mL,P <0.001）均大于MCA闭塞组;ICA闭塞组侧支循环评分低于MCA闭 塞组[3（2～4）分 vs 4（3～4）分,P =0.021]。ICA闭塞组Tmax>4 s 、Tmax>6 s容积与侧支循环评分呈负相关 （r =-0.667,P =0.002;r =-0.717,P <0.001）;MCA闭塞组Tmax>4 s 、Tmax>6 s容积与侧支循环评分呈负 相关（r =-0.498,P =0.016;r =-0.494,P =0.017）。 结论 症状性颅内动脉闭塞患者低灌注区容积与闭塞部位及侧支循环相关,ICA闭塞患者较MCA闭 塞患者有更大的低灌注缺损和更差的侧支循环。     

DSA评价颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环与临床表现的关系

目的 利用数字减影血管造影（digital s ubtraction angiography,DSA）技术研究颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭 塞患者侧支循环状态,评估其与临床表现的相关性。 方法 本研究为回顾性研究,连续纳入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院介入神经病学科2014年6 月-2015年9月经DSA诊断为颈内动脉重度狭窄（≥70%）或闭塞患者137例,根据是否出现与责任血管 相关的脑缺血症状和（或）神经系统定位体征,分为症状性狭窄组98例和无症状性狭窄组39例,收 集所有患者DSA检查结果,记录患者侧支循环代偿情况。将患者侧支循环状态按以下情况进行分类： ①侧支循环开放数量：分为未出现侧支和出现侧支组;根据侧支出现数量多少,分为出现侧支数＜2 和出现侧支数≥2两组。②各侧支循环开放情况：前交通动脉（anterior communicating artery,ACoA）, 后交通动脉（posterior communicating artery,PCoA）,眼动脉（ophthalmic artery,OA）,软脑膜吻合支 （leptomeningeal anastomoses,LMA）。③组合侧支开放情况：组合侧支按两种分类,一种根据Willis环开 放情况,一种根据是否出现二级侧支循环,分析组合侧支循环状态与两组间的关系。 结果 共137例患者,年龄范围34～82岁,平均（59.7±10.5）岁,其中男性97例（70.8%）,所有患者 出现侧支循环者94例（68.6%）,出现功能完整Willis环、ACoA、PCoA、OA、LMA的概率分别为14.6%、 58.5%、46.8%、43.6%、48.9%。无症状组39例,33例（84.6%）侧支循环开放;症状组98例,61例 （62.2%）侧支循环开放,无症状组侧支开放率显著高于症状组[84.6% vs 62.2%,P =0.011,优势比 （odds ratio,OR）=3.336],无症状组侧支数量≥2的患者所占比例显著高于症状组（64.1% vs 38.3%, P =0.007,OR =2.820）,无症状组功能完整Willis环者显著高于症状组（36.4% vs 13.1%,P =0.009, OR =3.786）。 结论 在颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞时,侧支循环与患者的临床表现密切相关,无症状的患者有更丰 富的侧支循环代偿途径及更完整Willis环,Willis环在侧支循环代偿中起重要作用。     

Neurosonographic monitoring of haemodynamic changes in tandem middle cerebral and internal carotid artery occlusion due to arterial dissection

A middle-aged man with pain in the right eye and right side of the neck was brought to the emergency department one hour after the onset of left-sided weakness. Computed tomography (CT) showed hyperdense right middle cerebral artery (MCA). On transcranial Doppler (TCD), occlusion of the right MCA and right internal carotid artery (ICA) was found. Thirty minutes after thrombolytic therapy was initiated, engagement of collateral circulation through the anterior communicating artery (AComA) was shown by TCD. Carotid duplex examination confirmed occlusion of the right ICA with intimal flap and intramural haematoma. CT angiography revealed flame-like occlusion of the right ICA, and occlusion of the right MCA with collateral supply from the left to right anterior cerebral artery through the AComA. Recanalization of the MCA and ICA was evident on both CT and ultrasound. Frequent ultrasound monitoring is useful for haemodynamic evaluation of carotid artery dissection, while TCD plays an important role in real-time monitoring of flow changes of intracranial vasculature.     

颅内高压状态下TCD频谱参数与颅内压关系的实验研究

目的 探讨颅高压状态下经颅多普勒超声(TCD)频谱参数与颅内斥(ICP)的关系。方法 制备新西兰兔球囊注水法颅高压模型，监测大脑中动脉的TCD频谱，测量参数?结果 TCD频谱参数cf、PI、RI、Vd、Vm与ICP均呈指数关系，其中cf与ICP的相关系数最大。结论 TCD频谱参数与颅内压的升高密切相关。     

A study on middle cerebral artery territory infarction with transcranial Doppler sonography]

The transcranial Doppler sonographic findings of 40 patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarction were compared with those of 40 controls. The results showed that in the group of acute phase patients there was a large reduction of MCA mean flow velocity (Vm) of the infarcted side compared with the normal hemisphere (P < 0.01) and controls (P < 0.05). At the same time the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Vm rose on both sides (esp. on the infarcted side) in comparison with controls (P < 0.05). The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) Vm did not change significantly (P > 0.05). In the group of chronic phase patients there were changes similar to the group of acute phase patients in MCA Vm and ACA Vm, but not statistically significant. Follow-up TCD examinations were carried out in 8 cases during the acute phase of stroke. We found that the decreased MCA Vm on the infarcted side returned to normal in 4 cases, remained lower in another 2 cases within 4 weeks after onset. The increased MCA Vm on the infarcted side in 2 cases returned to normal within 2 weeks after onset. Various types of TCD findings in patients with MCA occlusion were described and analysed.     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者的脑血管储备研究

目的通过对2型糖尿病伴视网膜病变(DR)与糖尿病无视网膜病变(NDR)患者的眼动脉(OA)反应性对比分析,为临床提供诊断及治疗依据。方法运用TCD诊断仪,分别对20例DR和21例NDR患者行TCD检查,收集2组患者大脑中动脉(MCA)及OA的平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI)、屏气指数(BHI)的参数进行对比分析。结果 DR组与NDR组比较:OA的Vm、屏气后平均血流速度(Vm`)、屏气后搏动指数(PI`)、BHI,MCA的Vm均比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过对2型糖尿病患者OA血管反应性检测,能发现DR患者OA血流储备下降更明显,该检查有助于早期发现病变,利于及时采取更加积极的治疗,防止失明。     

Cerebral hemodynamics after contralateral carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid occlusion: a 10-year follow-up.

We sought to investigate whether carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can achieve long-term cerebral hemodynamic improvement and reduce recurrence of cerebral ischemic events in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe (>70%) carotid artery stenosis contralateral to carotid occlusion (CO). Thirty-nine patients with severe carotid lesion contralateral to CO were studied before (1 day) and after CEA (at 7 days, 1, 3 and 6 months, and then yearly thereafter). Collateral flow and cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) were assessed by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). A total of 32 unoperated patients with severe carotid lesion contralateral to CO, who were comparable with respect to age and sex, served as a control group. The average period of TCD follow-up was 10 years and was obtained in all patients; during this period, major clinical events (stroke, acute myocardial infarction and death) were also recorded. The proportion of patients with collateral flow via the anterior communicating artery increased significantly from 61.5% before to 89.7% after CEA (P = 0.01). Cerebral VMR ipsilateral to CO improved in 85.7% of patients (30 of 35) within 30 days of CEA, and in all patients within 90 days. No significant spontaneous VMR recovery was recorded in the control group. After the initial recovery, no significant change in VMR was observed in the surgical group or the control group during the follow-up. In conclusion, in patients with severe carotid stenosis, CEA contralateral to symptomatic and asymptomatic CO determines a durable cerebral hemodynamic improvement not only on the side of the CEA but also on the contralateral side, with no difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.     

Transcranial Doppler validation pilot study.

The use of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) for the evaluation of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease remains controversial. This study was organized to gather preliminary data regarding the sensitivity and specificity of TCD when compared to cerebral angiography in detecting stenosing lesions and collateral flow patterns of the anterior cerebral circulation. Forty-two patients from six medical centers were prospectively enrolled. Each received cerebral angiography and TCD testing within 24 hours of each other. Based on TCD criteria established a priori, the results were first analyzed by a blinded investigator and then by computer. Computerized analyses were then repeated with modified criteria. Collateral flow through the anterior communicating and ophthalmic arteries was detected with sensitivities of 62% and 100%, and specificities of 98% and 92%, respectively. Internal carotid artery proximal and distal severe ( greater than 70%) stenoses were detected with sensitivities of 79% and 100% and specificities of 88% and 97%. Middle and anterior cerebral artery stenoses and middle cerebral artery occlusion were detected with specificities exceeding 98%; however, the data were insufficient to determine sensitivity. Computerized analyses did not permit improvement of sensitivity and specificity of the baseline criteria. The selected TCD criteria are highly specific in detecting intracranial stenoses and collateral flow patterns of the anterior circulation. The criteria have limited but acceptable sensitivity and specificity in detecting internal carotid artery origin severe stenoses, and are highly sensitive in detecting ophthalmic artery retrograde flow. A study with a larger sample is necessary to provide definitive guidelines for diagnosis.     

Role of collateral flow on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of collateral blood flow via the anterior and posterior communicating arteries (ACoA and PCoA) and via the ophthalmic artery (OphA) on cerebral hemodynamics, metabolism, and border zone infarcts in 57 patients with unilateral symptomatic occlusions of the internal carotid artery. Collateral flow via the ACoA and PCoA was determined with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and collateral flow via the OphA with transcranial Doppler (TCD). Volume flow was studied with MRA, metabolism with ¹H MR spectroscopy, CO₂ reactivity with TCD, and the incidence of border zone infarcts with MRI. Compared with controls, patients had deteriorated volume flow, metabolism, and CO₂ reactivity. No differences were found between patients with and patients without collateral flow through the ACoA and/or PCoA, or between patients with or without collateral flow via the OphA. Patients without collateral flow via any of these collaterals had decreased volume flow in the middle cerebral artery, decreased N -acetylaspartate/choline, and increased lactate/ N -acetylaspartate, compared with the other patients. Patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion have deteriorated cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. Different collateral flow patterns via the ACoA, PCoA, or OphA have no effect on the hemodynamic and metabolic parameters, as long as one of these pathways is present.