外周血内皮祖细胞数目和阿尔茨海默病关系研究

目的 研究AD患者外周血内皮祖细胞(EPCs)数目及脑血流速度、血小板计数等临床资料与认知功能的关系.方法 选择自2008年至2009年于天津医科大学总医院老年神经科就诊的患者78例,按照疾病种类分成3组:AD组(23例),血管性痴呆(VaD)组(25例),认知功能正常组(30例).采集患者一般临床资料,TCD检查评价大脑中动脉血流速度,颈动脉彩色TCD检查颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT),流式细胞仪检测外周血EPCs数目,简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分测定认知功能.结果 3组患者间性别、年龄、体重指数、血压、血脂、血小板计数、IMT差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).AD、VaD组患者外周血中EPCs数目、MMSE评分、脑血流速度均较认知功能正常组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).排除常见危险因素的影响后,外周血EPCs数目与MMSE评分呈正相关(r=0.541,P=0.000).多元线性回归分析提示,AD组患者MMSE评分、体重指数,舒张压、血小板计数与外周血EPCs数目有关(P＜0.05).结论 AD患者外周血EPCs数目明显减少,其导致的脑血管修复能力下降、脑灌注不良可能与AD患者的认知功能障碍有关.

Abstract：

Objective To study such clinical characteristics as number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), cerebral blood flow velocity (CAFV) and platelet count in patients with Alzheimer' s disease (AD). Methods A total of 78 patients were recruited from the outpatient and inpatient departments of our hospital. Patients with AD (n=23), patients with vascular dementia (VaD,n=25) and healthy elderly controls with normal cognition (n=30) were enrolled after matching for clinical data, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). The CAFV was examined with transcranial Doppler (TCD). Peripheral blood EPCs were counted by flow cytometry.Results No statistical significant differences were noted between patients with AD and VaD, and controls on gender, age, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, platelet and IMT (P＞0.05). Compared with those in control group, the number of circulating EPCs and scores of MMSE and CAFV in patients with AD and VaD were significantly decreased (P＜0.05). After the adjustment of traditional risk factors, thc number of circulating EPCs had a positive correlation with the scores of MMSE (r=0.541, P=0.000). Liner regression analyses showed that body mass index, diastolic pressure,platelet and scores of MMSE were positively correlated to the circulating EPCs number in patients with AD (P＜0.05). Conclusion The reduction of number of circulating EPCs, decreasing the repair capability of cerebrovasculars and inducing poor cerebral perfusion, plays important roles in the cognitive dysfunction of patients with AD.     

TCD对头痛患儿血管舒张收缩功能及血流变化诊断价值研究

目的评价经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对小儿偏头痛患儿血管舒张、收缩功能及血流变化诊断价值。方法比较86例儿童偏头痛患者和71例健康儿童的TCD检测指标(两侧大脑前动脉(anterior cerebral artery,ACA)、经颞窗探测两侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)、基底动脉(basilar artery,BA)、两侧大脑后动脉(posterior cerebral artery,PCA)及两侧椎动脉(vertebral artery,VA)血流速度,患儿组采用西比灵治疗,比较治疗前后TCD检测指标。结果患儿组TCD异常率为98.8%(85/86),显著高于健康人群组的1.4%(1/71),差异有统计学意义(x2=6.743,P=0.011);与健康组同龄段相比,患儿组颅内各动脉平均血流速度显著高于健康组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);所有患者PI值、RI值与健康组一致(P0.05);治疗后患儿组MCA、ICA、ACA、PCA、BA和VA的Vm显著下降(P0.01),恢复至正常水平。结论 TCD能够准确反映头痛患儿血管舒张、收缩功能和血流变化,对儿童偏头痛的诊断具有重要价值。     

银杏叶提取物-金纳多对脑梗死患者脑血流的影响

目的探讨银杏叶提取物-金纳多对脑梗死患者脑血流的影响.方法应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉、椎动脉及基底动脉的血流速度;应用单光子发射计算机扫描仪(SPECT)检测脑局部血流灌注量;观察金纳多治疗前后两者的变化.结果对48例脑梗死患者进行TCD检查,治疗前后所监测动脉的血流速度无明显差异;对15例脑梗死患者进行SPECT检查,发现金纳多可明显增加脑局部血流灌注量(P＜0.001).结论金纳多对脑梗死可增加脑局部血流量,但对颅内主要动脉的血流速度无影响.     

经颅多普勒超声椎动脉血流速度减低的病理机制与鉴别诊断

目的 探讨缺血性卒中患者椎动脉血流速度减低的病理机制及超声鉴别诊断.方法 纳入经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler ultrasound,TCD)显示椎动脉血流速度减低的缺血性脑卒中患者168例,以数字血管减影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)为"金标准"进行分组,比较各组椎动脉峰值流速(systolic velocity,Vs)及血管搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)的差异.结果 椎动脉正常组41 例(24.4%);椎动脉发育不良/变异组55例(32.7%);椎动脉狭窄组72例(42.8%).正常组双侧椎动脉Vs及PI无统计学差异(P＞0.05);狭窄组患侧椎动脉Vs 低于健侧(P=0.000),PI 双侧对比无统计学差异(P＞0.05);发育变异组患侧椎动脉Vs 低于健侧(P=0.001),PI则高于健侧(P=0.004).不同病变类型血流动力学的比较显示,椎动脉起始段≥70%狭窄者、椎动脉变异者及颅内段闭塞者Vs均低于正常椎动脉(均P＜0.05),椎动脉起始段轻-中度狭窄者Vs与正常椎动脉无统计学差异(P=0.195);正常椎动脉PI与上述各组比较均有统计学差异(P＜0.05),椎动脉起始段≥70%狭窄者PI最低(0.77±0.37),低于正常椎动脉、椎动脉变异、椎动脉起始段轻-中度狭窄及颅内段闭塞者(均P＜0.05);而颅内段闭塞者PI则明显高于上述各组(1.47±0.13,P=0.000).结论 TCD椎动脉血流速度减低可见于椎动脉正常、发育不良/变异、起始段重度狭窄/闭塞以及颅内段闭塞,双侧椎动脉血流速度和PI对称性的比较对于鉴别诊断具有重要意义.     

经颅多普勒对典型偏头痛发作期的观测

目的 探讨典型偏头痛发作期的TCD所测颅内血液动力学变化.方法 对62例偏头痛发作期病人进行TCD检查.结果 典型偏头痛发作期MCA平均血流速度明显加大,与对照组相比有显著差异(P＜0.01),大脑后动脉血流加速,与对照组相比有显著性差异(P＜0.05).提示典型偏头痛发作期大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉血管痉挛,血流增快.结论 典型偏头痛存在广泛的颅内血流动力学异常.显示95%的患者大脑中、后动脉缩峰速加快,具有不同程度的血管痉挛,其中头痛侧大脑中动脉痉挛更多(60%).但有5%的TCD正常,说明典型偏头痛发作机制并非完全由血管因素所致.     

伴有颅内动脉狭窄的缺血性脑卒中患者脑血管储备能力研究

目的 对伴有颅内动脉狭窄的缺血性脑卒中患者采用口服乙酰唑胺实验研究颅内大动脉血流储备能力.方法 对17例经磁共振血管显影(magnetic resonance angiography, MRA)/或经颅多谱勒超声(transcranial doppler ultrasonography, TCD)证实颅内动脉狭窄大于50%的缺血性脑卒中患者,按TOAST分型为动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死,通过TCD共测定187条颅内大血管血流速度,2 d后再口服乙酰唑胺2 g, 2 h后再行TCD检查,比较乙酰唑胺前后颅内大血管血流速度改变情况.结果 乙酰唑胺实验可使颅内血管血流速度明显增加.右颈内动脉(right internal carotid artery,RICA)、右大脑中动脉(right middle cerebral artery,RMCA)和右大脑后动脉(right posterior cerebral artery,RPCA)在乙酰唑胺后血流速度增加但无统计学差异(P值分别为0.086,0.258,0.084),而其他颅内血管在乙酰唑胺后血流速度显著增加(P值都小于0.05).非狭窄血管较狭窄血管乙酰唑胺后血流速度增加,但无统计学差异(P=0.08).中度狭窄血管与重度狭窄血管乙酰唑胺后血流速度改变无差异(P=0.65).结论 乙酰唑胺前后TCD可以准确测定颅内大动脉的血管血流储备能力,颅内狭窄血管较非狭窄血管血流储备能力有下降的趋势,而中度和重度狭窄血管血流储备能力无明显差异,但仍有待进一步的研究.     

椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕的经颅多普勒超声诊断价值

目的分析椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕老年患者颅脑多普勒超声(TCD)检查的血流动力学指标以及异常情况。方法选取2014—2016年茌平县人民医院收治的90例椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕患者90例为观察组,选取同期健康体检的老年人为对照组,对比2组TCD检测指标及检查结果异常率。结果 90例椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕患者中TCD检查存在异常的患者73例(81.11%),其中60例为椎基底动脉血流异常(82.19%)。观察组大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)以及基底动脉(BA)与椎动脉(VA)的Vm均明显低于对照组(P0.05),ACA、VA、BA的PI指数明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕老年患者TCD检查可见颅内血流指标改变明显,椎基底动脉改变较为明显。     

经颅多普勒超声检测对儿童偏头痛诊断价值分析

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声无创诊断儿童偏头痛的临床应用价值.方法 对104例偏头痛患儿头痛发作期和发作间期进行经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测,观察颅内主要大动脉如大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)、椎-基底动脉(VBA)的平均血流速度,并与60名正常健康儿童的TCD进行比较.结果 偏头痛发作期脑血流速度变化多样,表现为双侧或单侧颅内主要大动脉血流速度加快、血流速度减慢、血流速度不对称.间歇期TCD多表现为不同程度的血流速度增快.检出异常率为92.3%.结论 不论处于发作期或间歇期,TCD均可检测到脑血流动力学改变,由此可判断脑血管功能状态,为偏头痛临床诊断提供了客观依据,并有助于偏头痛药物的选择.     

轻度认知损害患者脑血流动力学与认知功能相关分析

目的探讨轻度认知损害(MCI)患者脑血流动力学特点及其与认知功能的相关性。方法采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)评价40例轻度认知损害患者及性别和年龄相匹配的40例正常对照者的认知功能,经颅多普勒超声检测双侧大脑中动脉和基底动脉平均血流速度、搏动指数、阻力指数、收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速比值。结果 MCI组患者大脑中动脉搏动指数(P=0.023)和阻力指数(P=0.035)高于对照组,而平均血流速度和收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速比值以及基底动脉各项血流动力学指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。MCI组患者大脑中动脉搏动指数异常率高于对照组[45%(18/40)对20%(8/40);χ~2=4.615,P=0.032]。Pearson相关分析显示,MCI组大脑中动脉搏动指数与MoCA评分呈负相关(r=-0.382,P=0.036),与MMSE评分无关联性(P0.05);而平均血流速度、阻力指数和收缩期峰值流速与舒张末期流速比值以及基底动脉各项血流动力学指标与MMSE和Mo CA评分均无关联性(P0.05)。根据搏动指数将轻度认知损害患者进一步分组,搏动指数异常亚组MoCA评分低于搏动指数正常亚组[(18.57±3.02)分对(23.41±2.78)分;t=3.914,P=0.015]。结论轻度认知损害患者存在脑血流动力学改变,尤以大脑中动脉搏动指数升高与认知功能障碍的关系最为密切。     

经颅多普勒超声(TCD)在高血压人群体检中的应用价值

目的研究经颅多普勒超声(TCD)在高血压人群体检中的应用价值。方法选取2014-04—2015-05来我院行TCD检查的高血压患者118例为观察组,另选取同期行TCD检查的健康体检者120例为对照组,对比观察2组TCD检查结果。结果观察组大脑前动脉、中动脉、后动脉、椎动脉及基底动脉的血流速度均值、最大值以及血管搏动指数均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高血压患者颅内各主要动脉血流速度及血管搏动等血流动力学指标明显异于正常人,应用TCD可有效提示高血压,便于临床筛查及进一步观察病情状况,具有良好的应用效果与价值。     

PET和TCD对阿耳茨海默病早期诊断的研究

目的 利用正电子发射计算机断层扫描（ｐｏｓｉｔｒｏｎ ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＰＥＴ）和经颅多普勒超声（ｔｒａｎｓｃｒａｎｉａｌ ｄｏｐｐｌｅｒ,ＴＣＤ）相结合的方法探讨阿耳茨海默病（Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ’ｓ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＡＤ）的早期诊断,以及ＡＤ与脑血液供应之间的关系。方法 ２０例可疑ＡＤ患者和２０例正常对照行ＰＥＴ、ＴＣＤ以及临床神经心理量表检查,对局部脑区葡萄糖代谢率（ｒｅ     

Interaction of cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVE: Recent post-mortem studies have reported that the severity of atheromatous deposits in the circle of Willis is significantly greater, relative to non-demented (ND) elderly persons, in subjects with neuropathologically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the severity of intracranial atherosclerosis correlates significantly with the densities of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this study, we examine the arteries of the circle of Willis by transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography. METHODS: TCD was used to measure, in 25 AD patients and 30 ND elderly subjects, mean flow velocities and pulsatility indices in 16 different segments of the circle of Willis. The data were compared with and without adjustment for age, gender and systolic blood pressure. RESULTS: The AD patients had systematically higher pulsatility indices (p<0.005) than the ND group. Incremental increases of pulsatility indices in these segments had odds ratios ranging from 1.8 to 48 for the presence of AD when adjusted for age, gender and systolic blood pressure. The left internal carotid artery siphon and the left posterior cerebral artery were the two vessels that were strongly associated with AD diagnosis. Mean flow velocities were generally lower in patients with AD but the differences did not reach the significance level. DISCUSSION: The pulsatility indices of the arteries of AD patients were generally greater than those of similarly-aged ND subjects. This difference is most likely due to increased arterial wall rigidity imposed by atherosclerotic changes. Atherosclerotic disease of intracranial arteries may be a risk factor for AD.     

多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒改善轻度认知功能障碍的效应

目的评价多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒对轻度认知功能障碍患者的疗效。方法30例轻度认知功能障碍患者随机分为多奈哌齐组14例;多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒16例,共服用16周。分别测定两组治疗前后简易智力状态量表(MMSE)总分及成人韦氏记忆测验记忆商(MQ);经颅多普勒(TCD)检查评估两组治疗前后的脑血流参数改变。结果(1)治疗前多奈哌齐组及多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒治疗组在MMSE的亚项记忆力和回忆力无显著差别(P>0.05);治疗16周后多奈哌齐组及多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒治疗组在MMSE的亚项记忆力和回忆力上较治疗前有显著差别(P<0.05);(2)治疗前多奈哌齐组及多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒治疗组在MQ的亚项图片回忆、再认及背数方面上无显著差别,治疗后多奈哌齐组及多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒治疗组在亚项图片回忆、再认及背数方面较治疗前均有提高;联合治疗组更为显著。(3)治疗前TCD检测两组患者均可显示双侧脑血流不对称、血管阻力指数增高,治疗后自身对照脑血流趋于对称,血管阻力指数降低,多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒组改变明显(P<0.05),多奈哌齐组无显著改善(P>0.05)。结论多奈哌齐联合养血清脑颗粒对改善轻度认知功能障碍患者的记忆力及脑血流改善有明显疗效。     

Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer's dementia

BACKGROUND: Increasing life expectancy of the population leads to a higher incidence of dementia. Exact differentiation between the most common types, vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD), is crucial to the development and application of new treatment strategies. Both conditions are thought to differ greatly by their extent of microvascular affection. Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound permits analysis of cerebral hemodynamics and should help to differentiate between VD and AD. We compare multimodal ultrasound data between VD, AD and controls, and give an overview of the literature on this topic. METHODS: Twenty VD and 20 AD patients were studied and compared with 12 age-matched controls. Transcranial color-coded ultrasound was performed to assess blood flow velocity (V(mean)) and pulsatility indices (PI) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Extracranial duplex and Doppler ultrasound techniques were used to assess the blood volume flow (BVF) in the anterior circulation (both internal carotid arteries [ICA]) and posterior circulation (both vertebral arteries [VA]), the global cerebral blood flow (CBF = BVF(ICA) + BVF(VA)), the global cerebral circulation time (CCT = time delay of echo-contrast bolus arrival between ICA and internal jugular vein) and global cerebral blood volume (CBV = CCT x CBF). RESULTS: MCA V(mean) in VD (36 +/- 8 cm/s) and AD (43 +/- 13 cm/s) were significantly lower than in controls (59 +/- 13 cm/s) but did not differ significantly between VD and AD groups. PI (1.1 +/- 0.2; 1 +/- 0.2; 0.9 +/- 0.2) only differed significantly between VD group and controls. CBF and CCT in VD (570 +/- 61 ml/min; 8.8 +/- 2.6 s) and AD (578 +/- 77 ml/min; 8.2 +/- 1.4 s) were similar but differed significantly from controls (733 +/- 54 ml/min; 6.4 +/- 0.8 s). BVF in the anterior and posterior circulation of VD group (412 +/- 62 and 158 +/- 38 ml/min) and AD group (428 +/- 62 and 150 +/- 41 ml/min) were significantly lower than in controls (537 +/- 48 and 199 +/- 26 ml/min) but did not differ significantly between the patient groups. DISCUSSION: Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound does not help to distinguish between VD and AD. However, our results add insight into the pathophysiology of dementia, arguing in favor of a common 'vascular' pathway in both conditions.     

Ultrasonographic measurement of cerebral blood flow,cerebral circulation time and cerebral blood volume in vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia

Vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) are the most common differential diagnoses in patients with cognitive impairment. Although of different etiology, small vessel disease is postulated to be present in both conditions. We investigated global cerebral blood flow (CBF), global cerebral circulation time (CCT) and global cerebral blood volume (CBV) in VD and AD patients using a multimodal ultrasound (US) approach. 20 VD and 20 AD patients were included and compared with 12 age–matched controls. Duplex US of both internal carotid and vertebral arteries was performed to measure CBF. CCT was defined as the time delay of an echo–contrast bolus arrival between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein using extracranial Doppler. CBV was calculated as the product of CBF and CCT. CBF was significantly lower (VD: 570 ± 61; AD: 578 ± 77; controls: 733 ± 54ml/min) and CCT significantly longer (8.8 ± 2.6; 8.2 ± 1.4; 6.4 ± 0.8 s) in both patient groups compared with controls (p < 0.003). No difference in CBF and CCT was found between the two patient groups. CBV was similar in all three groups (82 ± 20; 79 ± 19; 78 ± 9 ml). The equally reduced CBF and prolonged CCT in VD and AD support the hypothesis, that small vessel disease is a relevant factor in both types of dementia. The presented multimodal US approach helps to assess the extent of changes in the global cerebral hemodynamics in patients with dementia but does not allow a differentiation between VD and AD. Drs. Schreiber and Doepp contributed equally to their work.     

Cerebral blood flow regulation during cognitive tasks: effects of healthy aging

Aging is associated with frontal subcortical microangiopathy and executive cognitive dysfunction, suggesting that elderly individuals may have impaired metabolic activation of cerebral blood flow to the frontal lobes. We used transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound to examine the cerebral blood flow response to executive control and visual tasks in the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations and to determine the effects of healthy aging on cerebral blood flow regulation during cognitive tasks. Continuous simultaneous anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) blood flow velocities (BFVs) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured in response to word stem completion (WSC) and a visual search (VS) task in 29 healthy subjects (14 young, 30+/-1.5 years; 15 old, 74+/-1.4 years). We found that: (1) ACA and PCA blood flow velocities are both significantly increased during WSC and VS cognitive tasks, (2) ACA and PCA activations were task specific in our young volunteers, with ACA>PCA BFV during the WSC task and PCA>ACA BFV during the VS task, (3) while healthy elderly subjects also had PCA>ACA BFV during the VS task, they did not have ACA>PCA activation during the WSC task, and (4) healthy elderly subjects tend to have overall greater increases in BFV during both cognitive tasks. We conclude that TCD can be used to monitor cerebrovascular hemodynamics during the performance of cognitive tasks. Our data suggest that there is differential blood flow increase in the ACA and PCA in young versus elderly subjects during cognitive tasks.     

石杉碱甲治疗脑器质性疾病的记忆和认知功能的疗效观察

目的探讨石杉碱甲治疗脑器质性疾病的记忆和认知功能的疗效.方法用石杉碱甲治疗脑器质性疾病64例,疗程八周.其中阿尔采木氏病(AD)23例,血管性痴呆(VD)41例.采用韦氏记忆商数(WMQ)、简易智能状态量表(MMSE)评定疗效.结果治疗后,AD、VD两组的(WMQ)与MMSE得分均较治疗前有明显改善(P＜0.05～0.1).结论石杉碱甲对治疗脑器质性疾病的记忆和认知功能有效.     

A study on middle cerebral artery territory infarction with transcranial Doppler sonography]

The transcranial Doppler sonographic findings of 40 patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarction were compared with those of 40 controls. The results showed that in the group of acute phase patients there was a large reduction of MCA mean flow velocity (Vm) of the infarcted side compared with the normal hemisphere (P < 0.01) and controls (P < 0.05). At the same time the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Vm rose on both sides (esp. on the infarcted side) in comparison with controls (P < 0.05). The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) Vm did not change significantly (P > 0.05). In the group of chronic phase patients there were changes similar to the group of acute phase patients in MCA Vm and ACA Vm, but not statistically significant. Follow-up TCD examinations were carried out in 8 cases during the acute phase of stroke. We found that the decreased MCA Vm on the infarcted side returned to normal in 4 cases, remained lower in another 2 cases within 4 weeks after onset. The increased MCA Vm on the infarcted side in 2 cases returned to normal within 2 weeks after onset. Various types of TCD findings in patients with MCA occlusion were described and analysed.     

Specific transcranial Doppler flow findings related to the presence and site of arterial occlusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) can localize arterial occlusion in stroke patients. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency of specific TCD flow findings with different sites of arterial occlusion. METHODS: Using a standard insonation protocol, we prospectively evaluated the frequency of specific TCD findings in patients with or without proximal extracranial or intracranial occlusion determined by digital subtraction or MR angiography. RESULTS: Of 190 consecutive patients studied, angiography showed occlusion in 48 patients. With proximal internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, TCD showed abnormal middle cerebral artery (MCA) waveforms (AMCAW) in 66.7%, reversed ophthalmic artery (OA) in 70.6%, anterior cross-filling via anterior communicating artery (ACoA) in 78.6%, posterior communicating artery (PCoA) in 71.4%, and contralateral compensatory velocity increase (CVI) in 84.6% of patients. With distal ICA occlusion, TCD showed AMCAW in 88.9%, OA in 16.7%, ACoA in 50%, PCoA in 60%, and CVI in 88.9% of patients. With MCA occlusion, TCD showed AMCAW in 100%, OA in 23.5%, ACoA in 31.3%, PCoA in 23.1%, and CVI in 62.5%. With no anterior circulation occlusion at angiography, TCD showed these parameters in 1.8% to 17. 9%, chi(2) P相似文献