老年自发性脑出血患者血肿变化与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的相关性

目的分析老年自发性脑出血血肿变化与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的相关性。方法收集自发性脑出血患者156例,其中有OSAHS的自发性脑出血患者88例为试验组,无OSAHS的自发性脑出血患者68例为空白对照组。在患者入院第24h及第4天采用CT或MRI测量脑血肿体积,检测患者脑血肿的变化。结果入院第4天相对血肿体积指数(RHI),试验组为2.18±0.81,明显高于对照组的1.72±0.51(P=0.02)。另外,不同程度OSAHS患者的脑血肿体积及血肿变化的结果表明,入院第24h和第4天时,随着OSAHS严重程度的增加,脑出血患者的脑血肿程度增加(P0.05)。且重度OSAHS并发症患者的脑血肿体积增加更显著(P=0.002)。血肿变化指数与OSAHS程度呈明显正相关(r=0.687,P=0.000)。结论伴OSAHS的老年自发性脑出血患者血肿的体积变化程度高于无OSAHS者,且OSAHS严重程度与脑血肿的变化程度呈正相关。     

铁蛋白在高血压脑出血后血肿周围脑水肿中的作用及机制研究

目的探讨血清铁蛋白与高血压脑出血后血肿周围脑水肿的关系,并分析其在血肿周围脑水肿发生中的作用。方法采集2012-05—2013-11于我院住院治疗的38例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料和实验室数据,所有患者均在入院时及入院3~4d后行血清铁蛋白及头颅CT检查,计算入院时及入院3~4d后血肿体积、脑水肿总体积及经校正后的相对水肿体积,采用Spearman相关分析相对血肿周围脑水肿体积与血清铁蛋白的关系。结果与入院当天比较,入院第3~4天后血肿体积增加19%,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);脑水肿体积增大71%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血肿周围脑水肿体积与血肿体积的比值即相对水肿体积增加1.13倍。入院当天,患者血清铁蛋白水平和相对水肿大小间无明显相关性(P0.05);入院后第3~4天时相对水肿体积与血清铁蛋白呈正相关(r=0.67,P=0.006)。结论血清铁蛋白是反映高血压脑出血后血肿周围脑水肿程度的一个重要指标,其在血肿周围继发性脑水肿的发生中起重要作用。     

脑出血后水肿体积相关危险因素分析

目的探讨脑出血后周围脑水肿严重程度与相关危险因素的关系。方法前瞻性分析河南科技大学附属黄河三门峡医院2013-01—2015-12住院诊断为自发性脑出血患者共168例。收集上述病人的基本资料,包括姓名、性别、年龄、体重指数、吸烟史、出血部位、高血压史、糖尿病史、有无合并腔隙性梗死、有无合并脑白质疏松及严重程度,实验室指标包括血脂、CRP、胱抑素C。脑出血住院患者于发病当天、发病后24h、72h、7d和14d进行头部CT扫描,计算脑出血血肿体积及周围水肿体积,分析脑出血周围水肿体积的严重程度与相关危险因素的关系。结果 (1)168例入选的脑出血患者,发病当天脑出血平均体积(16.22±5.13)mL,随着发病时间延长,脑血肿体积逐渐缩小,水肿指数随时间延长逐渐增加,7d时达最高峰,14d下降明显。(2)对发病1周时水肿指数相关因素进行单因素分析结果显示:体重指数(P=0.004)、高血压史及其程度(P=0.021)、糖尿病史(P=0.039)、CRP(P=0.018)、脑白质病变(P=0.008)对脑出血1周时幕上脑出血后周围水肿指数影响差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 (1)脑出血后血肿周周围水肿严重程度随时间进展逐渐增加,7d时达最高峰,之后逐渐下降。(2)脑出血1周时周围水肿严重程度与体质量指数、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、脑白质疏松严重程度、CRP相关。     

早期强化降压治疗与高血压脑出血血肿、血肿周围水肿的关系

目的探讨早期强化降压治疗与高血压脑出血(HICH)血肿、血肿周围水肿的关系。方法将50例HICH患者随机分为强化降压组(23例)及对照组(27例)。所有患者采用常规治疗,强化降压组患者加用氨氯地平10 mg/d。入院时及入院24 h后各进行一次头颅CT检查,比较两组的血肿及血肿周围水肿体积。结果入院时强化降压组及对照组SBP、血肿体积及周围水肿体积差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。与对照组比较,强化降压组24 h SBP、血肿及血肿周围水肿体积显著缩小(均P0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示,SBP与血肿、血肿周围水肿体积呈正相关(r=0.291,P=0.040;r=0.312,P=0.027)。结论早期强化降压治疗可减少血肿、血肿周围水肿体积。     

无创性脑电阻抗测定在脑出血患者脑水肿监测中的应用

目的 应用无创性脑电阻抗测定探讨急性脑出血患者脑水肿的变化规律及意义.方法 分别检测200名健康志愿者和78例脑出血患者的脑电阻抗扰动系数及其动态变化,通过多媒体图像分析系统计算头颅CT上血肿和血肿周围水肿的体积,并进行相关分析.结果 ①健康志愿者左、右大脑半球扰动系数分别为(7.98±0.95)和(8.02±0.71),基本对称(P＞0.05).性别、年龄及3～6 h连续检测前后对其无明显影响(P＞0.05).②脑出血患者的总体检测阳性率为73.1%.血肿位于基底节区时阳性率最高(83.3%),病灶体积大于20 ml者阳性率(80.0%～88.9%)明显高于体积小于20 ml者(48.1%).③脑出血患者血肿侧扰动系数由低于血肿对侧至逐渐升高并超过血肿对侧,这个"交叉"时间平均为起病后(19.67±11.52)h,在该时间点后血肿周围水肿体积较前明显增大(P＜0.05),同时扰动系数亦明显升高(P＜0.01).④起病24h内的血肿侧扰动系数变化与血肿体积及血肿周围组织水肿体积无相关关系(P＞0.05);而病后3 d的血肿侧扰动系数变化与血肿周围组织水肿体积具有显著正相关关系(r=0.5977,P＜0.01).结论 脑电阻抗测定可较敏感地反映脑出血患者脑水肿的变化,扰动系数越高,则提示脑水肿越重.病灶位于基底节区时检测阳性率最高.该方法为临床上进行动态、床旁连续无创性脑水肿监测提供了新的有意义的手段.     

脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9及其抑制剂的表达

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)及其抑制剂在高血压脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织中的表达规律,及其在早期脑水肿发生中的作用.方法应用免疫组织化学方法对高血压性脑出血患者出血后24h内血肿周围脑组织中MMP-9及基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)的表达进行测定,根据患者头部CT扫描计算血肿周围水肿体积.结果高血压性脑出血患者血肿周围有明显的脑水肿发生,对照组中未发现明显的MMP-9和TIMP-1阳性表达,而在脑出血组则呈现明显表达(P<0.01),而且MMP-9的表达明显高于TIMP-1(P<0.01).结论脑出血后血肿周围脑组织中MMP-9表达显著上调,打破了生理状态下与TIMP-1的平衡,可能参与了出血后继发性脑水肿的发生.     

银杏叶提取物(GBE)治疗高血压脑出血周围水肿的临床观察

目的观察银杏叶提取物(GBE)对高血压脑出血引起的脑水肿的治疗作用。方法高血压脑出血患者68例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组使用甘露醇、呋塞米常规脱水治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上,在出血后48h起给予GBE20mL静滴,连续14d,治疗第3天、7天、14天行头颅CT检查,测量脑血肿体积、脑水肿体积并计算水肿指数。结果治疗组脑水肿体积较对照组显著减小,水肿指数显著降低,同时脑血肿无增大。结论 GBE对减轻高血压脑出血周围水肿有治疗效果,且急性期使用安全。     

自发性脑出血后脑水肿形成的影响因素研究

目的研究自发性脑出血后脑水肿形成和变化的影响因素。方法回顾性研究216例发病24h内入院的脑出血患者的临床资料和头颅CT片,测量血肿和周围水肿的大小,分析各临床资料与脑水肿的关系。结果脑血肿体积、扫描时间与水肿体积的相关系数为0．680（P〈0．01）,0．099（P=0．073）,血肿体积、扫描时间、血肿部位对水肿体积的影响及白质和灰质水肿宽度的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论脑出血后血肿体积对水肿的体积影响最大,其次为出血时间和出血部位。     

脑出血灶周水肿相关因素的临床分析

目的 从临床角度探讨一般因素与灶周水肿的相关性.方法 对80例符合标准的脑出血患者在入院时和发病后24h、72h、7d、14d分别进行神功能评分、头颅CT扫描,测量血肿、水肿体积,设置变量,在单因素分析的基础上进行多因素回归分析、方差分析.结果 血肿大小、发病后持续的时间、出血部位、神经功能缺损程度、高血压均对脑出血后灶周水肿有不同程度的影响.入院时神经功能缺损程度、血肿大小、高血压的程度与灶周水肿呈正相关.灶周水肿在发病后缓慢增加,至72h到峰顶,此后开始缓慢下降.结论 脑出血后灶周水肿与多种因素有关,早期应根据神经功能缺损程度、有无高血压史及血压增高程度、病程长短、血肿大小及部位等因素判断灶周水肿情况,选择防治脑水肿的手段及方法,同时注意脑水肿发生的高峰时间段.     

脑出血后脑水肿程度评估及其影响因素分析

目的 应用改良方法对脑出血后脑水肿程度进行量化评估,分析影响脑水肿程度的相关因素.方法 140例出血量在10ml以上的脑出血住院患者于发病当天、发病后3d、7d和14d进行头部CT扫描,计算脑出血血肿体积及周围水肿体积,分析影响脑出血后脑水肿程度的相关因素.结果 140例入选的脑出血患者,发病当天脑出血平均体积23.87±8.2ml.随着发病时间延长,脑血肿体积逐渐缩小,脑出血后脑水肿在发病当天即可出现,发病后3d的脑水肿体积显著增高(P<0.01),增高趋势延续至发病后14d(P<0.01).应用改良方法测得的血肿体积与传统方法测量结果大致相仿,但测得的水肿体积高于传统方法测量结果(P<0.05).脑出血量大,伴发高血压、糖尿病、缺血性脑血管病、肺部感染、肾功能不全、低钠血症、占位效应的患者脑出血后脑水肿体积明显增大(P<0.01,P<0.05).结论 脑出血后脑水肿程度随着脑出血时间动态变化,改良方法对于脑水肿体积的评估更加客观与准确,脑出血量大,伴发糖尿病、缺血性脑血管病、肺部感染、肾功能不全、低钠血症、占位效应是加重脑出血后脑水肿程度的危险因素.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999     

他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂相关性分析

目的 探讨他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂的影响。方法 2010年3月至2014年3月收治颅内囊状动脉瘤67例,其中破裂者32例,未破裂者35例。采用多变量Logistic回归评估他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂的关系。结果 破裂组术前使用他汀类药物4例（12.5%,4/32）,未破裂组16例（45.7%,16/35）。破裂组服用他汀类药物的百分比显著低于未破裂组（P<0.01）。纠正潜在的混杂干扰后（or值: 0.30,95%可信空间:0.12~="" 0.64）显示,颅内动脉瘤破裂与他汀类药物的使用呈显著负相关,也与高血清总胆固醇浓度有关。结论 本结果提示他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂有一定的预防效果。