海参硫酸多糖的高温高压降解工艺及其降解机制

目的 分析海参硫酸多糖的高温高压降解工艺和降解产物的结构,探究硫酸多糖的高温高压降解的机理。方法 采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法、分子排阻凝胶色谱法、薄层层析法、离子高效液相色谱法和PMP柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法分析多糖的分子量、硫酸根含量和单糖组成的变化,并利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析降解产物中硫酸寡糖的结构特征。结果当pH>7时,海参硫酸多糖在高温加压条件下未见明显降解。添加醋酸使溶液的pH降至6以下,海参硫酸多糖在100～121 ℃加热后,pH越低、温度越高、加热时间越长,分子量降低越明显。海参硫酸多糖的硫酸根和单糖组成在降解后变化很小,降解产物中存在一系列奇数和偶数的硫酸岩藻寡糖和硫酸软骨素寡糖,说明高温高压降解为无规断裂型和解聚断裂混合型。相同条件下,岩藻聚糖硫酸酯比硫酸软骨素更易被降解。 结论 本研究建立了高温高压法高效降解海参硫酸多糖的技术,该方法是一种回收率高、易控制、绿色环保的低分子量海参硫酸多糖的制备方法。     

海带低分子量岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的制备和抗血小板聚集活性研究

目的：研究低分子量海带岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的制备和纯化技术,筛选抗血小板聚集活性的低分子量海带岩藻聚糖硫酸酯。方法：以海带硫酸多糖为原料,采用自由基降解和强阴离子交换色谱技术,制备纯化出高硫酸根和高岩藻糖的低分子量岩藻聚糖硫酸酯;采用体外凝血酶诱导血小板聚集模型,筛选出抗血小板聚集活性的低分子量岩藻聚糖硫酸酯。结果：强阴离子交换色谱能够有效地将复杂的低分子量海带岩藻聚糖硫酸酯分离纯化,得到4个纯度较高的高硫酸根、高岩藻糖的低分子量多糖,其岩藻糖含量超过85% ~ 95%,硫酸根含量35%以上,分子量在20 ku ~ 30 ku。体外抗血小板聚集试验结果证明,这4个高硫酸根高岩藻糖组分的抗血小板聚集活性最高,而低硫酸根组分含有较高的半乳糖、甘露糖和糖醛酸,其抗血小板活性非常低。结论：采用自由基氧化降解和强阴离子交换色谱法,可获得抗血小板活性高的高硫酸根高岩藻糖的低分子量岩藻聚糖硫酸酯。     

一种鲍鱼脏器多糖的鉴定及活性研究

目的 对鲍鱼脏器中获得的一种多糖AHP-12进行纯度和组成的鉴定,并对其抗肿瘤活性进行分析.方法 高效液相色谱和琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定纯度;凝胶色谱法测定相对分子质量;明胶比浊法测定硫酸根含量;比色法测定氨基己糖含量;气相色谱测定单糖组成;MTT法检测其体外抗肿瘤活性.结果 鲍鱼脏器多糖AHP-12为一种均一的多糖组分;其相对分子质量约为3×105;硫酸根舍量为13.07%;氨基己糖含量为4.98%;单糖组成为鼠李糖、岩藻糖和半乳糖组成,其摩尔比为: Rha:Fuc : Gal=1:2.2 : 1.7;AHP-12对HeLa细胞增殖有一定的抑制作用.结论 从鲍鱼脏器中提取经分离纯化得到的多糖AHP-12是一种均一的多糖,且为硫酸酯多糖和氨基多糖,具有较弱的体外抗肿瘤活性.     

海带硫酸多糖的自由基降解

文章采用自由基法降解海带硫酸多糖,然后通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳来分析降解时不同维生素C浓度、降解的连续性、各种不同海带硫酸多糖,以及海藻酸、透明质酸、硫酸软骨素在自由基降解时的特点。实验发现海带硫酸多糖可以连续被自由基有效的降解,并且该方法可适用于各种多糖,这有可能为海带硫酸多糖的大规模降解提供一种很好的方法。     

分子量对海参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯在体内吸收的影响

目的 利用高温高压降解法制备两种不同分子量的岩藻聚糖硫酸酯,探究口服不同分子量的海参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的吸收特性。方法 采用分子排阻凝胶色谱法、离子高效液相色谱法,检测海参硫酸多糖高温高压降解前后分子量、硫酸根含量的变化,并利用PMP柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法测定岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的单糖组成,以及大鼠血清中单糖的变化。结果 口服低分子量海参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯后,大鼠血清中岩藻糖和半乳糖的吸收速度和最大浓度明显高于中分子量岩藻聚糖组,血清中甘露糖、氨基葡萄糖的含量也显著上升,血清中氨基半乳糖的含量略有上升。而口服中、低分子量岩藻聚糖硫酸酯都能够降低血清中葡萄糖的含量。结论 分子量低于10 kDa的低分子量岩藻聚糖具有很好的体内的吸收率,适合于开发口服岩藻聚糖功能产品。     

1种绿藻硫酸多糖的化学组成及其结构研究

目的 对1种绿藻硫酸多糖的化学组成及其结构特征进行研究。方法 通过热水提取法,从1种石莼属海藻中提取硫酸多糖,采用强阴离子交换色谱和凝胶渗透色谱对多糖进行分离纯化;采用高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC)、高效液相色谱以及化学方法对多糖的纯度、分子量、单糖组成和化学成分进行分析测定;通过红外光谱和气质联用方法对多糖的结构进行表征。结果 多糖HP2S在HPGPC色谱图上呈单一对称峰,分子量为90.5 kDa,硫酸根和糖醛酸含量分别为32.1%和7.4%,HP2S主要由鼠李糖组成,含有少量葡萄糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖和木糖,HP2S糖链中鼠李糖主要存在形式为(1→2)-Rhap 、(1→3)-Rhap 和(1→2, 3)-Rhap,硫酸根位于(1→3)-Rhap 的C-2位或(1→2)-Rhap 的C-3位上。结论 水溶性多糖HP2S是1种结构新颖的主要由鼠李糖组成的硫酸化多糖。     

螺旋藻多糖的性质结构研究

采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱、特异性酶降解、高碘酸氧化、Smith降解及各种化学方法进行螺旋藻多糖分子质量、单糖组成、连接方式及糖苷键键型分析,并对各种化学成分进行测定。经检测螺旋藻多糖是一种由多种单糖组成的复杂多糖，具有β-型糖苷键．主链部分以1→3键连接为主。     

锡兰海木耳多糖的提取、理化性质及抗氧化活性研究

目的 从红藻锡兰海木耳（Sarcodia ceylonensis）中提取多糖,对其化学组成和理化性质进行分析,并进行体外抗氧化活性评价。方法 依次通过冷水、热水（85 ℃）和4% NaOH溶液提取海木耳多糖;通过化学方法测定其总糖和硫酸根含量;利用PMP柱前衍生高效液相色谱法、高效凝胶渗透色谱法、红外光谱等方法对其单糖组成、相对分子质量和结构特征进行分析;通过测定其对超氧阴离子自由基（O2-）、羟自由基（?OH）和DPPH自由基的清除作用、对Fe2+的螯合能力和还原能力评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果 3种多糖SCW（冷水提取多糖）、SCH（热水提取多糖）和SCA（碱液提取多糖）的相对分子质量分别为6.65 × 105、2.55 × 105和1.35 × 105;单糖组成相似,均含有半乳糖、岩藻糖、甘露糖和葡萄糖醛酸,其中3,6-内醚-半乳糖和半乳糖含量均达到20%以上;硫酸根含量较高,分别为12.74%、13.46%和19.76%;3种多糖对O2-、?OH和DPPH自由基均有显著的清除作用,对Fe2+均表现出显著的螯合能力,其中SCA抗氧化活性最强。结论 从锡兰海木耳中提取得到3种硫酸多糖,均具有显著的体外抗氧化活性,为其将来作为食品和化妆品添加剂提供了有用参考。     

石莼硫酸多糖的分离纯化及结构解析

目的:研究石莼硫酸多糖的分离纯化条件并对其结构进行解析。方法:对石莼水溶性硫酸多糖的分离、纯化条件进行优化,用苯酚-硫酸法测定粗多糖中多糖的含量;高效凝胶色谱测定多糖分子量;红外光谱和碳谱分析多糖结构。结果:石莼硫酸多糖最佳提取条件为材料粉碎20目,用20倍量水85℃煎煮3次,每次2h。多糖含量为22.64%,分子量为1156112。所得可溶性多糖结构中主要含有β-葡糖醛酸和鼠李糖2种单糖,且多糖中含有大量的硫酸根。结论:本方法操作简便、结果稳定,可为工业生产提供理论依据。     

蝙蝠蛾被孢霉多糖的分离纯化及理化性质

目的提取蝙蝠蛾被孢霉多糖,并对其理化性质进行研究。方法利用水提醇沉法得到粗多糖CPSM,采用硫酸-蒽酮法测定粗多糖含量,考马斯亮蓝法测定蛋白质含量,薄层色谱法检查是否含有单糖。CPSM经纤维素DE-52柱分离得CPSM-1和盐洗脱多糖。两种多糖分别经Sephadex系列凝胶柱分离纯化得到CPSM-1a和CPSM-2,采用光谱法和色谱法测定其单糖组成、分子质量等。结果粗多糖CPSM糖含量为61.4%,蛋白含量为1.8%,不含还原糖。CPSM-1a主要含有甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,其摩尔比约为5∶2∶3;CPSM-2主要含有甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖、葡萄糖和木糖,其摩尔比约为5∶1∶2∶1∶1。CPSM-1a和CPSM-2重均分子质量分别为8.8×103和7.6×103。结论 CPSM-1a为一水溶性中性多糖,CPSM-2为一水溶性酸性多糖。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.