银川市麻疹疫苗初免成功率调查

目的:了解银川市麻疹疫苗接种效果,方法:采用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA),对117名儿童进行麻疹IgG抗体检测。结果:银川市儿童麻疹抗体处于较高的免疫水平,免后抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1:3088,麻疹疫苗初免后阳性率、保护率分别为98.29%和96.58%。结论:银川市儿童麻疹免疫成功率达到了国家要求的免疫成功率指标。     

长生科技冻干水痘减毒活疫苗的安全性及免疫原性研究

目的:评价长生科技冻干水痘减毒活疫苗的安全性及免疫原性。方法:按随机、双盲的抽样原则,以国产同类疫苗作为对照,在江苏省涟水县720名1~12岁儿童中开展现场临床试验,比较两种疫苗免疫后临床反应率及抗体阳转率、保护率、几何平均滴度(GMT)。结果:所有受试者经试验疫苗免疫后,全身总发热反应率为8.33%,局部反应总反应率为2.08%;抗体GMT为1∶52.23,抗体阳转或成功率为97.12%。试验组与对照组间全身反应、局部反应、免疫后抗体GMT、阳转率、免疫成功率及4倍增长率均无显著性差异。结论:长生科技冻干水痘减毒活水痘疫苗对受试人群具有较好的安全性和免疫原性。     

口服轮状病毒减毒活疫苗与麻疹－风疹联合减毒活疫苗联合接种的免疫原性和安全性研究

目的:探讨口服轮状病毒减毒活疫苗(oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccine,ORV)与麻疹-风疹联合减毒活疫苗(measles and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine,MR)联合接种的可行性,为制定免疫规划程序提供可靠的科学依据。方法:设两种疫苗同时接种组和单苗接种组,观察疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)发生情况,接种前后、联合接种与单独接种组之间抗体几何平均滴度/浓度(GMT/GMC)、抗体阳性率和阳转率的差异。结果:各接种组临床反应都轻微,实验组与各对照组免前免后同种抗体GMT/GMC、阳性率,以及免后抗体阳转率,其差异均无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:ORV与MR同时接种未发现严重异常反应和相互干扰免疫应答,可以同时接种。     

大学生乙型肝炎基因重组疫苗接种效果分析

目的 观察乙型肝炎基因重组疫苗的安全性和对大学生的免疫效果,为制定免疫策略提供依据。方法 应用乙肝酶母重组疫苗,按0,1和2月3针接种乙肝血清标志物全阴的156名大学生,并用定量族免法（PIA）对免疫后的抗体反应进行检测。结果 未发现接种对象出现严重副反应。成全程免疫后2个月时,抗体阳转率达81．41％,但大多数接种者体滴度（mean geometric titer,GMT）在（10－99）IU／L之间,为低应答水平,只有1．92％的人GMT在100IU／L以上,男、女生之间抗体阳转率及GMT构成分布差异多无显著性。12名既往疫苗接种抗体无应答者复种疫苗后,有7人抗体转阳。结论 乙肝重组疫苗安全性较,对大学生免疫后的抗体阳转率尚可,但抗体应答水平较低,性别差异不明显。免疫失败后可考虑复种,以增强抗体阳转机会。     

水痘减毒活疫苗安全性与免疫原性观察

目的评价水痘减毒活疫苗的安全性及免疫原性。方法按随机、双盲的抽样原则,以国产水痘疫苗为对照,对600名1～12岁儿童接种水痘减毒活疫苗,在接种前后分别采集受试者血清,同时观察其临床反应,利用膜免疫荧光法(FAMA法)检测收集到的血清的水痘抗体滴度,并用统计学方法对结果进行分析。结果试验苗和对照苗不良事件总反应率分别为30.5%和35.0%,二者比较无统计学差异。水痘易感者血清抗体阳转率分别为100.0%和98.73%;抗体GMT分别为1:48.6和1:39.0。水痘非易感者血清抗体4倍增长率分别为89.33%和77.42%;抗体GMT分别为1:139.10和1:153.07。两组抗体阳转率无显著性差异,但易感者接种试验疫苗组受试者抗体GMT高于接种对照疫苗组。结论试验疫苗有良好的安全性和免疫原性,可用于预防水痘-带状疱疹病毒感染。     

玉溪市1~7岁儿童麻疹疫苗免后血清流行病效果分析

目的:为了解玉溪市1~7岁年龄段儿童麻疹疫苗免后抗体产生和维持水平。方法:应用酶联免疫吸附试验对被调查的670名不同年龄段儿童进行麻疹IgG抗体水平调查。结果:麻疹抗体阳性(≥1:200)率96.72%,几何平均滴度(GMT)1:1004.29,不同年龄段及区县间麻疹抗体阳性率和GMT有统计学意义。结论:玉溪市自开展计划免疫工作以来,儿童免疫接种率一直保持较高水平,1~7岁儿童的麻疹抗体阳性率和GMT均较高,接种率和接种质量可靠,能有效地控制麻疹的流行。     

婴儿母传麻疹抗体的动态观察及对麻疹疫苗的免疫应答

检测142对母、婴血清中的麻疹血凝抑制抗体(HI),结果有19对母、婴抗体均为阴性,7例低滴度(≤1∶4)抗体母亲的婴儿抗体也为阴性,麻疹抗体的阴性率母亲为13.4%,刚出生的婴儿为18.3%,抗体几何均值(GMT)分别为8.3和6.5.婴儿在3、5、7及8月龄时抗体累积阴性率分别为51.0%、78.1%、97.8%及100%.对母传麻疹抗体消失的14例3月龄、39例5月龄及21例7月龄婴儿进行沪_(191)麻疹减毒活疫苗接种,免疫1月后的抗体阳转率分别为57.2%、97.5%及100%.抗体GMT为12.34、18.89和22.23,在有麻疹患者的地区可考虑将免疫年龄提前到6月龄.     

Observation of JE live attenuated vaccine and inactivated vaccine effects and human vaccination reactions

目的 比较乙脑减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗的免疫效果和安全性.方法 选择中宁县8～10月龄应初免的儿童285名,分组接种乙脑减毒活疫苗和乙脑灭活疫苗,观察人体接种反应,采用细胞蚀斑减少中和试验(PRNT)检测免疫前和免疫后乙脑中和抗体.结果 减毒活疫苗组(JE Attenuated Live Vaccine,JEV-L)抗体阳转率和抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为90.14%和1∶30.68;灭活疫苗组[Japanese Encephalitis(JE)Inactivate Vaccine(Vero Cell),JEV-1(Vero)]为60.84%和1∶12.08,减毒活疫苗组抗体阳转率和阳性抗体(GMT)均高于灭活组.经观察,减毒活疫苗组和灭活疫苗组人体反应均为发热和接种部位轻度红肿,发热率分别为34.75%和39.86%,中、强反应率为8.45%和7.69%,红肿率为1.42%和0.81%,所有发热及轻度红肿者均于72小时恢复正常.结论 乙脑减毒活疫苗免疫效果好,免疫针次少,安全性好,是现阶段预防乙脑比较理想的疫苗,适宜推广使用.     

流行性乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗与灭活疫苗免疫效果及人体接种反应观察

目的比较乙脑减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗的免疫效果和安全性。方法选择中宁县8～10月龄应初免的儿童285名,分组接种乙脑减毒活疫苗和乙脑灭活疫苗,观察人体接种反应,采用细胞蚀斑减少中和试验(PRNT)检测免疫前和免疫后乙脑中和抗体。结果减毒活疫苗组(JE Attenuated Live Vaccine,JEV-L)抗体阳转率和抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为90.14%和1∶30.68;灭活疫苗组[Japanese Encephalitis(JE)Inactivate Vaccine(Vero Cell),JEV-1(Vero)]为60.84%和1∶12.08,减毒活疫苗组抗体阳转率和阳性抗体(GMT)均高于灭活组。经观察,减毒活疫苗组和灭活疫苗组人体反应均为发热和接种部位轻度红肿,发热率分别为34.75%和39.86%,中、强反应率为8.45%和7.69%,红肿率为1.42%和0.81%,所有发热及轻度红肿者均于72小时恢复正常。结论乙脑减毒活疫苗免疫效果好,免疫针次少,安全性好,是现阶段预防乙脑比较理想的疫苗,适宜推广使用。     

门源县山区回族初免儿童麻疹抗体水平调查分析

为了解我县山区回族儿童对麻疹疫苗的初免成功率,于2005年6月份采用ELISA间接法,对我县监测点的177名儿童进行麻疹血清抗体水平调查。结果:麻疹抗体总阳性率为74.6%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1 514.6,其中山区麻疹抗体阳性为62.35%,GMT为1 330.4。经统计学处理不同地区和不同民族之间麻疹抗体阳性率有高度显著性差别(2=12.89,P<0.01;2=8.36,P<0.01),不同性别麻疹抗体阳性率无显著性差别(2=0.37,P>0.05)。结论:加强计免宣传教育,提高山区回族儿童对麻疹疫苗的接种水平,是防止麻疹在山区回族儿童局部散发流行的有效措施。     

延安市麻疹疫苗强化免疫血清学效果观察

目的探讨麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验对279名观察对象采集麻疹疫苗强化免疫前、免疫后的双份血清进行麻疹IgG抗体检测。结果麻疹抗体阳性率由麻疹疫苗强化免疫前的78.49%上升到强化免疫后的100%,麻疹IgG抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)由1∶497.84上升到1∶1289.57。结论麻疹疫苗强化免疫可以迅速提高人群麻疹抗体水平。     

Sero-response to measles vaccination at 12 months of age in Saudi infants in Qassim Province

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sero-response to measles component of the first measles, mumps and rubella MMR dose given at 12 months by measuring measles antibody before and one month after the vaccination. METHODS: A follow-up study where, 57 children at the age of 12 months were recruited randomly from the Primary Health Care Centers in Qassim, Saudi Arabia using a multistage sampling techniques. Fieldwork was conducted from October until December 2006. Blood samples were collected to measure measles IgG antibody before, and one month after giving MMR using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Data were compared before and after vaccination using geometric mean titer GMT and seroconversion. RESULTS: In the 57 infants, positivity rate increased significantly from 3.5% (2/57) pre-vaccination to 100% one month after p=0.0001, and with a sero-conversion of 96.5% (55/57). Also, GMT increased significantly from 0.014-2.172 IU/ML, after vaccination p=0.0001. CONCLUSION: Sero conversion and GMT are significantly high after the first MMR given at 12 months and this is supported by the surveillance data in Qassim.     

Decreased measles antibody response after measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in infants with colds

We examined the possibility that the common cold or afebrile upper respiratory tract infection might interfere with successful immunization in children who receive standard measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Infants 15 to 18 months of age presenting at our well-child clinics for routine examination and immunizations were divided into two groups. Those infants with a history and physical findings of upper respiratory tract infection were compared with healthy control group infants who did not have upper respiratory tract infections, and who did not have a history of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms within the previous month. Both groups were studied for their serologic response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Prevaccination serum samples were obtained prior to vaccine administration and postvaccination serum samples were obtained 6 to 8 weeks later. Measles antibody was measured in these serum samples by an indirect fluorescein-tagged antibody test. Ten (21%) of 47 infants with colds failed to develop measles antibody, while only one (2%) of 51 well infants failed to develop antibody. We conclude that infants with colds have a significant seroconversion failure rate associated with measles vaccine administration and that this may be the cause of some primary measles vaccine failures.     

母婴麻疹IgG抗体水平Meta分析及相互关系的研究

目的研究母亲与其所生子女之间麻疹IgG抗体阳性率、抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）的相互关系。方法收集有关开展母婴麻疹抗体配对研究,并报告抗体阳性率、抗体GMT的文献,运用RevMan软件对母婴抗体阳性率、抗体GMT进行Meta分析,并进行相关性研究。结果共选取8篇文献进行Meta分析,在所有纳入研究的8篇文献中,母亲抗体阳性率为86.3%,抗体GMT为1∶612.9,新生儿抗体阳性率为83.5%,抗体GMT为1∶549.3。母婴抗体阳性率的RR值为1.08,95%可信区间（CI）为0.97~1.20,即母婴抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义,母婴抗体GMT值的标准化均数差（SMD）为0.02,95%CI为-0.33~0.38,差异无统计学意义,相关性分析显示,两抗体阳性率相关Pearson系数r=0.870,P〈0.05,差异有统计学意义,新生儿抗体阳性率随母亲抗体阳性率的增高而增高,两抗体GMT相关Spearman系数r=0.159,P〈0.05,差异有统计学意义,新生儿抗体GMT随母亲抗体GMT的增高而增高。结论母婴麻疹抗体阳性率有一定关系,在我国进入麻疹消除阶段以后,除了维持高的免疫接种率以外,通过对育龄期妇女的麻疹疫苗的免疫,间接提高其出生婴儿的麻疹抗体水平,避免其在达到免疫月龄前感染麻疹病毒,也是一个积极有效的方法。     

潍坊市区人群麻疹抗体水平及麻疹疫苗强化免疫血清学效果监测

为了解潍坊市麻疹疫苗(MV)强化免疫的效果和人群麻疹抗体水平,在2个区随机抽取767名0-39岁健康人,应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果:767人中抗体阳性595人,阳性率77.57%,几何平均滴度(GMT)1:783。以1-12岁儿童抗体阳性率高(85.71%-98.44%),GMT则从6岁开始下降至中低等水平,抗体阳性率有随年龄增长而下降的趋势。观察MV初种8-12月龄儿童94人,免疫成功率为96.81%;MV复种5-7岁儿童93人,免疫成功率61.29%;免疫后抗体GMT分别比免疫前提高28.4倍和3.1倍。不论是初种或复种,免疫前抗体处于中低等水平者其免疫成功率显著高于免疫前高抗体水平者。     

Optimal age for measles and mumps vaccination in Australia

Trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine has recently replaced measles-mumps vaccine in Australia and is recommended as a single dose at the age of 12 to 15 months, with the exception of Aboriginal children in central Australia who are vaccinated at 9 months. The timing of measles vaccination has been controversial not only in Australia but also in the United States, where measles outbreaks continue to occur. This study aimed to determine seroconversion rates for measles-mumps vaccine in children aged 12 to 18 months and to make a recommendation for the timing of vaccination based on seroconversion rates and attack rates. The parents of 425 children aged 12 to 18 months gave consent for their children to have serum collected at the time of measles-mumps vaccination and three months later. The mean age at vaccination of the children who had two serum samples for measles and mumps antibody estimations was 13.9 months (mode, 13.1). The seroconversion rate for measles was 95% (314/329) (95% confidence interval (CI), 92.5% to 97.3%) and for mumps 97% (309/320) (95% CI, 93.8% to 98.1%). There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of seroconversion for measles or mumps related to age in months at the time of vaccination or in post-vaccination measles antibody titres related to age at vaccination. Post-vaccination mumps antibody titres tended to be lower in older vaccinees. None of the children who presented for vaccination had serological evidence of prior measles infection but five had evidence suggestive of prior mumps. As the seroconversion rates for measles and mumps vaccines were very high in these children it was concluded that no advantage resulted from delaying vaccination until 15 months and that the current National Health and Medical Research Council recommendations for vaccination at age 12 to 15 months should remain.     

8月龄婴儿抗体水平对麻疹疫苗接种效果影响

目的 了解0~8月龄婴儿麻疹胎传抗体的消减状况,评价8月龄婴儿的抗体水平对麻疹疫苗接种效果的影响,为制定麻疹的免疫策略和防控措施提供科学依据。 方法 采用随机抽样方法,抽取2017年4月至6月在亳州人民医院就诊的2周岁以内婴幼儿作为调查对象,进行问卷调查并采集婴幼儿外周静脉血分离血清,采用酶联免疫吸附法 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 检测麻疹病毒抗体IgG。 结果 共调查2周岁以内婴幼儿288名,其中159名婴儿未接种过麻疹疫苗,79名婴幼儿接种过一剂次麻疹疫苗,50名婴幼儿接种过两剂次麻疹疫苗。对于未接种过麻疹疫苗的婴儿,0月龄婴儿麻疹抗体阳性率为100.00％,8月龄抗体阳性率为9.52％,随着月龄的增长而降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;出生年份早于1991年和出生年份在1991年及以后的母亲所生婴儿的麻疹抗体阳性率分别为22.64%和49.06%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;对于接种过一剂次含麻疹成分疫苗（MCV1）的婴幼儿,≥9月龄和8月龄接种MCV1的婴幼儿的麻疹IgG 抗体几何平均浓度（GMC）分别为1 558.22 IU/L和1 133.05 IU/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);出生年份早于1991年和出生年份在1991年及以后的母亲所生婴幼儿接种MCV1后的麻疹抗体GMC分别为 1 410.06 IU/L和999.29 IU/L,差异有统计学意义( P<0.01)。对于接种过两剂次含麻疹成分疫苗（MCV2）的婴幼儿,婴幼儿接种MCV2后的麻疹抗体GMC与性别、地区、首剂接种时间及母亲出生年份等因素均没有关系,差异无统计学意义。 结论 9.52%的8月龄婴儿的麻疹抗体仍为阳性,婴儿体内胎传抗体的存在会影响麻疹疫苗的初次接种的效果,但这种影响会在第二剂次麻疹疫苗接种后被消除。     

乙型脑炎、麻疹胎传母体抗体的调查

86对母婴血清标本用间接酶联免疫测定法(ELISA)测定了乙型脑炎抗体,118对用血凝抑制(血抑)试验测定了麻疹抗体。结果发现,脐血乙型脑炎抗体阳性率为79.1％,母血为74.4％,几何平均滴度在脐血显著高于母血(t=5.1857,P<0.01),比值为1.2∶1。脐血和母血的麻疹血抑抗体阳性率分别为86.4％及84.8％,几何均值也是前者高于后者(t=4.0349,P<0.01),比值为1.3∶1。 108份婴儿血清标本测定结果显示,0～3个月婴儿乙型脑炎抗体阳性率为35％,4～9个月仅为13％,10个月及以上的婴儿全部阴性。此结果与近年上海市小于1岁组乙型脑炎发病率最高相一致,提示应考虑提早乙型脑炎疫苗的接种年龄。