左乙拉西坦治疗不同类型癫痫患儿80例疗效与安全性分析

目的:探讨左乙拉西坦单药治疗不同类型儿童癫痫患者临床疗效与安全性。方法:按照癫痫分型将80例癫痫患儿分为部分型(28例),强直阵挛型(17例),强直发作型(12例),肌阵挛发作型(13例),继发全面型(10例)。分别对比各型患儿在接受单药左乙拉西坦治疗后症状月平均发作次数及每次平均持续时间;同时对各型患儿接受治疗后的临床治疗总有效率进行分析;此外对两组治疗期间药物副作用发生率进行对比。结果:部分型、强直阵挛型、强直发作型、肌阵挛发作型及继发全面型患儿接受治疗1个月时症状月平均发作次数为3.31±1.85次/月、2.86±1.61次/月、2.66±1.21次/月、3.01±1.12次/月、3.26±1.27次/月,均明显低于各型治疗第13个月的6.77±2.36次/月、6.29±2.11次/月、6.22±1.26次/月、7.11±1.35次/月、6.26±1.41次/月(P<0.01);同时各组治疗后平均每次发作时间分别为7.12±2.16min、8.27±2.27min、7.12±2.15min、7.55±3.18min、7.17±3.32min,同样也明显低于各组治疗前的25.15±9.16min、22.27±8.23min、18.11±7.18min、17.12±6.26min、27.36±8.11min(P<0.01)。而经治疗后部分型、强直阵挛型、强直发作型、肌阵挛发作型及继发全面型治疗总有效率分别为75.00%、64.71%、83.33%、84.62%及80.00%,各型之间比较未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。此外,各型之间药物副作用发生率比较同样未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:左乙拉西坦单药治疗各型癫痫患者均有着良好的临床治疗效果,且安全性较高。     

光敏性强直阵挛发作:局灶性及全面性发作的统一体

目的 探讨间断闪光刺激(intermittent photic stimulation,IPS)诱发的强直阵挛发作(tonic-clonic seizures,TCS)是全面强直阵挛发作(generalized tonic-clonic seizures,GTCS)还是局灶继发全面强直阵挛发作(partial secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures,PGTCS)的性质,分析两者之间的关系。 方法 对2010年3月至2018年10月于北京大学第一医院儿科脑电图病房进行视频脑电图(video electroencephalographic,VEEG)监测的病例进行回顾,共纳入15例在IPS时诱发出TCS的特发性癫痫患儿,对其临床和脑电图特点进行研究。 结果 15例中男4例,女11例,癫痫起病年龄1~13岁。根据病史归纳出的发作类型为:12例GTCS,3例PGTCS。VEEG监测时年龄 2.5~16.0岁,VEEG背景图形均正常。发作间期放电:11例广泛性放电为主,其中4例共存后头部放电,2例共存Rolandic区放电,5例仅有广泛性放电;2例仅有限局性放电,其中1例限局在Rolandic区、1例限局在后头部;其余2例未监测到间期放电。IPS诱发光阵发性反应(photoparoxysmal response,PPR)结果:2例未监测到PPR,余13例PPR为广泛性放电,其中6例共存后头部放电。IPS诱发的光惊厥性反应(photoconvulsive response,PCR)结果:15例均诱发了以TCS为主的PCR,具体包括:1例GTCS(与病史不一致),11例PGTCS(仅2例与病史一致),3例难以明确区分是GTCS还是PGTCS。上述3种情况中,有7例在IPS诱发出TCS前先诱发了全面性肌阵挛发作。 结论 通过病史确定TCS是全面性还是局灶性常不可靠;IPS诱发的TCS多为PGTCS而非GTCS;肌阵挛发作与PGTCS可以共存,且有时GTCS和PGTCS难以区分,这些都提示了癫痫发作“二分法”的分型观点有待改变;光敏性TCS更应被视为介于局灶性发作和全面性发作之间的连续统一体。     

内源性组胺参与吗啡调节戊四唑癫痫易感性过程

目的:研究吗啡对戊四唑(PTZ)癫痫易感性的调节作用,同时探讨内源性组胺在该调节过程中的作用。方法:在组氨酸脱羧酶(组胺合成关键酶)基因敲除及其相应野生型小鼠皮下注射不同剂量的吗啡,1h后以0.3ml/min的恒定速度尾静脉注射1.5%的化学致痫剂戊四唑,观察达到肌阵挛及全身性阵挛发作的阈值。结果:吗啡可以剂量依赖性地降低野生型小鼠达到肌阵挛及全身性阵挛发作的阈值,基因敲除型小鼠注射10mg/kg的吗啡后,达到肌阵挛发作的阈值从生理盐水组的(38.6±2.9)mg/kg降低到(32.5±0.7)mg/kg,具有显著性差异,而达到全身性阵挛发作的阈值从生理盐水组的(51.8±2.1)mg/kg降低到(47.6±1.2)mg/kg,没有统计学差异。另外,基因敲除鼠达到肌阵挛发作阈值的降低幅度(15.8±1.4)%及全身性阵挛发作阈值的降低幅度(8.3±0.9)%,都比野生型小鼠明显减少,分别为(26.1±2.5)%和(20.8±2.4)%。结论:吗啡可以降低戊四唑癫痫发作的阈值,从而增加癫痫的易感性,而内源性组胺参与了该过程。     

皮层-丘脑轴起源肌阵挛动物模型的建立

目的 创建在发生机制、发作行为、神经电生理及药效学特性与临床更趋一致的肌阵挛系列实验动物模型.方法 γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)A受体拮抗剂SR95531在sD大鼠初级运动皮层(PMC)、纹状体和丘脑网状核(NRT)定点微量注射诱发肌阵挛(同步肌电图暴发活动≤400 ms),观察肌阵挛发作潜伏期、达峰时间、最大发作频率、高峰持续时间和总持续时间等行为学特征.以多导电生理同步记录肌阵挛发作期脑电图、肌电图及抽动逆向锁定的脑电叠加分析(JLA),以论证及认定肌阵挛起源.选择对控制肌阵挛具不同效力的丙戊酸、氯硝西泮和卡马西平等抗癫痫药(AED),按达到半数有效浓度(EC50)剂量预处理动物后,根据各自药效学择时诱导肌阵挛发作,观测AED预处理后肌阵挛发作行为与电生理学变化特征.结果 (1)PMC区起源肌阵挛具有最短诱导潜伏期、最短达峰时间和最长高峰持续时间[(2.2±0.4)min、(15.0±2.5)min和(98±12)min,均P<0.01].PMC和纹状体区肌阵挛主要起始于注射对侧前肢,而NRT区起源肌阵挛起始于注射同侧肢体.(2)PMC起源肌阵挛发作期肌电图时程(70±14)ms,纹状体区起源者[(120±28)ms]远较PMC起源者长(P<0.01),NRT肌阵挛肌电暴发时程达(174±58)ms,与前两者比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),发作中三者均伴有与肌电图同步的脑电图棘、尖波放电.(3)经JLA分析,3种起源肌阵挛均获得具锁时关系的脑电图叠加波,分别在各自肌电图前(12.1±2.9)、(17.1±4.3)和(29.0±6.1)ms.(4)在一次性EC50下给药后,丙戊酸组和氯硝西泮组PMC、纹状体和NRT起源肌阵挛的最大发作频率均明显少于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05),PMC和纹状体起源肌阵挛的高峰持续时间和总持续时间明显短于对照.卡马西平组PMC、纹状体及NRT各起源点肌阵挛发作的高峰持续时间和总持续时间均长于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05),PMC、NRT起源肌阵挛的达峰时间均短,同步测试PMC、纹状体、NRT起源肌阵挛肌电图暴发时程均显著延长(均P<0.01).结论 沿皮层丘脑轴的PMC、纹状体、NRT等部位成功获取一组在发作行为、神经电生理及药效学诸多特性均与临床不同起源肌阵挛相接近的系列动物模型.     

肌阵挛与癫痫性肌阵挛临床对比分析

肌阵挛是指在脑和脊髓疾病以及正常生理活动中所发生的一种突然、短暂、闪电样的不随意的肌肉收缩。依据肌阵挛是否为癫痫的一部分,将肌阵挛分为癫痫性肌阵挛和非癫痫性肌阵挛。癫痫性肌阵挛和非癫痫性肌阵挛在临床发作及诊断上有时很难区别,需仔细了解发作细点,认真对比区分判别。     

肌阵挛失神性癫痫

目的 探讨肌阵挛失神性癫痫的临床表现、脑电图特点、治疗及预后。方法 对1例肌阵挛失神性癫痫患的临床表现、发作间期、发作期及睡眠脑电图监测结果进行研究和随访。结果 患起病年龄为7岁，发作表现为失神伴严重的双侧节律性阵挛，常有强直性收缩。脑电图的特点是总伴随着双侧同步、对称、节律性的3Hz棘慢波发放。患儿起病以后智能逐渐减退，丙戊酸钠加氯硝安定能控制发作。结论 肌阵挛失神性癫痫是一种临床特征明确的癫痫综合征，临床上应重点与儿童失神性癫痫鉴别。     

青少年肌阵挛癫痫临床特点与脑电图分析

目的:探讨青少年肌阵挛癫痫(JME)的临床和脑电图特点。方法:对儿科癫痫门诊与病房诊治的36例JME患儿,对其临床表现、脑电图特点及药物治疗进行分析。结果:36例均有肌阵挛发作,伴有失神发作7例;伴有全面强直阵挛发作32例;三种发作类型均有的为8例;5例仅有肌阵挛发作不伴有其他发作类型。脑电图发作期均可见到全导棘慢波、多棘慢波爆发。应用丙戊酸钠、左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮,单独或联合治疗,发作完全控制32例,发作明显减少4例。结论:JME有三种主要的发作类型,即失神发作、肌阵挛发作以及全面强直阵挛发作,这三种发作类型常在不同年龄阶段出现,由于发作表现易被患者及家长忽视,临床易误诊、误治,长程视频脑电图检查配合过呼吸及闪光刺激诱发试验可提高阳性诊断率,选择合适的抗癫痫药物治疗达到早期控制发作。     

儿童额叶癫痫临床和长程视频脑电图特征

目的通过对46例儿童额叶癫痫患儿的临床表现、长程视频脑电图（VEEG）特点进行分析,提高对儿童额叶癫痫的认识。方法收集2008年12月至2014年8月儿科门诊及住院确诊的46例儿童额叶癫痫病例的资料,回顾性分析其临床表现、VEEG及神经影像学等特征。结果本组患儿发病年龄最小11个月,最大15岁。46例患儿共监测到临床发作258次,明确临床发作34例,14.7%仅于清醒期发作,61.8%仅在睡眠期发作,23.5%在清醒、睡眠中均有发作;临床发作形式包括额叶失神、局部阵挛发作、偏转性强直、姿势性强直、过度运动性自动症、口咽自动症、发声、发笑发作、临床下放电和自主神经性发作等。73.9%患儿记录到发作间期额叶为主的癫痫样放电,63.0%患儿记录到发作期额叶为主的癫痫样放电。结论儿童额叶癫痫临床发作频繁、短暂,以睡眠期发作为主,临床表现复杂多样,易漏诊;长程VEEG可监测到儿童额叶癫痫发作期临床及异常脑电图表现,可提供明确诊断率。     

发作性运动诱发性运动障碍临床特征分析

目的加深对发作性运动诱发性运动障碍(paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia,PKD)的认识。方法对7例PKD患者的临床资料进行分析,总结PKD的临床特征和治疗方法。结果 7例患者均为散发病例,平均发病年龄约12岁。主要表现为运动启动时突然发生异常运动,发作时意识清楚,发作间期无神经系统阳性体征,发作频繁,持续时间<1 min;抗癫痫治疗有效。结论临床中应注意PKD与癫痫的鉴别,原发性PKD抗癫痫治疗有效,一般预后良好。     

儿童假性癫痫发作的临床特征与视频脑电图监测的意义

目的探讨儿童假性癫痫发作的临床特征与视频脑电图(VEEG)监测对儿童假性癫痫发作的诊断意义。方法对10例经VEEG动态监测后诊断为假性癫痫发作患儿的临床特征进行分析,并与10例已诊断为癫痫患儿的临床表现及VEEG结果进行比较。结果假性癫痫发作组发病前均有诱发因素,通常在觉醒状态下发生,发作时意识清楚,并可记忆发作时的情况,VEEG监测发作时无痫样放电。结论 VEEG监护可以同步观察到患者发作时的行为特征及脑电活动情况,是诊断假性癫痫发作,以及鉴别其与癫痫发作的可靠方法。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.     

Acupuncture Treatment of Vomiting

CASE HISTORY A female patient, 46 years old, head of the foreign affairs department of a certain university in Beijing, paid her first visit on October 9, 2006, with the chief complaint of vomiting for one month. She got vomiting after meals in early September. Before that, she had discomfortable sensation in the stomach due to angry with others, but she didn't pay much attention. Later, it developed into vomiting after eating. After the vomiting, the discomfort would be relieved, but with slight hypodynamia. She was once diagnosed as having 'neurogenic vomiting'. Having taken some western and Chinese drugs, the above symptoms were a little bit improved, but she would have nausea upon eating and with regurgitation. Because of the fear for vomiting, she did not dare to have food intake, with body weight reduction of 6 kilos in one month.     

Qiu Baoguo''''s Experience in Treating Consumptive Syndromes after Radio-Chemotherapies

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the important modern medical therapies for malignant tumors,yet they can also bring about serious local and systemic toxic side reactions so to decrease the patient;'s life quality,manifested by a series of consumptive symptoms.Having engaged in the combined work of Chinese and western medicine for nearly 50 years,the research fellow Qiu Baoguo in Henan Provincial Academy of TCM has developed his unique views on the TCM study of consumptive syndromes.The author of this essay had once the fortune tO follow Dr.Qiu in clinic,and specially would like to introduce in the following Dr.Qiu's experience in treating consumptive syndromes after radio-chemotherapies for patients with malignant tumor.     

Insomnia Due to Deficiency of Both the Heart and Spleen Treated by Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Chinese Tuina

OBJECTIVE: To observe therapeutic effects of the comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen. METHODS: 92 cases were divided randomly into the treatment group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina) and the control group (treated by acupuncture-moxibustion). RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of the treatment group was obviously superior to that of the control group (the CHI2 test showed P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive therapy of acupuncture-moxibustion and Chinese Tuina can give marked therapeutic effects for treatment of insomnia due to deficiency of both the heart and spleen.     

Survey and practice of reporting quality of randomized controlled clinical trials on traditional Chinese medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.