2005年深圳市人民医院革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测

目的监测我院2005年临床分离革兰阴性杆菌对各类抗菌药物耐药状况,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法采用琼脂稀释法检测16种抗菌药物对224株革兰阴性杆菌MIC,数据分析采用WHONET5.3软件和卡方检验。结果大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株分别占56.3%(49/87)和34.9%(15/43)。大肠埃希菌敏感率在80%以上的药物有亚胺培南、美罗培南(100%)、阿米卡星(94.3%)和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(90.8%);肺炎克雷伯菌敏感率较高的抗菌药物除碳青霉烯类外(100%)、还有头孢吡肟(97.7%)、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(93%)、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(90.7%);阴沟肠杆菌敏感率≥80%的抗菌药物有碳青霉烯类(100%)、头孢吡肟(86.7%)、阿米卡星(86.7%)和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(80%)等。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对多数抗菌药的耐药率较高。结论我院肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍最敏感,不发酵糖菌对多种抗菌药物高度耐药。     

2006年中国十家教学医院革兰阴性杆菌的耐药状况

目的 监测2006年我国革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性.方法 收集2006年9-12月10家教学医院987株非重复的革兰阴性杆菌.菌株经中心实验室复核后,采用琼脂稀释法测定美罗培南等广谱抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MICs).结果 10种抗菌药物对于629株肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌活性的敏感率由大至小依次为:美罗培南(敏感率99.8%)、业胺培南(敏感率99.5%)、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(91.3%)、阿米卡星(89.3%)、头孢吡肟(83.8%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(79.7%)、头孢他啶(74.7%)、头孢噻肟(57.7%)、头孢曲松(56.6%)、环丙沙星(53.6%).大肠埃希菌中超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)的发生率为59.0%,高于肺炎克雷伯菌(33.0%)和奇异变形杆菌(8.0%).对于大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,抗菌活性最高的依次是美罗培南、业胺培南(99.2%～100%)、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(90.8%～97.0%)、阿米卡星(83.8%～92.4%).头孢吡肟对肺炎克雷伯菌的活性高于其对大肠埃希菌的活性(85.4%vs.65.2%).对于阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、弗劳地柠檬酸菌,活性最高的依次为美罗培南、亚胺培南(99.2%～100%)、阿米卡星(85.2%～92.6%)、头孢吡肟(81.5%～85.9%)、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(73.4%～87.2%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(65.6%～77.7%)和环丙沙星(53.1%～72.3%).对于铜绿假单胞菌,活性最高的药物依次为阿米卡星(83.5%)、美罗培南(79.1%)、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(74.1%)和亚胺培南(70.9%).鲍曼不动杆菌对于亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感性最高,敏感率分别为79.1%、73.4%、59.7%.多重耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌达到53.0%.对于洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,抗菌活性较高的依次是美罗培南(73.3%)、头孢他啶(73.3%)、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(62.2%).结论 碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌科仍保持高活性,但鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的耐药件明显增加,值得关注.     

890株临床分离肠杆菌科细菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 了解中山大学附属东华医院临床分离的890株肠杆菌科细菌的分布及对各类抗菌药物的耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 收集2010年从患者各种临床标本中分离的肠杆菌科细菌,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,用WHONET5.5软件对数据进行分析.结果 890株肠杆菌科细菌中大肠埃希菌456株(51.2%),克雷伯菌属227株(25.5%),肠杆菌属83株(9.3%).肠杆菌科细菌敏感率在80%以上的药物有亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等.大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南保持100.0%敏感率.肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南的敏感率均大于90.0%.结论 肠杆菌科细菌对多数常用抗菌药物耐药率呈上升趋势,对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍最敏感.定期进行耐药性监测有助于了解该院细菌耐药性变迁,为临床经验用药提供依据.     

2010年CMSS对革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测报告

目的 监测2010年中国革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性.方法 收集2010年9-12月全国13家教学医院的1 259株非重复的革兰阴性杆菌.菌株经中心实验室复核后,采用琼脂稀释法测定美罗培南等广谱抗菌药物的MIC.药敏结果判断采用CLSI 2011年M100-S21标准.结果 14种抗菌药物对845株肠杆菌科细菌的抗菌活性,敏感性依次为美罗培南829株(98.1％)、阿米卡星794株(94.0％)、亚胺培南761株(90.0％)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦739株(87.5％)、头孢吡肟701株(83.0％)、厄他培南696株(82.4％)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦678株(80.3％)、黏菌素637株(75.4％)、头孢他啶591株(70.0％)、环丙沙星499株(59.1％)、头孢西丁463株(54.8％)、头孢曲松452株(53.5％)、头孢噻肟442株(52.3％)、米诺环素435株(51.5％).大肠埃希菌中ESBL的发生率为61.3％ (106/173),高于肺炎克雷伯菌[41.2％ (70/170)].大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦保持较好的敏感性,而对环丙沙星、头孢曲松和头孢噻肟的耐药率较高.肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星和黏菌素的敏感率均保持在90％以上,而对头孢曲松和头孢噻肟的耐药率较高.阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、弗劳地柠檬酸菌,对美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、厄他培南的敏感率都保持在80.0％以上.对于铜绿假单胞菌敏感性较高的药物为黏菌素(98.4％,182株)、阿米卡星(85.9％,159株)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(80.0％,148株)、头孢他啶(79.5％,147株)、美罗培南(74.1％,137株)、环丙沙星(74.1％,137株)、头孢吡肟(73.5％,136株)、亚胺培南(71.9％,132株)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(70.8％,131株).鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类的敏感率小于37.0％,对米诺环素敏感率为47.8％.97.8％(176株)的鲍曼不动杆菌对黏菌素敏感,泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌发生率分别为60.1％(108株)和18.9％(35株).结论 碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌科仍保持高活性,但鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性增加,鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药性显著增加.     

头孢美唑对产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌的体外抗菌作用研究

目的 评价头孢美唑对产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌的体外抗菌活性.方法 采用琼脂稀释法测定头孢美唑对临床分离大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌523株的体外抗菌作用.结果 523株细菌中产ESBLs 294株、产AmpC酶7株、同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶40株,非产ESBLs和AmpC酶182株.头孢美唑对上述4种肠杆菌科细菌中产ESBL-s菌株和非产ESBLs菌株均具有良好的抗菌作用,并较头孢西丁强2～4倍,但较头孢米诺为差.头孢美唑对ESBLLs高度稳定,但对AmpC酶稳定性差,产AmpC酶菌株对其多呈现耐药.头孢美唑对产ESBLs菌株的作用优于受试的半合成青霉素,第一、第二、第三和第四代头孢菌素,亦优于氨苄西林-舒巴坦、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦,但差于亚胺培南、美罗培南和帕尼培南;较受试的氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类抗菌药略强或相仿.结论 头孢美唑对ESBLs稳定,对产ESBLs菌株和非产ESBLs菌株均具有良好的抗菌作用.提示该药是治疗产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌所致感染的可选药物之一.     

老年医院肠杆菌科细菌耐药分析

目的了解北京老年医院2010~2012年临床常见肠杆菌科细菌耐药情况及研究耐碳青霉烯类细菌基因类别。方法收集该院2010~2012年临床分离的肠杆菌科细菌1 528株,对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感性下降的菌株采用改良Hodge试验进行产碳青霉烯酶确认,PCR扩增试验分析其耐药基因类别。结果 1 528株肠杆菌科细菌中,排前3位的细菌是大肠埃希菌(48.49%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(22.84%)及变形杆菌属(18.39%)。其中大肠埃希菌对3代头孢菌素类和喹诺酮类药物耐药率达80%以上;阿米卡星及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(含酶抑制剂复合抗菌药)对主要肠杆菌科细菌仍保持较高的抗菌活性;对美罗培南耐药5株,亚胺培南中介敏感4株。经改良Hodge试验确证:4株为产碳青霉烯酶株,均为肺炎克雷伯菌,PCR检测均为碳青霉希酶blaKPC-2基因型。结论该院产碳青霉希酶的肠杆菌科细菌均为肺炎克雷伯菌且均为blaKPC-2基因型。临床与实验室应加强监控,防止耐药基因的传播。     

鲍曼不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌体外抗菌活性的分析及培养基的影响

目的了解当前鲍曼不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌的体外抗菌活性以及在低碱性氨基酸培养基中对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度（MIC）的影响。方法收集临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌47株、铜绿假单胞菌53株。按美国临床实验室标准化协会（CLSI）琼脂稀释法检测菌株对帕尼培南、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、阿米卡星10种抗菌药物的MIC;同法分别检测鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌在低碱性氨基酸培养基和水解酪蛋白胨（MH）培养基上对帕尼培南、亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感性。采用配对t检验比较2组试验结果。结果 47株鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星的耐药率最低,分别是17.10%和14.90%,哌拉西林-他唑巴坦耐药率高达78.70%。53株铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星的耐药率最低,为20.75%;头孢他啶的耐药率高达71.70%。在低碱性氨基酸的培养基中,鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉稀类抗菌药物的敏感性差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论碳青酶烯类药物是治疗鲍曼不动杆菌引起的重症感染的重要药物。由于碱性氨基酸的浓度较高,鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的敏感性在使用MH培养基检测时被低估。     

不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性监测

目的 了解我院2007年-2008年分离的不发酵糖菌感染的耐药状况.方法 纸片扩散法(Kirby-Baure)测定该菌对美罗培南等10余种广谱抗菌药物的耐药性.判断标准参照2006年版CLSI文件.结果 不发酵糖菌在ICU、呼吸科、神经外科、神经内科患者中检出率高.2008年所有不发酵糖菌对抗菌药物的耐药率均高于2007年.铜绿假单胞菌对美罗培南最敏感(87.3%),其次阿米卡星(77.8%)、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(76.2%)、头孢他啶(74.6%)、亚胺培南(71.4%),鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南的敏感率在82.1%,其次是亚胺培南(78.6%)、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(55.4%)、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(53.6%)、阿米卡星(51.8%),其他抗菌药物的敏感率均＜50%.耐亚胺培南的鲍曼不动杆菌有上升趋势,而且对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦以外抗菌药物的耐药率均在70%以上.结论 美罗培南对铜绿假单胞菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的抗菌活性最强,美罗培南和亚胺培南对鲍曼不动杆菌的抗菌活性相仿,该菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率有所上升.     

腹腔感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性监测

目的监测2008—2010年我国不同地区6所教学医院腹腔感染患者中分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的体外药物敏感性。方法收集2008—2010年全国6所教学医院腹腔感染患者分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定多种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。数据采用WHONET 5.6软件进行耐药性分析。结果 2008—2010年共收集到腹腔感染大肠埃希菌789株和肺炎克雷伯菌263株。对于大肠埃希菌,碳青霉烯类抗生素物具有高度体外抗菌活性(细菌对其敏感率96.7%～99.3%),哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(87.1%～93.2%)和阿米卡星(86.7%～89.8%)次之。细菌对头孢他啶的敏感率较高(48.5%～59.2%),2010年头孢曲松、头孢噻肟和头孢吡肟的敏感率仅为24.5%～32.8%。细菌对2种氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感率逐年降低,对氨苄西林-舒巴坦的敏感率最低,为12.4%～20.6%。大肠埃希菌中ESBLs的检出率逐年上升,从2008年的59.7%升至2010年的73.5%。厄他培南(90.4%～94.1%)、亚胺培南(95.1%～97.1%)、阿米卡星(79.2%～92.6%)和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦(80.2%～85.3%)对肺炎克雷伯菌保持了较高的抗菌活性。细菌对头孢他啶(66.3%～72.1%)和头孢吡肟(67.3%～79.1%)的敏感率略高于头孢噻肟(59.4%～61.8%)和头孢曲松(60.3%～60.6%)。细菌对2种氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感率从2008年的58.4%～60.4%到2010年的64.7%～72.1%。肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率略有下降,从2008年的37.6%至2010年的28.1%。产ESBLs菌株对厄他培南和亚胺培南保持了高的敏感率(88.5%～99.4%)。结论腹腔感染患者中分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和阿米卡星保持了较高的体外敏感性。大肠埃希菌对第三代、第四代头孢菌素和氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物敏感性较低,提示临床上应谨慎使用。     

2009年广东省东莞市太平人民医院细菌耐药监测

目的 了解广东省东莞市太平人民医院2009年临床分离菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况.方法 采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行抗菌药物药敏试验,采用CLSI 2009年版判断标准,数据分析采用WHONET 5.4软件.结果 临床分离的1331株细菌中,革兰阴性菌占70.8% (943/1331),革兰阳性菌占29.2 % (388/1331).金葡菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分别为152株和123株,其中MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为27.6%和80.5l,未检出糖肽类抗生素耐药的革兰阳性球菌.肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南高度敏感,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为47.4 % (154/325)和38.5% (74/192).检出1株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的阴沟肠杆菌.鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的耐药率均低于20 %.铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的耐药率均低于10%,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶、左氧氟沙星和米诺环素的耐药率较低.结论 2009年该院临床分离菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,所分离的革兰阴性杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感,但已检出1株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的阴沟肠杆菌.开展细菌耐药监测,对指导本单位合理应用抗菌药物有重要意义.     

2009年中国13家教学医院院内感染病原菌的抗生素耐药性监测

目的 监测2009年我国不同地区13家教学医院院内获得病原菌的分布和体外药物敏感性.方法 收集来自13家医院院内BSI、HAP和IAI患者标本的病原菌.菌株经中心实验室复核后,采用琼脂稀释法测定替加环素等抗菌药物的MIC值,数据输入WHONET5.6软件进行耐药性分析.结果 共收集到2 502株病原菌.引起BSI的前3位病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌[27.1%(285/1 052)]、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌[12.6%(133/1 052)]和肺炎克雷伯菌[10.8%(114/1 052)];引起HAP的前3位病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌[28.8%(226/785)]、铜绿假单胞菌[16.1%(126/785)]和肺炎克雷伯菌[14.6%(115/785)];而IAI的主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌[31.0%(206/665)]、肺炎克雷伯菌[11.3%(75/665)]和屎肠球菌[10.8%(72/665)].对于大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌,敏感率大于80%的药物包括亚胺培南和美罗培南(98.1%～100%)、替加环素(95.3%～100%)、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦(88.6%～97.1%)和阿米卡星(88.3%～92.5%).对于肠杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属和沙雷菌属,替加环素的敏感率为93.5%～100%,亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率为92.9%～100%,敏感率较高的抗萧药物还包括阿米卡星(85.2%～96.7%)、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦(82.4%～96.4%)、头孢吡肟(79.6%～96.7%)和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(78.7%～90.0%).铜绿假单胞菌对多黏菌素B的敏感率最高(100%),其次为阿米卡星和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦(81.9%和80.1%).鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素B的敏感率最高(98.8%),其次为替加环素(90.1%)和米诺环素(72.O%).CRAB的发生率为60.1%.金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA的发生率为60.2%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中MRSCoN的发生率为84.2%.所有葡萄球菌对替加环素、万占霉素和利奈唑胺敏感,仅有1株溶血葡萄球菌对替考拉宁中介.本次监测发现2株利奈唑胺中介的粪肠球菌和1株万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的屎肠球菌,替加环素对这3株肠球菌的MIC值范围为0.032～0.064μg/ml.结论 替加环素、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、阿米卡星和头孢吡肟对医院分离的肠杆菌科菌保持了较高的抗菌活性;多黏菌素B对铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌体现出高抗菌活性,替加环素对鲍曼不动杆菌抗菌活性较高;替加环素、万古霉素和替考拉宁、利奈唑胺对院内获得革兰阳性球菌保持了较高的抗菌活性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate distribution and antimicrobial resistance among nosocomial pathogens from 13 teaching hospitals in China in 2009. Methods Non-repetitive pathogens from nosocomial BSI, HAP and IAI were collected and sent to the central lab for MIC determination by agar dilution method.WHONET5.6 software was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 2 502 clinical isolates were collected. The top three pathogens of BSI were Escherichia coli [27. 1% (285/1 052 )] , coagulase-negutive staphylococcus [12. 6% ( 133/1 052)] and Klebsiella pneumoniae [10. 8% ( 114/1 052)]. The top three pathogens of HAP were Acinetobacter baumannii [28. 8% (226/785)], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [16. 1% (126/785)] and Klebsiella pneumoniae [14.6% (115/785 )] . The top three pathogens of IAI were Escherichia coli[31.0% ( 206/665 )], Klebsiella pneumonia [11.3% ( 75/665 )] and Enterococcus faecium [10. 8% (72/665)]. Against Escherichia coil and Klebsiella spp. , the antimicrobial agents with higher than 80% susceptibility rate included imipenem and meropenem (98. 1%-100% ), tigecycline (95.3%-100% ), piperacillin-tazobactam ( 88.6% -97. 1% ) and amikacin ( 88. 3% -92. 5% ). Against Enterobacter spp. , Citrobacter spp. and Serratia spp. , the susceptibility rates of tigecycline were 93.5% -100% whereas the value of imipenem and meropenem were 92.9% -100%. Other antimicrobial agents with high activity included amikacin ( 85.2% -96. 7% ), pipcracillin-tazobactam ( 82.4% -96.4% ), cefepime ( 79. 6% -96. 7% ) and cefoperazonc-sulbactam (78. 7%-90. 0% ). Polymyxin B showed the highest susceptibility rateagainst Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( 100% ), followed by amikacin ( 81.9% ) and piperacillin-tazobactam (80.1% ). Polymyxin B also showed the highest susceptibility rate against Acinetobacter baumannii (98. 8% ), followed by tigecycline (90. 1% ) and minocycline (72. 0% ). The incidence of carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii was 60. 1%. The MRSA rate was 60. 2% and the MRSCoN rate was 84. 2%. All Staphylococcus strains were susceptible to tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid except for one isolate of Staphylococcus haemolysis with intermediate to teicoplanin. Two Enterococcus faecalis isolates which were intermediate to linezolid and one Enterococcus faecium isolate which was resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin was found in this surveillance, while the MICs of tigecycline against these three isolates were 0. 032-0. 064 μg/ml. Conclusions Tigecycline, carbapenems, piperacillin-tazobactam,amikacin and cefepime remain relatively high activity against nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibite high susceptibility to polymyxin B, while Acinetobacter baumanni shows high susceptibility to polymyxin B and tigecycline. Tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid remain high activity against nosocomial gram-positive cocci.     

In vitro susceptibilities of gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients in four European countries, Canada, and the United States in 2000-2001 to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and comparator antimicrobials: implications for therapy

Access to current antimicrobial agent surveillance data is an important prerequisite for the optimal management of patients with hospital-acquired infections. The present study used data collected in 2000 to 2001 from 670 laboratories in Europe (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain), Canada, and the United States to report on the in vitro activities of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and comparative agents against >125,000 isolates of gram-negative bacteria from hospitalized patients. All but two isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (one isolate of Proteus mirabilis from France and one isolate of Morganella morganii from Canada) were susceptible to imipenem. The susceptibility of Escherichia coli to ceftriaxone or cefotaxime was > or = 97% in each country, and for P. mirabilis, susceptibility was 99% in each country except Italy. In contrast, susceptibility of E. coli to ciprofloxacin varied from 80.5% (Spain) to 94.0% (France); levofloxacin susceptibility ranged from 75.2% (Spain) to 91.6% (United States). Among Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca isolates, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime susceptibilities ranged from 86.6 to 98.7% and 83.5 to 99.7%, respectively, depending upon the country. Considerable geographic variation in the susceptibilities (generally 85 to 95% susceptible) of Serratia marcescens and M. morganii to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were observed. For S. marcescens, susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam varied from 81.5% (France) to 94.1% (Italy) and susceptibility to ciprofloxacin ranged from 66.2% (Germany) to 90.7% (Spain). Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes were less susceptible to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime than were the other species of Enterobacteriaceae studied. The present study demonstrated that established parenteral expanded-spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobial agents retain significant in vitro activity against many clinically important gram-negative pathogens.     

In-vitro activity of cefepime and other broad-spectrum antimicrobials against several groups of gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus

The in vitro activity of cefepime was compared with that of amikacin, ceftazidime, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin-tazobactam by using the E-test against five groups of carefully selected organisms: Klebsiella pneumoniae (68 isololates), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (62), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (60), and two groups of Enterobacteriaceae (60 and 62 isolates, respectively). The bacteria were subdivided according to whether the infection was nosocomial or community-acquired, applying accepted and predefined criteria. These isolates were obtained from patients admitted to our medical center throughout 1998. We retrospectively compared antimicrobial susceptibilities of the study sample with those of the +/- 3000 bacterial strains isolated from blood stream infections since 1990: the study sample appeared to represent adequately the clinical databank. Presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was determined in all groups of Enterobacteriaceae with the ESBL screening E-test strip. Of the 252 Gram-negative bacilli tested, 242 (96%) were susceptible to cefepime, whereas only 168 (67%) were susceptible to ceftazidime, 211 (84%) to amikacin, and 220 (87%) to piperacillin-tazobactam (p < 0.001). Imipenem was slightly superior to cefepime with only seven isolates resistant (3%), six of which were P. aeruginosa. Cefepime was more active against Enterobacteriaceae than ceftazidime (93% vs. 72%, p < 0.001). This superiority was most evident against nosocomial strains of K. pneumoniae, against which cefepime was > three times more active than ceftazidime. The high level of resistance seen in nosocomial isolates of K. pneumoniae is consistent with high rates of ESBL production (69%, compared with 15-26% in other Enterobacteriaceae). The MIC90 of cefepime to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus was 1.5 micrograms/mL, whereas that of ceftazidime was 4 micrograms/mL; the susceptibility rate of both was 100%. In conclusion, cefepime possesses in vitro potencies against MSSA and current clinical strains of Gram-negative bacilli, many of which harbor resistance to other antimicrobial agents. Hence, it seems very suitable for empiric coverage of serious nosocomial infections.     

中国14家教学医院院内菌血症与肺炎和腹腔感染病原菌的抗生素耐药监测

目的 监测2006年10月-2007年10月我国不同地区14家教学医院分离的院内获得病原菌的分布和体外药物敏感性.方法 收集来自于院内菌血症、肺炎和腹腔感染患者标本的病原菌.菌株经中心实验室复核后,采用琼脂稀释法测定29种抗菌药物对菌株的MICs,数据输入WHONET5.4软件进行耐药性分析.结果 本研究共收集到2 660株病原菌.引起菌血症(BSI)的病原菌中分离率位于前3位的分别为大肠埃希菌(30.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.O%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(11.2%);引起院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的病原菌中分离率位于前3位的分别为铜绿假单胞菌(23.4%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(17.4%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(13.8%);引起腹腔感染(IAI)的病原菌中分离率位于前3位的分别为大肠埃希菌(38.8%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(10.2%)和铜绿假单胞菌(9.2%).对于大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌,敏感性大于80%的药物包括替加环素(100%)、美罗培南(99.3%～100%)、亚胺培南(98.5%～100%)和哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(83.8%～95.1%),氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性为12.4%～44.9%.对于肠杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、沙雷菌属,替加环素的敏感性为99.2%-100%,亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性为96.6%-100%.另外,敏感性较高的抗菌药物还有阿米卡星(82.8%～96.6%)、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(73.4%～93.1%)、头孢吡肟(69.O%～82.8%)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(72.6%～75.9%),氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性为55.2%-82.8%.多苇耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的发生率分别为18.7%和54.O%.多黏菌素B对铜绿假单胞菌的敏感性最高(93.5%),其次为阿米卡星和哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(均为75.1%).多黏菌素B对鲍曼不动杆菌的敏感性最高(96.2%),其次为替加环素(92.1%)、亚胺培南(59.4%)、米诺环素(59.4%)和美罗培南(56.5%).金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA的发生率为64.5%,凝同酶阴性葡萄球菌巾MRSCoN的发生率为82.8%.所有葡萄球菌对替加环素、万古霉素和替考拉宁的均敏感.本次监测中发现9株万古霉素耐药的肠球菌(VRE),VRE发生率为4.3%.结论 替加环素、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、阿米卡星和头孢吡肟对医院分离的肠杆菌科菌保持较高的抗菌活性;多黏菌素B对铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌均体现出高抗菌活性,鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素的敏感率达92.1%;替加环素、万古霉素和替考拉宁对院内革兰阳性球菌保持高的抗菌活性.     

Argentinean collaborative multicenter study on the in vitro comparative activity of piperacillin-tazobactam against selected bacterial isolates recovered from hospitalized patients

The in vitro activity of piperacillin-tazobactam and several antibacterial drugs commonly used in Argentinean hospitals for the treatment of severe infections was determined against selected but consecutively isolated strains from clinical specimens recovered from hospitalized patients at 17 different hospitals from 9 Argentinean cities from different geographic areas during the period November 2001-March 2002. Out of 418 Enterobacteriaceae included in the Study 84% were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam. ESBLs putative producers were isolated at an extremely high rate since among those isolates obtained from patients with hospital acquired infections 56% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 32% of Proteus mirabilis and 25% Escherichia coli were phenotypically considered as ESBLs producers Notably P.mirabilis is not considered by for screening for ESBL producers. ESBLs producers were 100% susceptible to imipenem and 70% were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam whereas more than 50% were resistant to levofloxacin. The isolates considered as amp C beta lactamase putative producers showed 99% susceptibility to carbapenems while 26.7% were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam and 38.4% to levofloxacin. Noteworthy only 4% of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to amikacin. Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most active agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (MIC(90): 128 microg/ml; 78% susceptibility) but showed poor activity against Acinetobacter spp (MIC(90):>256 microg/ml; 21.7% susceptibility). Only 41.7% Acinetobacter spp isolates were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam. Piperacillin-tazobactam inhibited 100% of Haemophilus influenzae isolates (MIC(90) < 0.25 microg/ml) but only 16.6% of them were ampicillin resistant. The activity of piperacillin-tazobactam against oxacillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus or coagulase negative staphylococci was excellent (MIC(90) 2 microg/ml; 100% susceptibility). Out of 150 enterococci 12 isolates (8%) were identified as E.faecium and only three isolates (2%), 2 E.faecium and 1 E.faecalis were vancomycin resistant. All the enterococci isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Piperacillin-tazobactam showed excellent activity (MIC(90) 2 microg/ml; 92% susceptibility). Regarding pneumococci all the isolates showed MICs of 16 microg/ml for piperacillin-tazobactam. Among 34 viridans group streptococci only 67% were penicillin susceptible and 85.2% ceftriaxone susceptible whereas piperacillin-tazobactam was very active (MIC(90) 4 microg/ml).Piperacillin-tazobactam is therefore a very interesting antibacterial drug to be used, preferably in combination (IE: amikacin-vancomycin) for the empiric treatment of severe infections occurring in hospitalized patients in Argentina. Caution must be taken for infections due to ESBL producers considering that the inoculum effect MICs can affect MIC values.     

2005年北京协和医院细菌耐药性监测

目的监测北京协和医院2005年临床分离株的耐药谱。方法收集患者首次非重复分离株4702株,其中革兰阴性菌63.2%,革兰阳性菌36.8%。以CLSI推荐的纸片扩散法测定其抗菌药物敏感性,用WHONET5.3软件分析结果。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类最敏感(99.7%～100%),其敏感率在80%以上的药物为哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢他啶和头孢西丁,而对头孢噻肟敏感率仅为48.9%～78.8%。肠杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、沙雷菌属对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星和头孢吡肟敏感率较高,为87.7%～100%,肠杆菌属和柠檬酸杆菌属对头孢西丁的耐药率分别为84.5%和50.0%,而沙雷菌属耐药率仅为12.5%,但有31.2%中介。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦较敏感(70.5%～71.9%),对其他药物敏感率均低于65%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率为70.7%,而对美罗培南敏感率仅为41.4%,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和氨苄西林-舒巴坦耐药率分别仅为25.1%和35.5%,对其他药物耐药率均高达58.5%～89.7%。所有葡萄球菌对万古霉素100%敏感,MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为57.9%和85.5%,MRSA对复方磺胺甲噁唑和MRCNS对利福平的敏感率均接近80%,对其他药物均较耐药。MSSA和MSCNS对头孢菌素类敏感率均在95%以上。屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁最敏感(99.3%,98.3%),未检出耐万古霉素的肠球菌属。结论肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类仍最为敏感,但不发酵糖菌对其耐药率升高。葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属中均未发现耐万古霉素菌株。     

2016-2018年上海市第五人民医院细菌耐药性监测

目的分析2016-2018年上海市第五人民医院常见临床分离菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析各类临床标本分离菌的分布及耐药性数据,依据CLSI 2018年标准判断结果,应用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 22.0进行统计分析。结果2016-2018年共检出7995株细菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌5737株,占71.8%,革兰阳性球菌2258株,占28.2%。未检出耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌,MRSA和MRCNS占各自菌种的33.2%~41.5%和67.7%~79.4%;MRSA对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲[口恶]唑耐药率≤5.6%。耐万古霉素肠球菌的检出率为0.5%。青霉素不敏感的肺炎链球菌检出率为8.4%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌中ESBL的检出率分别为54.4%、27.1%和44.7%。肠杆菌科细菌(克雷伯菌属除外)对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦耐药率较低,均≤8.6%。克雷伯菌属、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为25.5%和25.6%、19.5%和19.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数常用抗菌药物的耐药率接近或超过60%。流感嗜血杆菌β内酰胺酶的检出率儿童高于成人(48.4%对34.2%)。卡他莫拉菌β内酰胺酶检出率为98.5%。结论该院2016-2018年细菌耐药情况总体趋于平稳,但近年来细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率呈上升趋势,应继续做好细菌耐药性监测工作,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供可靠依据。     

2010年CHINET克雷伯菌属细菌耐药性监测

目的了解2010年中国CHINET所属14所医院临床分离克雷伯菌属细菌的耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)或自动化仪器对临床分离株作药敏试验,并按CLSI 2010年版标准判断药敏试验结果。结果临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌5 032株和产酸克雷伯菌429株,其中<18岁患者分离的克雷伯菌属细菌占19.4%(1 058/5 461)。62.4%分离株来源于呼吸道标本。药敏试验结果显示,克雷伯菌属对亚胺培南、美罗培南和厄他培南3种碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率分别为8.9%、8.9%和10.7%,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的耐药率分别为14.8%和16.7%。所有14所医院均分离出对1种以上碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药菌株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌508株,产酸克雷伯菌31株。221株肺炎克雷伯菌和1株产酸克雷伯菌为泛耐药株,主要集中于2所医院(共188株)。结论克雷伯菌属细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦仍保持良好的敏感性。按CLSI 2010年版标准,肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药菌株的分离率分别为10%和7.2%,且耐药株主要集中于2所医院,加强医院感染控制,防止此类耐药菌株在医院内播散至关重要。