生姜水提物对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究生姜水提物对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法采用结扎小鼠双侧颈总动脉反复缺血再灌注模型,化学比色法测定脑组织Na -K -ATP酶、Ca2 -ATP酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果与假手术组比较,模型对照组小鼠脑组织Na -K -ATP酶Ca2 -ATP酶活性降低,SOD活性与MDA含量无明显变化。生姜水提物能显著升高全脑缺血再灌注模型小鼠脑组织Na -K -ATP酶、Ca2 -ATP酶和SOD活性,显著降低MDA含量。结论生姜水提物对缺血再灌注脑组织损伤的保护作用机制与增强ATP酶活性和抗氧化有关。     

养阴益气活血冲剂对脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的：探讨养阴益气活血冲剂对脑缺血－再灌注损伤保护作用。方法：制作SD大鼠脑缺血与再灌注损伤模型,随机分为假手术对照组,脑缺血－再灌注损伤组、脑缺血组、养阴益气活血冲不剂量治疗组及维脑路通对照治疗组,观察各组脑组织前列环素（PGI2）和血栓素A2（TXA2）含量;脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量;血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活性（t-PA)及其抑制物（PAI）活性等指标的变化。结果：养阴益气活血冲剂可显著提高脑组织PGI2含量,降低TXA2含量;调节血浆t-PA和PAI的活性;显著降低脑组织MDA含量,提高脑组织SOD活性。结论：养阴益气活血冲剂具有抗凝、提高纤溶活性,提高细胞抗氧化等多种作用,对脑缺血－再灌注损伤具有显著保护作用。     

高压氧对脑缺血再灌注小鼠抗氧化酶类及血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的　探讨高压氧 (HBO)在脑缺血再灌注损伤中对自由基的产生及血脑屏障 (BBB)通透性的影响。方法　昆明种小鼠 3 2 0只 ,随机分为假手术组、HBO组、脑缺血再灌注组和HBO 脑缺血再灌注组 ,每组各 80只。复制清醒脑缺血再灌注模型 ,并于术后经 0 .2 5MPaHBO治疗 5次 ,采用比色法检测各组小鼠海马组织SOD、CAT、GSH PX活性和MDA及EB的含量。取小鼠海马组织常规制片 ,透射电镜下观察并进行比较。结果　脑缺血再灌注组与假手术组比较 ,SOD、CAT及GSH PX活性明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,MDA含量明显升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,与脑部EB含量增高相一致。HBO 脑缺血再灌注组与脑缺血再灌注组相比 ,SOD、CAT、GSH PX活性明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,MDA含量明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,并与脑部EB含量减少相一致。HBO组与假手术组相比 ,GSH PX酶活性明显增高 (P <0 .0 5 )。电镜下示脑缺血再灌注组神经元坏死明显 ,星形胶质细胞胞体水肿 ,微管、微丝明显减少 ;HBO 脑缺血再灌注组神经元坏死不明显。结论　高压氧可增强脑缺血再灌小鼠脑组织抗氧化酶类活性 ,恢复星形胶质细胞功能 ,降低BBB通透性。     

二苯乙烯苷对脑缺血小鼠脑组织含水量及自由基代谢的影响

目的 探讨2，3，5，4′—四羟基二苯乙烯—2—O—β—D—葡萄糖苷(简称二苯乙烯苷)对缺血再灌注小鼠脑保护作用的机理。方法夹闭小鼠双侧颈总动脉，撤去动脉夹再灌注后迅速断头取脑。采用干—湿重法测定脑组织含水量；应用硫代巴比妥酸法测定脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)的含量，采用亚硝酸盐法测定过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果 模型组脑组织含水量明显高于假手术组。二苯乙烯苷灌胃给药各剂量组可降低模型小鼠的脑组织含水量；模型组脑组织SOD活性比假手术组降低，MDA的含量升高；与模型组相比，二苯乙烯苷治疗组SOD活性升高，MDA含量降低。结论 二苯乙烯苷可以减轻脑组织水肿，增加脑组织抗氧化能力，可能具有脑保护作用。     

芍药苷对脑缺氧和缺血再灌注损伤的的改善作用研究

目的：探讨芍药苷对脑缺氧和缺血再灌注损伤的改善作用。方法：复制小鼠脑缺氧与大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤动物模型，观察芍药苷对中枢神经系统缺氧的影响和对脑缺血再灌注自由基损伤的保护作用。结果：芍药苷可显著提高亚硝酸钠中毒小鼠的生存时间，提高脑组织中SOD的含量，GSH—PX的活性，降低MDA的含量。结论：芍药苷能增加脑的抗耐缺氧能力、保护大鼠脑自由基损伤。     

山莨菪碱对急性完全性脑缺血再灌流后脑组织Ca2+、MDA含量、SOD活性及超微结构的影响

40只家兔随机分为假手术组（A组）、缺血组（B组）、缺血再灌流组（C组）、治疗组（D组）。采用闭塞双侧颈总动脉和椎动脉及体循环低血压法建立急性完全性脑缺血再灌流损伤模型，缺血时限20min，再灌流2h，观察了脑组织Ca2＋、脂质过氧化产物一丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧歧化酶（SOD）活性及脑组织超微结构改变。结果发现：治疗组于再灌流前1min注射山莨菪碱10mg／kg体重，并以5mg／h维持2h，脑组织Ca2＋、MDA含量较缺血组及缺血再灌流组明显降低，（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），SOD活性较缺血再灌流组明显增加（P＜0．05）同时脑组织超微结构损伤明显减轻。结果表明；再灌流早期给予山莨菪碱治疗对完全性脑缺血再灌注损伤具有明显保护作用。膜稳定作用、Ca2＋拮抗作用、抗脂质过氧化是其重要的作用环节。     

雌激素对脑缺血再灌注时SOD和MDA的影响

目的：通过观察雌激素对脑缺血再灌注时超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的影响．探讨雌激素在脑缺血再灌注中的神经保护作用。方法：取沙土鼠48只．随机分为假手术组(A组)、单纯脑缺血再灌注组(B组)、卵巢切除的脑缺血再灌注组(C组)、卵巢切除后给予苯甲酸雌二醇治疗的脑缺血再灌注组(D组)．采用双侧颈总动脉夹闭法复制沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注模型．于术后12h处死动物取材，测定SOD活性和MDA含量。结果：B组和D组SOD活性高于C组；MDA含量低于C组。结论：雌激素可以减少脑缺血再灌注时自由基的产生．从而提供神经保护作用。     

参附注射液对小鼠大脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用研究

目的 :观察参附注射液对小鼠大脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用。方法 :在造成小鼠高脂血症的基础上,进行颈总动脉缺血再灌注造成脑细胞损伤,建立动物模型。术后分别使用参附注射液5mg/kg.d、10mg/kg.d进行干预治疗。10天后,跳台试验测试小鼠的学习和记忆能力。然后将小鼠断头取脑,制备脑匀浆。以比色法测定谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果 :参附注射液能提高小鼠大脑缺血再灌注损伤的神经功能水平,升高大脑SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活性和降低MDA水平。结论 :参附注射液对小鼠大脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,机理与降低氧化应激的作用有关,此作用有助于大脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗。     

左卡尼汀对脑缺血再灌注损伤的抗氧化作用及其机制研究

目的：观察左卡尼汀对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,探讨其作用机制。方法：健康雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分成4组：假手术组、生理盐水对照组、左卡尼汀100mg／kg治疗组及左卡尼汀200mg／kg治疗组,每组10只。采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,缺血2h,再灌注24h,观察左卡尼汀对脑组织丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量的影响,HE染色观察大鼠脑组织的病理改变。结果：左卡尼汀可明显减少MDA的含量,升高SOD活性,同生理盐水对照组相比,P〈0．01。结论：左卡尼汀对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,与提高脑组织中抗氧化酶活性、抑制氧自由基产生及脂质过氧化反应有关。     

细辛、杜仲及其合剂对—乳糖所致衰老小鼠CAT、NOS活性和MDA含量的影响

目的：研究细辛、杜仲及其合剂对D－半乳糖所致衰老小鼠抗衰老作用。方法：观察全血过氧化氢酶（CAT）、脑组织一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性和肝组织丙二醛（MDA）含量的随龄变化，同时观察细辛、杜仲及其合剂对D－半乳糖所致衰老小鼠上述指标的影响。结果：衰老小鼠全血CAT、脑组织NOS活性，在中年期以前随龄上升，中年期以后随龄下降（P＜0．01），而肝组织MDA含量随龄上升。细辛、杜仲及其合剂能提高CAT、NOS活性降低MDA含量。结论：细辛、杜仲及其合剂具有一定抗衰老作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

糖尿病视网膜病变筛查与防治中存在的问题及对策

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患者筛查和防治中存在的问题及对策。方法以76例糖尿病DR患者为对象,调查未能早期接受眼科诊治的原因。结果存在问题主要是患者对DR防治知识不了解、血糖控制不理想、内科医生未建议进行专科检查等。结论眼科医护人员应密切与糖尿病专科的联系,尽早对DM患者进行DR健康教育,并开展社区DR防治工作。     

罕见和未知基因型珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血的分析与鉴定

目的对珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血(简称地贫)血液学表型阳性但未检出常见地贫基因型的疑似个体做进一步分子水平检测,以明确诊断。方法收集2015年5月至2018年8月在清远市妇幼保健院就诊的地贫血液学表型阳性但常见地贫基因型检测为阴性的标本96例(包括疑似α-地贫88例和β-地贫8例),分别采用单管多重PCR、DNA测序法、荧光定量PCR和芯片捕获测序法检测罕见和未知缺失型地贫基因。结果从上述疑似α-地贫标本中共检出罕见α-地贫基因型17例,其中泰国缺失型(--^THAI/αα)5例,菲律宾缺失型(--^FIL/αα)2例,α^ΔCD303例,α珠蛋白基因拷贝数增加(ααα^anti3.7或ααα^anti4.2)5例,并且发现2例新的α-地贫突变,即α^ΔCD272-279delAGCTTCGG和CD167-169insT。在8例β-地贫特征个体中检出罕见β-地贫基因型Poly A(A>G)2例,-90(C>T)3例,CD37(TGG>TAG)1例,IVS-I-2(T>A)1例,另外还鉴定出1例新的缺失型β-地贫基因(缺失位置为ch11:5,246,000-5,250,500,缺失长度为4kb左右)。结论对未检出常见地贫突变但血液学表型阳性个体进行深度分析,既可提高地贫基因的检出率,有利于遗传咨询和产前诊断,又可能发现新的地贫突变,丰富了中国人群的地贫基因突变谱。     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

头面部血管肉瘤3例报告并文献复习

目的:总结我们对头面部血管肉瘤手术联合放射治疗方法的经验认识。方法:报道3例头面部血管肉瘤病例,并复习相关文献。结果和结论:头面部血管肉瘤是一种少见的、多中心的血管肿瘤,预后差。头面部血管肉瘤的手术治疗常常需要切除较广的范围。放射治疗对头面部血管肉瘤是一种合理治疗,既能使受侵犯的真皮组织和周围皮肤得到进一步治疗,又能保护其下的正常组织。     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。