广西壮族自治区专项示范区15岁及以上HIV阳性人群特征和检出影响因素分析

目的 了解广西壮族自治区专项示范区筛查项目HIV阳性检出人群的主要特征,分析HIV检出的影响因素。方法 对3个示范县≥15岁常住居民进行HIV抗体检测,收集一般人口学信息,分析HIV阳性者特征及影响HIV检出的因素。结果 共对770 454名≥15岁常住居民开展HIV抗体检测,HIV阳性检出率为1.58‰。HIV阳性者主要特征为≥30岁、男性、已婚、小学/初中文化等。≥30岁、男性、小学/初中文化是3个示范县HIV检出的共同危险因素,而已婚是HIV检出的保护因素。汉族、离婚/丧偶是A示范县HIV检出的危险因素,非农民、离婚/丧偶和高中以上文化是B示范县HIV检出的危险因素,汉族和农民是C示范县HIV检出的危险因素。结论 应对HIV阳性检出率较高的人群强化筛查工作,以尽早发现一般人群中的HIV感染者。     

广西示范县大规模HIV筛查项目工作卫生经济学分析

目的 对广西3个示范县2013-2015年开展的大规模HIV筛查项目进行卫生经济学评价。方法 通过卫生经济学评价和Markov模型相结合的方法,分析比较3个示范县项目实施的短期及长期卫生经济学价值。结果 该项目整体HIV阳性发现成本为1.597万元/例,每挽回1个DALY的成本为256.912元,项目直接成本效益比为1∶39.662。Markov模型结果显示,项目累计可挽回12 736.11个QALY,其成本效用比为0.206万元/QALY。A县各项卫生经济学指标均优于B、C县。结论 该项目具有一定卫生经济学价值,即使在艾滋病流行相对较低的地区大规模筛查仍符合成本效果原则的。     

德宏傣族景颇族自治州抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS糖尿病患病率及其相关因素分析

目的 了解云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州（德宏州）抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS糖尿病患病情况及其相关因素。方法 利用我国艾滋病防治基本信息系统下载德宏州HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗数据库,并于2017年7月至2018年6月对德宏州≥18岁正在抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS开展横断面调查,并采集其静脉血检测其糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。糖尿病判定标准为符合其中任意一项者（HbA1c≥6.5%、基线FPG≥7.0 mmol/L、最近1次FPG≥7.0 mmol/L）。采用logistic回归分析抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS患有糖尿病的相关因素。结果 共纳入4 376例HIV/AIDS,年龄（43.7±10.1）岁,男性占53.8%（2 356/4 376）,HCV阳性率为24.1%（1 055/4 376）,HIV确诊阳性时间（8.9±3.8）年,治疗时间（6.8±2.9）年。糖尿病患病率为11.4%（500/4 376）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS患糖尿病的相关危险因素包括≥40岁、男性、HCV阳性、基线BMI≥24.0 kg/m²、最近1次TG≥1.70 mmol/L、初始抗病毒治疗药物为依非韦伦（EFV）。结论 德宏州抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS糖尿病患病率为11.4%。对于抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS,应加强中老年、男性、HCV阳性、超重和高TG等糖尿病相关危险因素的预防与控制工作,需进一步研究EFV与糖尿病患病风险的可能关联。     

江苏省2005－2013年首次接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2005－2013年江苏省首次入组艾滋病免费抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS的流行病学特征.方法 收集2005－2013年江苏省首次接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS入组时基本资料,建立Excel数据库并用SPSS 16.0软件进行分析.结果 2005－2013年江苏省首次入组治疗HIV/AIDS共5 788人,新治疗人数逐年增多.79.7%为江苏省籍,性别比为4.69:1,平均年龄为(39.9±12.6)岁,已婚者占55.8%.在疾病预防控制中心治疗者占52.0%.感染途径主要为男男性传播和异性性传播(91.9%),入组时基线CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数平均为187 cell/μl.开始治疗时间与确证时间间隔M为4.0个月.男性、>59岁、未婚、外省籍、在医院治疗和高基线CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞的比例有逐年上升趋势.结论 江苏省HIV/AIDS开始抗病毒治疗时机有所提前,但仍有大部分HIV/AIDS治疗较晚,其HIV阳性发现较晚是主要原因,HIV感染者早发现能力仍需加强.     

基于风险估计方程探讨“三个90%”目标实现对降低山东省HIV新发感染的影响

目的 探讨“三个90%”目标实现对降低山东省HIV新发感染的影响。方法 构建“三个90%”目标与HIV新发感染的风险估计方程,分析实现“三个90%”目标时山东省HIV新发感染降低情况,探讨以抗病毒治疗为核心的诊疗综合防控措施的实施对降低HIV新发感染的影响。结果 2020年山东省实现“三个90%”目标,抗病毒治疗使HIV/AIDS传染性分别降低26.00%、53.00%和96.00%时,HIV年新发感染较2010年下降比例分别为17.27%、35.99%和67.55%。当抗病毒治疗使HIV/AIDS传染性降低53.00%,基于2017年实际情况,发现率和抗病毒治疗率实现90.00%,HIV年新发感染降低10.10%;发现率和病毒抑制率实现90.00%,HIV年新发感染降低20.80%;治疗率和病毒抑制率实现90.00%,HIV年新发感染降低12.29%。结论 实现“三个90%”目标,可降低山东省HIV新发感染。提高发现率和病毒抑制率可使HIV新发感染下降更快;扩大抗病毒治疗覆盖面的同时,重点提高HIV/AIDS的诊断发现及抗病毒治疗效果。     

HIV自检模式在男男性行为者中的成本效果分析

目的 分析珠海市MSM中HIV自我检测（HIVST）模式和现场HIV快速检测（HIV-RDT）模式的成本效果和支付意愿,为政府合理配置卫生资源提供参考依据。方法 以卫生服务提供者的视角,收集珠海市在2019年1-9月MSM参与两种HIV检测模式的成本投入和效果产出,采用TreeAge Pro 2019软件构建10 000名MSM队列决策树模型,测算成本效果比（CER）和增量成本效果比（ICER）,以敏感性分析模型中各参数的不确定性,绘制成本效果可支付曲线评价策略的可支付性。结果 珠海市男同社会组织通过互联网+社交媒体动员参与HIVST和现场HIV-RDT的MSM人次数为2 303 vs.816,发现HIV筛查阳性者人数为33 vs.35,筛查阳性率为1.7% vs.4.3%。每筛查1例的成本为60.45元vs.240.43元,每发现1例筛查阳性的成本为4 218元vs.5 606元。决策树模型运行结果显示,每检测1例MSM的平均费用为44.67元vs.148.42元,ICER为负值。当发现1例HIV筛查阳性支付意愿低于6 528元时,HIVST更具成本效果的选择;当投入高于该阈值时,现场HIV-RDT是更具成本效果的选择。结论 珠海市现行的HIVST模式是具有经济学价值的公共卫生项目,决策者应加大社会组织扶持力度,推广HIVST在MSM中的应用。     

南京市艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者疾病负担及其影响因素分析

目的 分析南京市艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者因艾滋病造成的经济负担及其影响因素。方法 按疾病名称将接受抗病毒治疗患者分为HIV感染者和AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS), 收集两者过去一年因艾滋病直接医疗费用、直接非医疗费用和间接经济损失。对总费用和直接医疗费用进行单因素和多因素分析, 探寻其影响因素。结果 133例HIV感染者年直接医疗费用和总费用中位数分别为1 200元和1 972元, 145例AIDS患者年直接医疗费用和总费用中位数分别为1 060元和2 826元。HIV/AIDS直接医疗费用和总费用差异无统计学意义。单因素分析结果显示, 样本来源不同, 总费用不同。多因素分析结果表明, 发病时间与CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数水平、直接医疗费用呈负相关, 经同性性接触感染者医疗费用低于异性性接触者, 样本来源为其他就诊的检测者直接医疗费用高于自愿检测咨询者。结论 应进一步扩大检测和治疗覆盖面, 以期尽早发现感染者, 尽快给予抗病毒治疗, 维持患者免疫功能, 进而降低HIV/AIDS医疗费用。     

柳州市2008－2018年HIV/AIDS生存状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解柳州市HIV感染者和AIDS患者的生存时间及其影响因素。方法 选取2008－2018年柳州市报告的≥15岁HIV/AIDS,用寿命表法计算各年生存率,用Kaplan-Meier方法计算平均生存时间,对影响艾滋病生存时间的因素进行单因素及多因素Cox回归分析。结果 14 856例HIV/AIDS,平均生存时间为98.74（95% CI：97.73~99.75）个月,第1、3、5、10年累积生存率分别为77.0%,72.0%,68.0%、61.0%。多因素Cox比例风险回归分析发现,性别、文化程度、确证感染时年龄、职业、感染途径、样本来源、首次CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞（CD₄）检测结果和抗病毒治疗均是HIV/AIDS生存时间的影响因素。结论 男性、≥41岁中老年人、初中及以下文化程度、农民及民工的HIV/AIDS的死亡风险较高,早发现、提高首次CD₄检测率、尽早进行抗病毒治疗能降低HIV/AIDS死亡风险。     

中国2011－2015年跨省流动HIV/AIDS免费抗病毒治疗现状及影响因素分析

目的 分析我国跨省流动艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）免费抗病毒治疗现状及其影响因素。方法 利用2011－2015年全国艾滋病综合防治信息系统工作数据,采用描述性和趋势检验分析跨省流动HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗历年变化趋势和主要特征,logistic回归分析探讨影响该人群抗病毒治疗覆盖面的主要因素。结果 跨省流动HIV/AIDS占比从2011年的7.1%（17 784/250 645）提高到2015年的10.3%（54 596/528 226）（Z=51.38,P<0.000 1）,跨省流动HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗比例由2011年的37.3%（6 641/17 784）逐步上升到2015年的71.0%（38 783/54 596）（Z=96.23,P<0.000 1）,已与2015年非跨省流动HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗比例接近（71.5%,338 654/473 630）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,跨省流动HIV/AIDS中,女性、≥50岁年龄组、汉族、已婚/有配偶、高中/中专及以上文化程度、男男性行为感染、首次随访CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数≤500个/μl、通过医疗机构检测或重点人群检测发现HIV感染者、现住址在城市者抗病毒治疗比例较高。结论 不同特征的跨省流动HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗比例不同,需采取有效措施进一步扩大抗病毒治疗覆盖面,尽早将跨省流动HIV/AIDS纳入抗病毒治疗规范化管理系统。     

我国乳腺癌筛查卫生经济学研究的系统评价

目的 了解我国大陆地区乳腺癌筛查的卫生经济学评价进展。方法 系统检索PubMed、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台和维普网1995年1月至2015年12月收录文献,对纳入研究基本信息、人群项目参与率及检出率、模型研究方法学、经济学评价方法及结果等信息进行摘录和比较,采用卫生经济学评价报告规范（CHEERS）评价报告质量（总分24分）。结果 共检索356篇文献,最终纳入13篇,均发表于近4年（2012-2015年）,其中11篇基于人群、3篇基于模型研究。筛查起始年龄为18～45岁,终止年龄均≥59岁;筛查技术包括临床检查、超声和钼靶单一或联合筛查。有7篇报道了研究角度,其中为政府等服务提供方5篇,社会角度2篇;仅有5篇研究进行了成本和（或）效果贴现。11篇成本-效果分析中,有9篇提供了评价指标检出1例乳腺癌的成本,为5.0～229.3（M=14.5）万元。以质量调整生命年（QALY）或伤残调整生命年（DALY）为指标的成本-效用分析仅4篇,相应增量成本效果比（ICER）为0.3万元～27.1万元（2015年我国人均GDP为4.9万元）。13篇文献平均得分14.5（9.5～21.0）分,总分24分,其中研究角度、贴现率、ICER及不确定性等维度得分较低。结论 我国大陆地区乳腺癌筛查的经济学研究尚处于起步阶段,尤其是模型研究;各研究间方法及结果可比性一般,报告质量有待加强。应从社会角度全面核算成本后对筛查项目开展以QALY或DALY为指标的成本-效用分析。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.