亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的管理

<正>亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(亚临床甲减、亚甲减、SCH),即临床前甲状腺功能减退或甲状腺储备功能受损,是指血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平升高,而血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平在正常范围的状态。既往文献报道世界范围普通人群SCH的患病率为4%～10%[1-2]。滕卫平等的流行病学调查报道:我国SCH的患病率为5. 6%[3]。其中尤以老年人和女性人群较为多见。由此可见SCH是一种常见的内分泌亚临床疾病。     

个体从业人员亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的调查分析

目的了解个体从业健康体检人员亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SCH)的患病率,并观察SCH血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)与血脂的相关性因素分析。方法选取个体从业健康体检人员血清2958份,采用化学免疫分析法测定TSH、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)。血生化指标采用全自动生化检测仪测定。结果个体从业健康体检人员SCH总检出率7.03%,其中女性检出率(8.95%)高于男性检出率(4.79%,<0.01)。从年龄结构看:50～59岁组检出率最高(11.73%),其次是18～29岁组和60岁以上组。男性TSH与尿酸(UA)、血糖(GLU)呈正相关,与载酯蛋白A(ApoA)呈负相关。结论个体从业健康体检人员SCH总患病率较上海(6.1%)、南昌地区(6.1%)高,不同性别、年龄患者TSH血浓度对血脂的影响各不相同。     

非透析慢性肾脏病患者亚临床甲状腺功能减退症患病情况及其危险因素研究

目的调查非透析慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SCH)的患病情况,探讨其危险因素。方法连续选取2009年9月—2011年8月在河南省人民医院肾病风湿免疫科住院的非透析CKD患者1 639例为研究对象,符合条件者共1 432例,检测其血糖、肌酐、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、清蛋白、血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平,计算估计肾小滤过率(eGFR);对SCH相关因素进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果本组1 432例CKD患者共检出SCH患者226例,SCH患病率为15.80%。不同性别CKD患者SCH患病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);以60岁为界,不同年龄CKD患者SCH患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同eGFR CKD患者SCH患病率比较,差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析显示,SCH组和非SCH组年龄、三酰甘油、空腹血糖、FT4、TSH水平及eGFR比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);性别、总胆固醇、清蛋白水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄和eGFR均是SCH的危险因素,校正其他相关因素后,年龄每增加1岁,SCH患病风险升高2.1%;eGFR每减少1 ml.min-1.(1.73 m2)-1,SCH患病风险升高1.6%。结论非透析CKD患者SCH患病率较高,年龄、eGFR是其发生的独立危险因素,对老年CKD患者,尤其eGFR<15 ml.min-1.(1.73 m2)-1者应注意监测其甲状腺功能。     

围绝经期和绝经后女性甲状腺疾病现况及特征研究

背景　甲状腺疾病作为内分泌代谢系统第二大疾病,近年来发病率不断攀升,但目前国内尚无大型研究报道围绝经期和绝经后女性甲状腺疾病患病情况及特点。目的　调查乌鲁木齐地区围绝经期及绝经后女性甲状腺疾病患病情况,并探讨围绝经期及绝经后女性甲状腺功能筛查的意义。方法　2017年5-6月,采用整群随机抽样法,从乌鲁木齐城区随机抽取两个社区,纳入社区常住的符合研究标准的40~60岁女性（n=620）为研究对象。检测研究对象的甲状腺激素〔促甲状腺素（TSH）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）〕及甲状腺自身抗体〔甲状腺过氧化酶抗体（TPOAb）、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb）〕水平。记录研究对象甲状腺疾病患病情况。比较不同月经状态（月经规律、围绝经期、绝经后）、不同年龄段（40~44岁、45~49岁、50~54岁、55~60岁）女性TSH、甲状腺自身抗体及甲状腺疾病患病率。结果　620例女性中月经规律284例（45.8%）、围绝经期117例（18.9%）、绝经后219例（35.3%）;40~44岁173例（27.9%）、45~49岁185例（29.8%）、50~54岁115例（18.6%）、55~60岁147例（23.7%）。乌鲁木齐地区40~60岁女性甲状腺功能减退症（17例）、亚临床甲状腺功能减退症（148例）、甲状腺功能亢进症（3例）、亚临床甲状腺功能亢进症（6例）患病率分别为2.7%、23.9%、0.4%、1.0%,桥本甲状腺炎患病率为35.0%（217/620）,单纯TGAb阳性率22.6%（140/620）,单纯TPOAb阳性率为27.6%（171/620）,甲状腺结节患病率为32.4%（201/620）。不同月经状态女性TPOAb水平、甲状腺结节患病率、单纯TPOAb阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同年龄段女性甲状腺结节患病率比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同月经状态女性甲状腺功能减退症、亚临床甲状腺功能减退症、甲状腺功能亢进症、亚临床甲状腺功能亢进症、桥本甲状腺炎患病率及单纯TGAb阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;不同年龄段女性甲状腺功能减退症、亚临床甲状腺功能减退症、桥本甲状腺炎患病率及单纯TPOAb阳性率、单纯TGAb阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论　新疆乌鲁木齐地区40~60岁女性群体亚临床甲状腺功能减退症、桥本甲状腺炎及甲状腺结节患病率较高,高于当地总人群水平;且不同月经状态、年龄段女性甲状腺结节患病率不同,不同月经状态女性单纯TPOAb阳性率不同。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退治疗进展

亚临床甲状腺功能碱退症(SCH)是指患者血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平升高而血清游离甲状腺素水平正常。根据TSH和游离甲状腺素(FT4)可以对临床甲减和亚临床甲减做出诊断。有资料显示,SCH增加了心血管、脂代谢等全身代谢紊乱疾病风险及患者死亡率。同时也有一部分研究认为,过早进行L-T4替代治疗会增加部分系统代谢紊乱的风险,例如使骨密度减低程度更甚。美国临床生化学会指南指出,血清TSH>2.5 m IU/L者可能已经处于甲状腺功能减退的早期,特别是当其TPOAb阳性时。目前认为,应该治疗的SCH患者TSH应在5~10 m IU/L。对于SCH开始治疗的时机以及剂量仍然具有争议,更多的是提倡个性化治疗。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症对糖代谢的影响

目的研究亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(subclinical hypothyroidism,SCH)对2型糖尿病患者糖代谢及胰岛功能的影响。方法选取北京同仁医院内分泌科2006年1月至2007年3月间因2型糖尿病住院的全部病人1 170例,除外临床、亚临床甲状腺疾病后剩余1 003例,按系统抽样方法选取其中200例作为甲状腺功能正常组,明确诊断为SCH的127例作为观察组,比较2组间糖代谢指标和胰岛功能的变化。结果观察组空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(PBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)明显低于甲状腺功能正常组,促甲状腺素(TSH)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGA)、甲状腺微粒体抗体(TPoAb)明显高于甲状腺功能正常组,C肽释放试验显示观察组基础C肽、馒头餐后3 h C肽明显高于甲状腺功能正常组,相关分析发现FBG、PBG、HbA1c与TSH呈显著负相关,C肽释放试验各点C肽水平与TSH呈正相关。不同TSH水平的SCH患者人口学资料及代谢特点比较显示:TSH>10 mIU/L的SCH患者除BMI(体质量指数)水平显著高于10≥TSH>4 mIU/L者外,其余临床指标差异无统计学意义,2组C肽水平差异也无统计学意义,相关分析发现FBG、PBG、HbA1c,C肽释放实验各点C肽水平与TSH均未达到显著相关。非SCH组与SCH组之间胰岛素治疗的比率分别为95.5%和95.3%,差异无统计学意义。结论SCH影响糖代谢,在年龄和病程匹配的情况下,合并SCH使2型糖尿病患者C肽水平升高,血糖水平降低,且随SCH病情加重而明显。     

2型糖尿病患者中亚临床甲状腺功能减退症与慢性肾脏病的相关性分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者中亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SCH)与慢性肾脏病(CKD)之间的关系。方法 回顾性分析重庆医科大学附属第二医院内分泌科2012-01~2013-01间收治的991例2型糖尿病患者的病例资料。以促甲状腺激素(TSH)>5 m U/L(正常参考值为0.35-5 m U/L)并且游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)与游离甲状腺素(FT4)在正常范围内定义为亚临床甲状腺功能减退症。比较亚临床甲状腺功能减退组与甲状腺功能正常组之间慢性肾脏病的患病率,行多因素回归分析来评估亚临床甲状腺功能减退症与慢性肾脏病的相关性。结果 991例2型糖尿病患者中,有126例(12.7%)患者存在亚临床甲减。亚临床甲减组与甲状腺功能正常组之间慢性肾脏病的患病率无统计学差异(P>0.05);在亚组分析中,严重的亚临床甲减组(TSH≥10 m U/L)中糖尿病肾病的患病率显著高于TSH在0.35-9.99 m U/L之间的患者(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果提示在2型糖尿病患者中,严重亚临床甲减可增加慢性肾脏病的患病风险。结论 在2型糖尿病患者中,慢性肾脏病的患病风险在严重亚临床甲减人群中高于甲状腺功能正常及轻微的亚临床甲减人群。     

慢性肾脏病患者中亚临床甲状腺功能减退的相关因素研究

目的探讨慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SCH)的相关因素。方法收集并选取2016年2月至2017年10月在临沂市中心医院肾内科住院CKD患者111例为研究对象,健康体检中心63例无CKD普通人群为对照组,对2组均收集临床资料、血清生化指标,并检测甲状腺功能,包括血清游离T3(FT3)、游离T4(FT4)、促甲状腺素(TSH),计算估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR);对SCH相关因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 111例CKD组患者SCH患病率为22.5%,63例对照组SCH患病率为12.7%,CKD组患病率更高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。单因素分析显示,CKD患者中,SCH组中收缩压、血糖更高,eGFR指标更低,且差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,在校正了其他相关因素后,收缩压(OR值1.035,P0.05)及eGFR(OR值0.951,P0.01)仍是SCH的相关因素。收缩压每增加1mmHg,其风险增加3.4%,eGFR每下降1 ml/min/1.73m~2,其风险升高4.9%。结论 CKD患者SCH患病率较普通人群更高,收缩压、eGFR是其独立危险因素。     

昆明地区糖尿病患者甲状腺结节患病率

目的探讨昆明地区住院2型糖尿病患者甲状腺结节的患病率及相关危险因素.方法选取2015年7月1日至2015年12月31日在昆明市第一人民医院内分泌科住院的381例2型糖尿病患者,分析其甲状腺结节的患病率以及与性别、年龄、血糖、血压、甲状腺功能等指标的关系.结果 (1)2型糖尿病患者中,甲状腺结节患病率高达53.3%,其中,病程≥10 a的患者具有更高的甲状腺结节检出率(66.4%);(2)女性患者的甲状腺结节患病率(59.6%)高于男性(47.5%),P<0.05;(3)随年龄增加,甲状腺结节患病率增加,检出率最高在≥70岁龄段(72.5%);(4)糖尿病同时合并高血压的人群,甲状腺结节检出率(60%)高于非高血压人群(43.6%),P<0.05;(5)TSH>4(m IU/m L)的患者,具有更高的甲状腺结节检出率(70.1%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论在糖尿病患者中,甲状腺结节患病率增加与性别、年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病程、TSH水平有关.     

L-T4对妊娠期亚临床甲减患者血清TSH、FT4、FT3水平及妊娠结局的影响

目的:观察左甲状腺素(L-T4)对妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(SCH)患者血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平及妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析80例妊娠期SCH患者的临床资料,依据随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组各40例。入选者从妊娠第6周起每隔4周接受一次随访直至36周,总共随访8次,采用固相化学发光酶免疫分析法(ICMA法)检测患者血清TSH、FT4和FT3水平,记录两组妊娠结局并进行比较。结果:观察组治疗后血清TSH水平先降低后保持稳定,FT4水平先升高后下降,与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组血清FT3水平先升高后稳定,分娩前有所下降,与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组不良妊娠结局的发生率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:L-T4能有效降低SCH患者的血清TSH水平,增强妊娠期母体甲状腺功能。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.