单一半椎体型先天性脊柱侧后凸初次手术失败的原因分析及翻修方法选择

目的:探讨单一半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧后凸初次手术失败的原因及翻修方法选择。方法:对2000年5月~2008年3月收治的因初次手术失败而行翻修术且临床资料完整的11例单一半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧后凸患者进行回顾性分析。男5例,女6例。入院时年龄2~19岁,平均11.5岁。术前侧凸Cobb角15°～97°,平均52.2°;后凸Cobb角25°～105°,平均63.5°;C7铅垂线距骶骨中线距离为1.2～5.6cm,平均2.7cm。结果:初次手术失败的原因:(1)初次手术术式本身的局限性(3例);(2)内固定选择不当或固定范围选择不当,同时未行半椎体切除和植骨融合术(4例);(3)初次手术未切除致畸形的半椎体且未植骨(2例);(4)术中操作不当(1例);(5)内固定范围选择不当合并半椎体切除不彻底(1例)。根据每例患者的初次手术方式及手术失败原因的不同,采用个体化的翻修方法。翻修手术无大血管损伤、感染、死亡等并发症,1例术后出现短暂性原神经症状加重。术后侧凸Cobb角2°～66°(平均22.3°),平均矫正率为64%;后凸Cobb角2°～61°(平均26.1°),平均矫正率为59.6%;C7铅垂线距骶中线距离为0.7～2.5cm,平均1.4cm。随访1~5年,平均2.3年,末次随访时,侧凸Cobb角4°～63°,平均23.8°;后凸Cobb角0°～59°,平均29.9°;C7铅垂线距骶中线距离为0.3～3.1cm,平均1.2cm。术后1年X线片证实植骨均融合,内固定物无松动、断裂,未发现失代偿现象。结论:初次手术方法选择不当是单一半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧后凸初次手术失败的主要原因,正确选择合适的翻修方案可以获得较满意的临床疗效。     

后路松解胸椎间隙联合楔形截骨治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸

目的 评价经后路胸膜外松解胸椎间隙联合顶椎区楔形截骨结合椎弓根螺钉内固定矫正术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形的安全性和早期临床效果.方法 2004年3月至2007年6月,对14例重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸患者行手术治疗.男6例,女8例;年龄15-31岁,平均22.1岁.其巾特发性7例,先天性6例,神经纤维瘤病l例.术前侧凸Cobb角81°～139°,平均111.2°;后凸57°～165°,平均85.8°.所有患者均行一期经后路胸膜外松解椎间隙联合顶椎区楔形截骨,经椎弓根螺钉内固定矫止及植骨融合术.结果 平均松解椎间隙5.1个,椎体截骨平均2.3个,手术时问7.2～14.1 h,平均9.2 h.术中出血量1500～6100 ml,平均3970 ml.无神经损伤,2例术中胸膜破裂,1例术后并发肠系膜上动脉综合征.所有患者经过7～31个月随访,平均12.7个月,术后侧凸Cobb角15°～71°,平均31.3°,矫正率71.9%;后凸22°～48°,平均34.9°,矫正率59.3%.结论 经后路胸膜外松解胸椎间隙节省了前路经胸的于术时间,创伤小,对心肺干扰小,降低了风险,改善了脊柱柔韧性.顶椎区凸侧三柱楔形截骨,依靠凹侧保留的椎间纤维环、黄韧带及肋椎关节作为稳定铰链,手术较伞脊椎切除术简便、安全.对重度僵硬性弧形脊柱侧后凸用单一的截骨术难以达到三维矫正,后路椎间隙松解联合顶椎区楔形截骨结合椎弓根螺钉内崮定矫正能获得良好的脊柱三维矫正.     

经后路胸膜外松解脊椎楔形截骨治疗重度特发性脊柱侧凸

目的:评价经后路胸膜外松解脊椎楔形截骨治疗重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸的安全性和早期临床效果.方法:2004年5月～2007年10月采用经后路胸膜外松解凸侧胸椎间隙、顶椎区楔形截骨、凹侧肋椎关节松解及椎弓根螺钉同定矫正治疗重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸患者19例,男12例,女7例,年龄14～39岁,平均18.9岁.术前侧凸Cobb角890～132°,平均107°;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离3～5.7cm,平均4.1cm;侧凸柔韧性为16.1%～29.6%,平均24.2%;12例合并后凸畸形,后凸Cobb角56°-89°,平均67°.结果:平均松解椎间隙5.2个,楔形截骨平均2.1个椎体.手术时间平均8.9h,术中出血量1200～4700ml,平均3100ml.无脊髓损伤.1例术中发生血气胸,术毕行胸腔闭式引流,2周后痊愈;1例术后第4d并发肠系膜上动脉综合征,采取禁食水、持续胃肠减压、维持水电解质平衡、左侧卧位,术后2周痊愈.术后侧凸Cobb角矫正至12°～59°,平均24.1°,矫正率为77.5%;12例后凸Cobb角22°～460°,平均35.6°,矫正率为46.9%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离0.3～1.3cm,平均0.7cm.随访8～41个月,平均17.2个月,末次随访时侧凸Cobb角15°～67°,平均27.9.,丢失3.6%;12例后凸Cobb角25°～51°,平均39.4°,丢失5.7%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离0.4～1.6cm,平均为0.9cm.所有患者植骨愈合良好,内固定无断裂及松动.结论:经后路胸膜外松解、脊椎楔形截骨与胸廓成形及后路脊柱矫形使用同一个手术切口,创伤小,节省了前路经胸的手术时间,对心肺干扰小,降低了手术风险.应用此方法治疗重度特发性脊柱侧凸安全性好,能获得较好的脊柱三维矫正.     

重度僵硬后凸型脊柱侧凸畸形的手术治疗

目的探讨应用脊柱后路截骨矫形治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形的治疗效果及临床应用价值。方法 2007年5月至2008年6月采用经后凸顶椎椎弓根Ⅴ形截骨,凸侧采用悬臂梁压棒技术治疗16例重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者,男12例,女4例,年龄14～22岁,平均17.4岁。先天性脊柱侧后凸11例,特发性脊柱侧后凸5例。截骨部位均位于胸椎。结果平均手术时间（226±32）min,术中出血量（1360±265） ml,平均随访28个月（24～36月）,术前主弯侧凸Cobb角83°±11.7°（75°～106°）,后凸角91°±13.2°（82°～102°）,术前C7铅垂线距骶中线距离（1.45±0.26）cm;术后侧凸Cobb角矫正至27.4°±11°（矫正率67%）;后凸Cobb角25.5°±9.5°（矫正率72%）。C7铅垂线距骶中线距离（0.48±0.13） cm。无神经系统并发症发生。结论经后凸顶椎椎弓根V形截骨,凸侧采用悬臂梁压棒技术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形是一种安全、可靠的方法,矫形效果满意。     

后路半椎体切除内固定矫治先天性脊柱侧后凸

目的评价后路一期半椎体切除椎弓根钉矫形治疗先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧后凸的临床效果。方法11例患者,平均年龄9.3岁,4例位于胸椎,5例位于腰椎,均为完全分节型,手术采用后路一期半椎体切除,椎弓根器械矫形并植骨融合。结果手术固定节段2-7个椎体,平均3.3个椎体。术后随访6-30个月,平均14.5个月。全脊柱正侧位X线片示冠状面Cobb角由术前平均41.15°矫正至15.35°,平均矫正率61.53％,矢状面Cobb角由术前平均34.15°矫正至13.26°,平均矫正率60.27％,顶椎偏移由术前25.34mm矫正至11.46mm,最后随访时侧凸和后凸Cobb角平均分别为16.86°和14.08°,与术后相比无纠正丢失。无任何手术并发症,无内固定断裂脱落,均融合。结论一期后路半椎体切除椎弓根器械矫形是治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸安全、有效的术式,能够获得满意的矫正。     

前路半椎体切除截骨后路矫形固定治疗严重先天性脊柱侧凸

目的探讨分期前路半椎体切除截骨后路矫形手术治疗严重先天性脊柱侧凸的临床疗效。方法严重先天性脊柱侧凸14例,男4例,女10例;年龄8～13岁,平均11.2岁。其中形成缺陷2例,分节缺陷6例,混合型6例。半椎体位于T53例,T2、T8、T10、T11、L1、L4各1例。胸弯12例,胸腰弯2例。术前冠状面Cobb角63°～95°,平均72.1°。胸椎后凸减小或前凸8例,胸腰段后凸4例。一期采用前路半椎体切除、多节段椎体间楔形截骨及分节不全松解;二期采用后路椎弓根钉棒系统三维矫形固定。前后路手术均植骨,平均截骨5.5个节段。结果一期前路术后冠状面Cobb角48°～60°,平均51.5°;矫正率19.6%～37.8%,平均28.6%。二期术后冠状面Cobb角5°～45°,平均30.5°;矫正率52.6%～87.5%,平均62.5%。8例存在胸椎后凸减小或前凸的患者均恢复生理性后凸,4例胸腰段后凸患者3例达到矢状面矫正。全部病例随访8～30个月,平均12.1个月。无断钉、断棒及明显的矫正度丢失,植骨融合良好。发生并发症2例,椎弓根钉帽松动1例,T1神经根激惹1例。结论一期前路半椎体切除、多节段椎体间楔形截骨、分节不全松解,二期后路矫形固定及前后路植骨治疗先天性脊柱侧凸能够达到较满意的矫形效果,适合于8～12岁的青春期前患者。     

青少年先天性分节不全型脊柱侧凸治疗探讨

背景:先天性脊柱侧凸分为形成障碍型、分节不全型及混合型三型。目前国内外对先天性脊柱侧凸的治疗研究主要集中于形成障碍型脊柱侧凸,而对于分节不全型脊柱侧凸的治疗研究较少。目的:评价经后路凹侧肋椎关节松解联合单极或双极楔形截骨治疗青少年先天性分节不全型脊柱侧凸畸形的安全性和初步临床效果。方法:2004年11月至2009年12月经后路凹侧肋椎关节松解联合单极或双极楔形截骨治疗青少年先天性分节不全型脊柱侧凸患者24例(单极截骨10例,双极楔形截骨14例),男女各12例,年龄13～22岁,平均16.7岁;侧凸Cobb角50°～139°,平均84.1°;侧凸柔韧性5.1%～30.0%,平均17.0%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离0.8～6.3cm,平均2.54cm;1处分节不全18例,2处分节不全3例,3处分节不全3例。结果:手术时间5.3～11.2h,平均7.9h;术中出血1500～4500ml,平均2980ml。无1例因截骨间隙加压闭合而致脊髓剪切损伤。1例术中发生胸膜破裂,术后行胸腔闭式引流术,2周后痊愈。1例因T5椎弓根螺钉侵入椎管压迫脊髓出现左下肢不全瘫,术后4h拔出该螺钉,3个月后左下肢不全瘫完全恢复。术后侧凸Cobb角6°～51°,平均26.8°;术后C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离0.3～2.5cm,平均0.76cm。平均随访32.2个月,末次随访患者侧凸Cobb角9°～53°,平均28.6°,平均矫正率66.7%,矫正率平均丢失2.1%;冠状面C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线垂直距离0.3～2.6cm,平均0.81cm,平均矫正率63.3%,矫正率平均丢失2.4%。所有患者均达骨性愈合,内固定无松动、断裂,矫形无明显丢失,术后未发生失代偿现象。结论:经后路凹侧肋椎关节松解联合单极或双极楔形截骨技术治疗中、重度青少年分节不全型脊柱侧凸能较好改善脊柱柔韧性,增加截骨面加压闭合的安全性。     

后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的评价后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床效果。方法 2007年8月至2009年12月,采用后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形病例21例,男7例,女14例;年龄7～32岁,平均16.3岁;胸段19例,腰段2例;伴发脊髓纵裂7例,脊髓空洞1例,不全瘫3例。所有病例均行后路一期全脊椎截骨、矫形植骨融合固定术。测量术前、术后及随访时站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,记录冠状面和矢状面Cobb角、顶椎偏移;记录术中出血量、手术时间及围手术期并发症。结果所有患者切口均一期愈合,随访时间16～38个月,平均22.4个月。本组病例手术时间平均为694.5min,术中出血量平均2429ml,冠状面Cobb角由82.9°矫正到36.0°,平均矫形率56.6%,矢状Cobb角由82.5°矫正到39.8°,平均矫形率51.8%,顶椎偏移由27.1mm矫正到11.1mm,矫正率59.0%。1例术后神经诱发电位示右胫后神经SEP降低,2周后恢复,无其他神经系统并发症,椎体间植骨病例随访时均获得融合,无内固定松动、断裂等并发症。结论后路全脊椎截骨椎体切除可直接去除致畸原因,在冠状面和矢状面上均可获得良好的矫形,并可获360°减压,是目前治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形较为有效的方法。     

重度僵硬型脊柱侧凸的后路非全椎体截骨手术治疗

[目的]探讨重度僵硬型脊柱侧凸后路非全椎体截骨手术治疗的疗效。[方法]本组男18例,女24例,年龄13~32岁,平均19.2岁。术前冠状面Cobb角80°~135°,平均96.2°,矢状位Cobb角56°~102°,平均73.5°。均采用后路顶椎附近凹侧脊旁软组织、椎板间隙和小关节松解,再用直的短棒连接并强力撑开,矫正部份畸形,再分别在凹侧和凸侧进行双棒进一步矫形和固定。[结果]所有患者均安全完成手术,无神经脊髓损伤等严重并发症发生。术后随访12~60个月,平均36.5个月。术后冠状位Cobb角平均35.3°,矫正63.3%,最后一次随访时平均40.2°,矫正58.2%。术后矢状位Cobb角平均33.4,°矫正54.6%,最后一次随访时平均36.8°,矫正49.9%。[结论]对于椎体间无骨性融合的重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸,在充分松解的基础上,采用直的短棒强力撑开后再矫形,不需要全椎体截骨就能够获得满意的矫形效果,避免了截骨可能出现的并发症。     

后路脊柱截骨治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形

目的 探讨后路截骨治疗强直性脊柱炎(AS)患者后凸畸形的效果.方法 选择60例AS并后凸的患者,男35例,女25例;年龄25～54岁,平均33岁;身高148～172 cm,平均身高162.3 cm.矢状面不同的Cobb's角:T5～T12 70°～120°,平均83°;T11～L4 5°～51°,平均37°;胸腰段后凸Cobb's角(多集中在T10-L2)35°～97°,平均48.6°;L1～L5 32°～-8°,平均4°.颌眉垂线角41°～84°,平均53.3°.均无明显神经症状.分别采用顶椎区Smith-Petersen脊柱截骨、改良式多个节段Smith-Petersen脊柱截骨、"三明治"式截骨、Thomasen经椎弓根截骨、椎体切除5种不同的截骨方法来矫正后凸畸形.内固定全部选用椎弓根螺钉技术.其中,顶椎区Smith-Petemen脊柱截骨12例;改良式多个节段Smith-Petersen脊柱截骨28例;"三明治"式截骨5例;Thomasen经椎弓根截骨lO例;椎体切除5例.结果 术后患者平均身高增长8.7 cm,矢状面不同的Cobb's角:T5～T12 30°～60°,平均43.2°;T11～L2～2°～11.3°,平均3.8°;胸腰段后凸畸形Cobb's角(多集中在T10～L2):-2°～12.7°,平均5.6°;L1～L521°～-38°,平均32.8°.颌眉垂线角-8°～15.8°,平均8.3°,均无明显神经症状.随访2～10年,截骨部位均在6～12个月时,出现椎体间和椎板的骨性融合.术后外形明显改善,心肺功能好转.结论 治疗强直性脊柱后凸,对于不同程度的后凸应当采用不同的截骨方式.椎板截骨多适用于后凸较轻、椎体前缘无明显骨性融合的患者,对于骨质疏松明显、椎体前方骨桥明显的患者应当选择三柱截骨,对于后凸角度较大,顶椎有楔形变的严重AS患者应当采用顶椎区一个或多个椎体切除.     

One-stage posterior hemivertebra resection and correction using segmental posterior instrumentation

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of 12 patients with congenital kyphoscoliosis caused by a single hemivertebra who underwent one-stage posterior hemivertebra resection and correction by posterior segmental instrumentation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the surgical outcomes of 12 patients with hemivertebra treated by hemivertebra resection by single posterior approach and correction with segmental posterior instrumentation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Congenital scoliosis caused by hemivertebra causes extremely severe curves in some patients. Posterior fusion or posterior and anterior hemi-epiphysiodesis is performed to prevent progression of the deformity. The results of these procedures have been variable and not promising, especially in an adolescent patient with fixed kyphoscoliotic deformity. Hemivertebra resection offers more certain results and better correction of the deformity. To date, hemivertebra resection is performed by anterior and posterior approaches either by one-stage or two-stage operation. Few reports have been published describing a procedure consisting of one-stage posterior hemivertebra resection and correction of the deformity by segmental posterior instrumentation. METHODS: A total of 12 patients with a single hemivertebra between the ages 8-24 years who underwent operative treatment were evaluated for a minimum of 2 years. All patients had a single nonincarcerated hemivertebra [T9 (1 patient), T10 (2), T11 (2), T12 (4), and L1 (3)]. After posterior hemivertebra resection, segmental posterior instrumentation was used for correction of the kyphoscoliotic deformity [CD (4 patients), Kaneda SR (2), and ISOLA (6)]. Radiographic evaluations were conducted on the preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up standing posteroanterior and lateral radiographs. RESULTS: All 12 patients had kyphoscoliotic deformity. Preoperative scoliosis averaging 49 degrees was corrected to 18 degrees (correction rate, 64%). Preoperative kyphosis of 40 degrees was corrected to 17 degrees of kyphosis. Trunk shift of 23 mm was improved to 3 mm. Correction loss was 2 degrees in the frontal plane and 3 degrees in the sagittal plane, and no patients showed more than 5 degrees of correction loss. No intraoperative complications were noted. Solid fusion was obtained in all patients, and no implant failure was verified at the final radiographic evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that correction of kyphoscoliosis caused by a single hemivertebra can be effectively conducted by one-stage posterior hemivertebra resection and correction using segmental posterior instrumentation. The operation was safe, and no associated adverse complications were noted. This procedure is best indicated for adolescent patients with a structural kyphoscoliotic deformity caused by a thoracic or thoracolumbar single hemivertebra.     

扩大蛋壳技术单纯后路切除青少年胸腰段半脊椎

目的通过回顾与随访,总结采用扩大蛋壳技术单纯后路半脊椎切除的技术要点,探讨如何避免并发症,评价单纯后路切除胸腰段半脊椎治疗青少年先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的效果。方法采用单纯后路经椎弓根扩大蛋壳技术切除胸腰段半脊椎,共治疗28例青少年先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形。患者平均年龄14岁,其中男性19例,女性9例。12例半脊椎位于T12,10例半脊椎位于L1,6例半脊椎位于T11。Cobb角后凸角度平均75°,侧凸角度平均48°。所有病例均采用经椎弓根螺钉内固定系统矫形固定。结果平均手术时间3.7 h,失血量平均900m。l2例术中出现血气胸,其中1例经伤口引流愈合,另1例术后置胸腔管引流1周愈合。1例患者术中出现脑脊液漏,术后自然愈合。1例术中发生肋间神经损伤,术后出现一过性单侧肋间神经痛,未经任何治疗1周后消失;并发症发生率为14%。并发症主要发生在采用这一技术的早期阶段。所有病例未出现早期或晚期脊髓损伤症状和伤口感染。平均随访3.5年,所有病例均获得骨性融合。在最后随访时,Cobb角后凸角度平均19°,侧凸角度平均14°,所有病例躯干平衡。结论采用单纯后路经椎弓根扩大蛋壳技术切除胸腰段半脊椎操作性强,同前后路联合手术比较,大大缩短了手术时间,明显减轻了手术创伤,矫形效果好,无严重神经损伤或其它严重并发症。     

Osteoporotic vertebral fracture adjacent to a nonsegmented hemivertebra

A combination of osteoporotic vertebral fractures and congenital spinal deformity is theoretically possible, but there have been no reports on this combination in the literature. We describe a rare case of an osteoporotic vertebral fracture adjacent to the nonsegmented hemivertebra. A 60-year-old postmenopausal woman who did not recall any specific trauma presented with severe back pain. She had markedly decreased bone mineral density and significant lumbar kyphoscoliosis with a nonsegmented hemivertebra between L1 and L2 on radiographs of the lumbar spine. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a vertebral fracture adjacent to the nonsegmented hemivertebra. Laboratory studies showed increased serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and urinary type I collagen crosslinked N-telopeptide (NTx). A thoracolumbar brace was applied for 3 months. Daily administration of alendronate normalized her serum BAP and urinary NTx levels. MRI scans of the lumbar spine after 6 months also confirmed normalized signal intensities of the fractured vertebra adjacent to the nonsegmented hemivertebra. The vertebral fracture seemed to be induced by spinal malalignment, increased stress on the adjacent level of the fused segment, and its fragility due to osteoporosis.     

一期后路经椎弓根半椎体切除节段固定治疗先天性胸腰椎侧后凸畸形

目的评价一期后路经椎弓根半椎体切除节段固定术治疗完全分节的胸腰椎半椎体畸形所致的先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的疗效。方法采用一期后路经椎弓根半椎体切除内固定矫形术治疗了12例完全分节的胸腰椎半椎体畸形所致的脊柱侧后凸畸形。其中男8例，女4例，年龄为7～17岁，平均11．3岁。观察并测量术前术后及随访时站立位脊柱X线片冠状面和矢状面Cobb角、侧凸的顶椎偏移。结果随访10～34个月，平均16个月。术后冠状面平均矫正64．1％，随访中无明显丢失。后凸由术前平均32。矫正至平均19°，随访中无明显丢失，顶椎偏移由术前平均4．5cm矫正至平均1．2cm。无脊髓损伤及切口感染等并发症。结论一期后路经椎弓根半椎体切除内固定矫形术是治疗完全分节的胸腰椎半椎体畸形所致的脊柱侧后凸畸形的有效方法。     

经后路半椎体切除固定治疗儿童先天性脊柱侧凸

目的评估经后路利用蛋壳技术切除半椎体,应用椎弓根钉棒系统固定临近椎体治疗先天性脊柱侧凸的临床效果。方法回顾分析2006年6月至2009年1月收治的半椎体引起的先天性脊柱侧凸畸形患者17例,其中男12例,女5例,年龄5.5-11.3岁,平均8.4岁。均为单一的完全分节的胸腰段半椎体。取后正中切口,应用蛋壳技术切除半椎体,椎弓根钉棒系统临近节段固定。比较手术前后患者站立位身高、侧凸Cobb角。结果手术时间46 h,平均4.5 h。术中出血400-800 mL,平均500 mL。所有患儿顺利完成手术,术后1例发生1枚椎弓根钉拔出,进行了二次手术调整。其他病例均无并发症发生。身高平均增加（6.47±2.06）cm,侧凸Cobb角由术前（50.94±18.75）°减小到术后（18.12±6.87）,°矫正率为64.4%。随访时间28-40个月,平均30个月,矫正效果满意。结论经后路利用蛋壳技术切除半椎体,应用椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗先天性脊柱侧凸手术矫正效果满意。     

Lumbar hemivertebra resection

BACKGROUND: A single lumbar hemivertebra can be expected to cause progressive scoliosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of a lumbar hemivertebra resection and short-segment fusion through a combined posterior and anterior approach. METHODS: From 1987 to 2002, a consecutive series of twenty-one patients with congenital scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis due to a lumbar hemivertebra were managed by resection of the hemivertebra through a combined posterior and anterior approach and with the use of a short anterior and posterior convex-side fusion. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of surgery was 3.3 years (range, twelve months to 10.2 years). The mean followup period was 8.6 years. There was a mean improvement of 71.4% in the segmental scoliosis curve from a mean angle of 32.9 degrees before surgery to 9.4 degrees at the time of the latest follow-up assessment, and a mean improvement of 63.9% in the global scoliosis curve from 34.1 degrees to 12.3 degrees. The mean final lordosis was within normal values. CONCLUSIONS: Excision of a lumbar hemivertebra is safe and provides stable correction when combined with a short-segment fusion. Surgery should be performed as early as possible to avert the development of severe local deformities and prevent secondary structural deformities that would require a more extensive fusion later.     

后路扩大"蛋壳"技术行畸形脊椎切除矫治重度成人先天性脊柱侧后凸

目的探讨后路经椎弓根扩大"蛋壳"技术行畸形脊椎切除矫治重度成人先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者的早期临床效果.方法2003年5月～2005年5月,我院骨科收治重度成人先天性脊柱侧后凸患者16例,男6例,女10例;平均年龄31.8岁(21.5～44.2岁).侧凸Cobb角70°～125°,平均85°,后凸Cobb角72°～110°,平均88°.均采用单纯后路扩大"蛋壳"技术切除侧后凸顶椎(包括顶椎邻近的头尾侧楔变的脊椎),截骨节段上下方各应用2～3对椎弓根螺钉固定,通过器械加压矫形关闭切除后形成的间隙.观察手术前后侧后凸的矫正率、术中脊柱短缩、术后站立位身高变化及术后整体平衡情况.结果本组患者平均切除1.6个(1～3个)椎体,术中测量脊柱短缩32mm(28～48mm),术后身高测量较术前增加22mm(13～31mm),平均融合范围9.2(6～12)个节段,手术平均用时256min(208～350min),术中平均出血量2250ml(1800～3200ml).全部病例经过0.5～2.5年随访,侧凸Cobb角矫正率52.3%;后凸畸形矫正率75.1%.所有患者躯干平衡良好,未发现失代偿现象.2例出现一过性脊髓损伤症状,2例出现术中神经根损伤症状,未经特殊处理均基本恢复正常.结论对于重度成人先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者,单纯应用后路经椎弓根扩大"蛋壳"技术行畸形脊椎切除是一种较安全有效的矫治方法.     

Patterns and progression in congenital scoliosis

Sixty cases of congenital scoliosis over a 13-year period were studied. The female:male ratio was 1.4:1. The deformity usually presented itself first either at 2 or 8-13 years of age. A positive family history was present in five cases, and parental consanguinity was observed in 40% of patients. Five patterns of deformity were recognized. Hemivertebra was the most common type, and unilateral unsegmented bar with contralateral hemivertebra was the most severe and most progressive pattern of deformity. Thoracic curves were more prevalent while larger curves were more commonly seen in the thoracolumbar area. The curves measured >40 degrees in 70% of the patients who had reached maturity. The curve progression index was 9 degrees for unilateral unsegmented bar with contralateral hemivertebra, and 6 degrees without contralateral hemivertebra. This index was 1.5 degrees for hemivertebra and complex type of deformity, and 0.5 degrees for block vertebra. Unbalanced fully segmented hemivertebra was next after the two types of unsegmented bars in terms of potential for progression. Presence of fused ribs on concave side of lower thoracic curves increased the rate of curve progression. Spinal dysraphism, diagnosed in 20% of cases, was the most commonly associated anomaly.     

A single posterior approach for multilevel modified vertebral column resection in adults with severe rigid congenital kyphoscoliosis: a retrospective study of 13 cases

We report a multilevel modified vertebral column resection (MVCR) through a single posterior approach and clinical outcomes for treatment of severe congenital rigid kyphoscoliosis in adults. Transpedicular eggshell osteotomies and vertebral column resection are two techniques for the surgical treatment of rigid severe spine deformities. The authors developed a new technique combining the two surgical methods as a MVCR, through a single posterior approach, for surgical treatment of severe congenital rigid kyphoscoliosis in adults. Thirteen adult patients with severe rigid congenital kyphoscoliosis deformity were treated by a single posterior approach using a MVCR technique. The surgery processes included a one-stage posterior transpedicular eggshell technique first, and then expanded the eggshell technique to adjacent intervertebra space through abrasive reduction of the vertebral cortices from inside out. All posterior vertebral elements were removed including the cortical vertebral bone around the neural canal. Range of resection of the vertebral column at the apex of the deformity included apical vertebra and both cephalic and/or caudal adjacent wedged vertebrae. Totally, 32 vertebrae had been removed in 13 patients, with 2.42 vertebrae being removed on average in each case. The average fusion extent was 7.69 vertebrae. Mean operation time was 266 min with average blood loss of 2,411.54 ml during operation. Patients were followed up for an average duration of 2.54 years. Deformity correction was 59% in the coronal plane (from 79.7° to 32.4°) postoperatively and 33.7° (57% correction) at 2 years follow-up. In the sagittal plane, correction was from preoperative 85.9° to 27.5° immediately after operation, and 32.0° at 2 years follow-up. Postoperative pain was reduced from preoperative 1.77 to 0.54 at 2 years follow-up in visual analog scale. SRS-24 scale was from 38.2 preoperatively to 76.9 at 2 years follow-up postoperative. Complications were encountered in four patients (30.7%) with transient neurology that spontaneously improved without further treatment within 3 months. MVCR technique through a single posterior approach is an effective procedure for the surgical treatment of severe congenital rigid kyphoscoliosis in adults.     

全脊柱截骨联合前方钛网支撑治疗重度先天性脊柱畸形

目的：探讨全脊柱截骨矫形联合前方钛网支撑治疗重度先天性脊柱畸形的治疗效果。方法：2008年4月至2012年4月采用经顶椎全脊柱截骨矫形内固定、前方钛网植骨支撑治疗21例重度先天性脊柱畸形患者,男8例,女13例;年龄10～35岁,平均19．4岁;胸椎6例,胸腰段13例,腰椎2例;合并Chairs畸形2例,脊髓纵裂6例,脊髓空洞4例,神经纤维瘤病1例。术前Frankel分级：C级3例,D级5例,E级13例。记录术中出血量、手术时间及围手术期并发症,对术前、术后2d及末次随访时冠状面和矢状面Cobb角、顶椎偏移距离、矢状面偏移距离、双肩相对高度、剃刀背畸形高度等影像学数据进行测量,并对术后矫正率进行评估。结果：21例患者手术时间3．5-6．5h,平均5．2h;术中出血量1400—4900ml,平均2500ml。术后2d患者主弯冠状面Cobb角、矢状面Cobb角、顶椎偏距、矢状面偏移距离、剃刀背高度及双肩高度差与术前比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,与末次随访比较均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后冠状面矫正率为（62．24±5．82）％,矢状面矫正率为（60．97±6．30）％。术后第1天2例Frankel分级由E级加重为D级,保守治疗2周后恢复;1例术后苏醒后查体Frankel分级由D级加重为C级,及时行翻修调整手术后恢复;左眼永久性失明1例,术中脑脊液漏2例,胸膜损伤1例。21例均获随访,时间9~31个月,平均18．6个月。末次随访时FrankelD级4例,E级17例,所有患者获得骨性愈合,无矫正角度丢失及内固定松动。结论：全脊柱截骨术联合应用前方钛网支撑治疗重度先天性脊柱畸形,可有效矫正和恢复冠状面及矢状面平衡,避免了脊柱短缩所造成的脊髓折皱,但仍应重视术中体位及神经系统损伤的并发症。