经皮二维胆道超声造影的临床应用

目的 探讨经皮二维胆道超声造影(2D-CEUSC)评价胆道梗阻性疾病的临床价值。方法 对33例因胆道梗阻性病变接受T管(21例)或PTC管(12例)插管的患者进行2D-CEUSC检查,以X线胆道造影(CC)作为金标准,分别评估图像质量、显示肝内胆管的最高级别及对梗阻性病变(包括有无梗阻、梗阻水平、梗阻程度及梗阻原因)的判断。结果 全部33例2D-CEUSC均清晰显示肝内外胆管直至梗阻段,图像质量评分均为优或中,可满足诊断需要,但与CC的差异有统计学意义(P=0.005);在显示胆管级别方面,2D-CEUSC可清晰显示(3.64±0.96)级肝内胆管,而CC为(3.79±0.74)级,差异无统计学意义(P=0.268)。治疗后仍存在胆道梗阻的22例中,2D-CEUSC对14例的梗阻水平、梗阻程度及梗阻原因判断正确,其中2D-CEUSC对肝门部梗阻、狭窄大于50％、完全梗阻及肿瘤性梗阻的判断与CC符合率分别为85.71%(6/7)、100%(3/3)、100%(9/9)和100%(12/12),对小病灶引起的不完全性梗阻正确判断的例数较低。结论 作为一种新的胆道造影方法,2D-CEUSC对肝内胆管分支的显示情况与CC接近,可作为术前评估胆道梗阻的有益补充。     

对比分析屏气三维梯度-自旋回波与呼吸门控触发三维快速自旋回波MR胰胆管成像

目的 对比屏气三维梯度-自旋回波MR胰胆管造影（3D-Grase-MRCP）与呼吸门控触发三维快速自旋回波MR胰胆管造影（3D-Tse-MRCP）图像质量。方法 对96例疑诊胰腺或胆道疾病患者行屏气3D-Grase-MRCP和呼吸门控触发3D-TSE-MRCP序列扫描，比较2种序列图像质量评分、显示病变情况及胆总管对比噪声比（CNR）。将3D-Grase-MRCP图像分为屏气组和屏气配合不佳组，对比2组图像质量评分。结果 3D-Tse-MRCP图像胆总管CNR值[357.08（209.73，594.38）]高于3D-Grase-MRCP[256.14（141.54，417.87），Z=-3.01，P<0.05]。3D-Grase-MRCP图像胆囊、胆囊管、胆总管及肝内胆管主要分支评分均高于3D-Tse-MRCP（P均<0.01），显示胆囊结石（n=42）和胆囊管结石（n=7）更清晰（P均<0.05）；屏气组（n=68）3D-Grase-MRCP图像胆囊、胆囊管、胆总管、胰管及肝内胆管主要分支质量评分均高于屏气配合不佳组（n=28，P均<0.01）。结论 屏气3D-Grase-MRCP图像质量及显示病变优于呼吸门控触发3D-Tse-MRCP，且扫描时间明显缩短。     

超声造影在肝外胆管占位性病变中的应用

目的 探讨应用CEUS诊断肝外胆管占位性病变的价值。方法 回顾性分析45例因肝外胆管占位性病变就诊于我院的患者, 将二维超声(US)、CEUS及增强CT影像学诊断结果与患者病理诊断进行对比, 分析每种影像学方法的诊断效能。结果 45例病例中良性病变6例, 恶性病变39例。US、CEUS及增强CT对肝外胆管良恶性病变的诊断准确率分别为71.11%(32/45)、88.89%(40/45)及91.11%(41/45), US与CEUS间(P=0.035)、US与增强CT间(P=0.015)差异具有统计学意义, CEUS与增强CT间(P=1.000)差异无统计学意义。结论 CEUS对肝外胆管占位性病变的诊断准确率高于US, 与增强CT相近, 对肝外胆管占位性病变的临床诊断具有重要价值。     

肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤常规超声及超声造影表现

目的 观察肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤（IPNB）常规超声及超声造影（CEUS）表现。方法 回顾性分析16例接受腹部常规超声及CEUS检查并经手术病理证实的单发IPNB患者，其中9例伴癌变（癌变组），7例伴中重度异型增生或上皮内瘤变（增生或瘤变组）；对比观察2组病灶常规超声及CEUS表现。结果 16个病灶中，11个形态不规则并与肝内胆管相通，10个内部探及点线状血流信号；病灶内部回声可表现为囊性（单房/多房无回声）、囊实性及实性。组间病灶直径、形态、是否与胆管相通及病灶内是否探及血流信号差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05），内部回声特征差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组病灶CEUS多表现为"快进快出"，动脉期均以不均匀增强伴乳头状强化为主，增强模式及动脉期增强形态差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 IPNB常规超声及CEUS表现具有一定特征性。     

三维经食管超声心动图与其他影像技术指导左心耳封堵术的对比

目的 探讨三维经食管超声心动图（3D-TEE）和2D-TEE、CTA和术中X线造影在左心耳（LAA）形态、大小评估及指导封堵器型号选择方面的价值。方法 对43例拟行LAA封堵术的心房颤动患者行TEE,清晰显示LAA并于0°、45°、90°和135°分别测量其开口最大径和最大深度值;于LAA显示最清晰切面启动3D-ROOM模式测量开口最大径、最小径,并将其与2D-TEE、CTA和X线造影的检查结果进行对比。结果 3D-TEE测量LAA开口最大径与2D-TEE、术中X线造影测值差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,CTA测量LAA开口最大径明显大于3D-TEE、2D-TEE和X线造影测值（P<0.01）;2D-TEE于90°和135°测量LAA最大深度值与CTA测值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,与术中X线造影比较,仅在135°时差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。3D-TEE测量LAA开口最大径与2D-TEE各角度、CTA和X线造影测值呈明显正相关（r=0.70~0.77、0.57、0.58,P均<0.01）;2D-TEE各角度测量LAA开口最大径与CTA、X线造影测值均存在相关性（r=0.57~0.71,0.45~0.51;P均<0.01）;3D-TEE、2D-TEE、CTA及X线造影LAA开口最大径与封堵器大小均呈明显正相关且（r=0.93、0.70~0.77、0.57、0.47,P均<0.01）。结论 3D-TEE与2D-TEE、CTA和X线造影相比,3D-TEE对于封堵器大小的选择更具指导性。     

三维超声胆道造影显示肝内胆管的可行性和临床价值

目的探讨三维超声胆道造影技术显示肝内胆管的可行性和应用价值。方法对6例肝移植术切除的尸肝样本行三维超声胆道造影,经胆总管插管,注入1∶20稀释的超声造影剂SonoVue后,评价其图像质量、可显示的最高胆管分支级别和胆管显示度,并与X线胆道造影相比较,同时对照X线胆道造影评价其胆管树形态拟和度。结果三维超声胆道造影的图像质量稍劣于X线胆道造影,且有统计学差异。所有6例尸肝三维超声胆道造影均能显示立体胆管树状结构,最高可显示至(3.67±0.52)级肝内胆管,X线胆道造影则为(4.00±0.63)级,两者比较无显著性差异(P=0.465)。三维超声胆道造影第1、2级的胆道显示度评分与X线胆道造影比较均无统计学差异,而第3级胆道的显示度评分低于X线胆道造影,两者之间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。其两者的形态拟合度均可达优。结论三维超声胆道造影技术可能成为一种显示胆管树解剖结构的新方法。     

MRI在肝移植术后缺血性胆管病变中的应用

目的 探讨MRI、磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)在肝移植术后缺血性胆管病变(ITBL)中的应用价值。方法 经PTC或ERCP及病理结果确诊的肝移植术后ITBL患者23例,对其平扫、增强MR和MRCP图像进行观察。结果 根据胆管病变累及的部位和范围,将ITBL分为肝门型(Ⅰ型)、弥漫型(Ⅱ型)和肝内型(Ⅲ型)。Ⅰ型13例,MRI示12例胆管壁增厚,11例供体肝总管及胆总管不扩张,且伴有供肝肝总管、汇合部及左和(或)右肝管管腔内胆泥形成;MRCP主要表现为胆总管、肝总管、汇合部、左右肝管及其二级分支胆管显影不良或不显影。Ⅱ型8例,MRI示7例管壁增厚,6例供体肝总管及胆总管不扩张,且伴有供肝肝总管、汇合部及左和(或)右肝管管腔内胆泥形成;MRCP主要表现为肝内、外胆管广泛的不规则狭窄或扩张,胆管间断显影。Ⅲ型2例,MRI示供体肝总管及胆总管管腔均不扩张,管壁未见增厚;MRCP主要表现为肝内胆管不规则、节段性扩张,扩张不成比例、粗细不均呈"串珠"样。结论 肝移植术后ITBL以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型常见。MRI在观察肝门部胆管管壁,管腔扩张程度及腔内容物有一定优势,而MRCP可全面观察胆管病变的部位和范围,提供整体信息;二者结合有助于ITBL的诊断及分型。     

活体肝移植供体术中胆管三维超声造影的初步应用

,两者显示能力相当(P=0.443);而且术中胆管三维超声造影对比X线胆管造影,其形态拟合度均可达优;其中术中胆管三维超声造影发现2例肝内胆管变异,均得到X线胆管造影及手术证实;术中胆管三维超声造影平均操作时间为(10.5±3.1)min;且所有进行术中胆管三维超声造影检查的供体和受体术中及术后随访中均未发生与造影剂相关的不良反应.结论 术中胆管三维超声造影是一种全新的胆管树显示方法,能够发现胆管变异,可以作为术中X线胆管造影有益补充.     

磁共振扩散张量成像鉴别诊断肝内胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌

目的 探讨磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）鉴别肝内胆管细胞癌（ICC）和肝细胞癌（HCC）的价值。方法 回顾性分析在我院接受肝脏MR检查并经病理证实的ICC 20例（ICC组）、HCC 32例（HCC组）。所有患者均接受1.5T MRI常规T1WI、T2WI、DWI及DTI序列扫描,观察病变影像学特征。由2名观察者独立测量两组病灶DTI的弥散系数（D）值、各向异性分数（FA）值及DWI的ADC值,分析其测量的一致性并进行组间比较。对有统计学差异的参数,绘制ROC曲线,分析诊断效能及阈值。结果 ICC组9例（9/20,45.00%）病灶边界清晰,HCC组15例（15/32,46.88%）边界清晰,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.02,P=0.90）。ICC组11例（11/20,55.00%）可见邻近胆管扩张,高于HCC组（4/32,12.50%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=10.83,P=0.001）。2名观察者测得的2组各参数结果一致性良好,相关系数值均大于0.90。ICC组FA值（0.45±0.16）高于HCC组（0.30±0.13）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）;2组的ADC值和D值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。FA值ROC曲线下面积为0.76,在界值为0.31时,鉴别诊断ICC与HCC的敏感度（85.0%）较高。结论 DTI的FA值对鉴别ICC与HCC有较高的诊断效能,可以为临床提供重要参考。     

3.0T 3D高分辨率对比增强MR血管成像显示豆纹动脉的可行性

目的 观察3.0T 3D高分辨率对比增强MR血管成像(3D HR CE-MRA)显示豆纹动脉(LSA)的可行性。方法 回顾性分析60例因疑诊脑血管疾病而接受头部3.0T 3D HR CE-MRA及数字减影血管造影(DSA)患者,根据年龄将其分为老年组(≥60岁,n=21)和中青年组(＜60岁,n=39)。对3D HR CE-MRA图像进行最大密度投影(MIP)重建,比较3D HR CE-MRA与DSA显示LSA主要分支(直线长度＞5 mm)数目及其长度的差异。结果 3D HR CE-MRA及DSA所示组间双侧LSA主要分支数目之和及LSA长度之和差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。3D HR CE-MRA与DSA所示左侧LSA及右侧LSA主要分支数目亦均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);3D HR CE-MRA显示左侧LSA长度及右侧LSA长度均短于DSA。结论 3.0T 3D HR CE-MRA技术可用于显示LSA。     

Evaluating Biliary Anatomy and Variations in Living Liver Donors by a New Technique: Three-Dimensional Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonic Cholangiography

Accurate assessment of the biliary anatomy is important for the safety of liver donors in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We evaluated the biliary anatomy and variations of 12 living liver donors with 3-D contrast-enhanced ultrasonic cholangiography (3-D CEUSC) by injecting microbubble contrast agents into the common hepatic ducts intraoperatively. Two radiologists assessed the diagnostically adequate, delineation of biliary branch orders, visibility scores (grades 0 to 3) and anatomical patterns of the intrahepatic biliary tree by consensus. The results were compared with findings on intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) and surgery. 3-D CEUSC successfully demonstrated the spatial structure of the intrahepatic biliary tree in all 12 donors. The maximum branching order of intrahepatic bile ducts displayed on 3-D CEUSC was the fifth order in the right lobe and fourth order in the left lobe of the liver, respectively. The visibility scores of the first-order (3.00 ± 0.00) and second-order (2.67 ± 0.69) branches were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of the third-order (1.98 ± 1.13) branches, whereas visibility scores of the second-order (2.88 ± 0.34) and third-order (2.44 ± 1.01) branches in the right lobe were significantly (p = 0.040 and p < 0.001, respectively) higher than those in the left lobe (2.46 ± 0.88 and 1.33 ± 0.99). The 3-D CEUSC images of the 12 donors were diagnostically adequate for evaluating the biliary anatomy. Normal biliary pattern in nine donors and biliary variations in three donors were confirmed by both IOC and surgical findings. 3-D CEUSC may be a potential alternative to IOC in the evaluation of biliary anatomical variation before graft harvesting in LDLT. (E-mail: ghchen.gzsums@gmail.com)     

钆贝葡胺增强MRC与3D-SPACE-T2WI-MRC显示活体肝移植供体胆管的比较

目的 比较钆贝葡胺(Gd-BOPTA)CE-MRC与3D-SPACE-T2WI-MRC对活体肝移植供体胆管解剖及变异的显示.方法 32名肝移植供体,术前接受Gd-BOPTA CE-MRC与3D-SPACE-T2WI-MRC.以术中胆管造影为标准,分析并比较两种方法诊断胆管变异情况.结果 两种方法对胆总管、肝总管、左肝管及右肝管的显示差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),CE-MRC优于3D-SPACE-T2WI-MRC;对胆囊管,左前、后肝管,右前、后肝管及3级以上胆管的显示差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术中胆管造影诊断胆管变异17例,3D-SPACE-T2WI-MRC诊断14例,CE-MRC诊断15例,两者联合诊断17例.结论 3D-SPACE-T2EI-MRC与CE-MRC均可用于评估术前肝移植供体胆管解剖,CE-MRC对部分胆管的显示优于3D-SPACE-T2WI-MRC,二者联合应用效果更佳.     

Icteric-type hepatoma: magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiographic features

Background: We evaluated the imaging features of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) of icteric-type hepatoma and correlated these with the findings of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), percutaneous cholangiography, and surgery. Methods: Thirteen patients with viral hepatitis complicated by cirrhosis of the liver and obstructive jaundice underwent MRC and dynamic MRI. Five patients received percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage; one of these patients also underwent resection of the left hepatic lobe. Another patient received MRC followed by thrombectomy and T-tube insertion. ERC and endoscopic nasobiliary drainage were performed in another patient for bile diversion. Results: Primary liver tumors and dilatation of biliary system were demonstrated in all patients. No capsule formation could be found in any primary liver tumors. MRI showed the simultaneous presence of an intraluminal tumor in the portal trunk and common hepatic duct in eight patients. Three different MRC features were found: (a) an oval defect in the hilar bile duct(s) with dilated intrahepatic ducts (n= 9), (b) dilated intrahepatic ducts with missing major bile ducts (n= 2), and (c) localized stricture of the hilar bile duct(s) (n= 2). Conclusion: The presence of one or more of the following features in multiplanar MRI and MRC help to identify this rare, specific type of hepatocellular carcinoma: (a) the presence of an intraluminal tumor in both the portal trunk and the common hepatic duct, (b) enhancement of the intraluminal tumor in the common hepatic duct on the arterial phase, (c) type I MRC feature, and (d) hemobilia, blood clot within the gallbladder, and/or type II MRC feature. Received: 12 January 2000/Revision accepted: 12 July 2000     

Cholangiojejunostomy for multiple biliary ducts in living donor liver transplantation: A case report

BACKGROUNDLaparoscopic living donor hepatectomy (LLDH) has been successfully carried out in several transplant centers. Biliary reconstruction is key in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Reliable biliary reconstruction can effectively prevent postoperative biliary stricture and leakage. Although preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and intraoperative indocyanine green cholangiography have been shown to be helpful in determining optimal division points, biliary variability and limitations associated with LLDH, multiple biliary tracts are often encountered during surgery, which inhibits biliary reconstruction. A reliable cholangiojejunostomy for multiple biliary ducts has been utilized in LDLT. This procedure provides a reference for multiple biliary reconstructions after LLDH.CASE SUMMARYA 2-year-old girl diagnosed with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency required liver transplantation. Due to the scarcity of deceased donors, she was put on the waiting list for LDLT. Her father was a suitable donor; however, after a rigorous evaluation, preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography examination of the donor indicated the possibility of multivessel variation in the biliary tract. Therefore, a laparoscopic left lateral section was performed on the donor, which met the estimated graft-to-recipient weight ratio. Under intraoperative indocyanine green cholangiography, 4 biliary tracts were confirmed in the graft. It was difficult to reform the intrahepatic bile ducts due to their openings of more than 5 mm. A reliable cholangiojejunostomy was, therefore, utilized: Suture of the jejunum to the adjacent liver was performed around the bile duct openings with 6/0 absorbable sutures. At the last follow-up (1 year after surgery), the patient was complication-free.CONCLUSIONIntrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy is reliable for multiple biliary ducts after LLDH in LDLT.     

3D-VIBE与3D-FLASH序列肝胆特异期Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MR胆道成像显示胆道系统图像质量及检出病变

目的 对比三维容积内插值体部检查(3D-VIBE)与三维T1W快速扰相小角度梯度回波(3D-FLASH)序列肝胆特异期(HBP)钆塞酸二钠(Gd-EOB-DTPA)增强MR胆道成像(CE-MRC)显示胆道系统图像质量及检出病变的差异。方法 回顾性分析101例接受3D-VIBE与3D-FLASH序列HBP Gd-EOB-DTPA CE-MRC患者，包括30例肝移植术后、18例胆道系统疾病及53例肝脏疾病或MRI未见明显异常者，对3D-VIBE-CE-MRC与3D-FLASH-CE-MRC所示胆道系统图像质量进行主观评分及客观评估；对比18例胆道系统疾病3D-VIBE-CE-MRC与3D-FLASH-CE-MRC表现的差异，以及30例肝移植术后患者3D-VIBE-CE-MRC、3D-FLASH-CE-MRC及MR胰胆管成像(MRCP)所测狭窄处胆管直径的差异。结果 3D-FLASH-CE-MRC胆道系统图像质量主观评分高于3D-VIBE-CE-MRC(P<0.05)。3D-FLASH-CE-MRC胆道系统信噪比及对比信噪比均高于3D-VIBE-CE-MRC(P均<0.01)。3...     

Hepatobiliary anomalies associated with polysplenia syndrome

The report of a 29-year-old woman with polysplenia syndrome, Crohn's disease, and bilateral cataracts is presented. The patient was noted to have a right-sided stomach and small bowel, Crohn's ileitis, and a left-sided colon. Results of roentgenography of the chest and echocardiography were consistent with a diagnosis of hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava with azygos continuation. The patient underwent laparotomy with cholecystectomy, exploration of the common bile duct, and choledochoscopy for cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, and chronic cholecystitis. Laparotomy revealed a liver that had two lobes, each with the morphologic appearance of the left lobe. The gallbladder was centrally located. T-tube cholangiography revealed a quadruplication of the intrahepatic biliary ducts. To our knowledge, this patient is the only known adult with this syndrome in whom cholangiography demonstrated isomerism of the biliary tree. A review of the literature on this subject is given with emphasis on biliary anomalies.     

肝脏移植术后胆道并发症超声诊断的临床价值

目的 探讨超声波对肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断价值。 方法 总结肝脏移植术后109例发生胆道并发症。将其资料的生化指标、胆道“T”型引流管X-线造影、部分患者胆道镜检查结果与超声波检查结果相对照。 结果 肝脏移植术后患者胆道并发症的超声表现不一：（1）胆道轻度扩张、胆道壁增厚、胆道走行迂曲；（2）超声检查发现胆道结石或沉积物的（与X一线造影、胆道镜检查对照）敏感性达95．6％；（3）肝实质内的囊性病变（胆汁瘤）；（4）胆道并发症的患者中46．8％同时发生动脉并发症。 结论 超声检查为肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断提供了重要的诊断依据。     

Endoscopic management of liver abscesses and cysts that communicate with intrahepatic bile ducts

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The formation of a communication between liver abscesses or cysts and intrahepatic bile ducts is an uncommon cause of significant bile leak. Surgical management of biliary fistulas is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We performed a prospective study of endoscopic management of this type of biliary fistula. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 26 patients who had either liver abscesses or hepatic cysts that had ruptured into the intrahepatic bile ducts. The presence of a biliary fistula was suspected by jaundice and/or by the appearance of bile in percutaneous drainage effluent from a liver abscess and was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Once the route of the fistula between the liver abscess or cyst and the intrahepatic bile duct had been defined by cholangiography, patients underwent treatment by sphincterotomy, and either biliary stenting or nasobiliary drainage. Nasobiliary drains or biliary stents (both 7 Fr) were placed according to standard techniques. Nasobiliary drains were removed when bile leakage stopped and closure of the fistula was confirmed by cholangiography; stents were removed after an interval of 4-6 weeks. RESULTS: Of a total of 525 patients with hepatic abscesses or cysts who were seen over a 5-year period, there were 26 patients who developed a demonstrable communication between liver abscesses (n = 20; 16 amebic, four pyogenic) or hydatid cysts (n = 6) and intrahepatic bile ducts (right intrahepatic bile ducts in 22 patients, left intrahepatic bile ducts in four patients). We performed either sphincterotomy with insertion of a nasobiliary drain (n = 20) or sphincterotomy with biliary stenting (n = 6). The fistulas healed in all patients after a mean time of 4 days (range 2-20 days) after endoscopic treatment. We were able to remove the nasobiliary drainage catheters and stents 6-34 days after their placement. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, endoscopic therapy appears to be an effective mode of treatment for biliary fistulas complicating liver abscesses and cysts.     

Biliary parasitic diseases including clonorchiasis,opisthorchiasis and fascioliasis

Parasitic infection of the biliary tree is caused by liver flukes, namely Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini. These flukes reside in the peripheral small bile ducts of the liver and produce chronic inflammation of the bile duct, bile duct dilatation, mechanical obstruction, and bile duct wall thickening. On imaging, peripheral small intrahepatic bile ducts are dilated, but the large bile ducts and extrahepatic bile ducts are not dilated or slightly dilated. There is no visible caused of obstruction. Sometimes, in heavy infection, adult flukes are demonstrated on sonography, CT or MR cholangiography as small intraluminal lesions. The flukes in the gallbladder may appear as floating, small objects on sonography. Chronic infection may result in cholangiocarcinoma of the liver parenchyma or along the bile ducts. Human infection of Fasciola hepatica, a cattle flukes, may occur inadvertently, and the flukes migrate in the liver (hepatic phase) and reside the bile ducts (biliary phase). Image findings in the hepatic phase present with multiple, small, clustered, necrotic cavities or abscesses in the peripheral parts of the liver, showing “tunnels and caves” sign, reflecting parasite migration in the liver parenchyma. In the biliary phase, the flukes are demonstrated in the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and the gallbladder as small intraluminal flat objects, sometimes moving spontaneously. Bile ducts are dilated.     

术中胆道超声造影评价肝移植供体胆管解剖结构:二维与三维超声显像的比较

目的比较二维和三维胆道超声造影技术评价活体肝移植胆道解剖结构的差异。方法对13例活体肝移植供体分别行二维及三维胆道超声造影检查,分别对图像质量、可分辨胆管分支的级别及不同级别分支的数目及胆管变异进行评估。两位医师盲法独立对二维及三维超声胆道造影图像进行评价,一致性分析用Kappa检验。结果二维与三维超声胆道造影的图像质量评分显示胆管级别和胆管分支总数目无统计学差异,但二维胆道造影在显示第5、6级末梢胆管分支数目上优于三维胆道造影。两位医师对不同级别胆管分支数目的一致性检验,三维图像评价之间的κ值为0.82;高于二维图像相应κ值0.51。13例中三维超声胆道造影显示3例存在胆道变异,而二维超声造影未能发现。结论三维胆道超声造影较二维超声造影评估胆道变异更准确,而二维胆道超声造影显示末梢小胆管优于三维胆道超声造影检查。