基底动脉闭塞动脉内溶栓的临床分析

目的 观察尿激酶(Urokinase)动脉内溶栓(IAT)治疗基底动脉闭塞的疗效及并发症,分析预后相关因素.方法 对26例发病后12h内的椎基底动脉系统血栓形成患者行IAT治疗.疗效评价在溶栓后24h及20d进行,分别进行神经功能缺损评分,临床疗效全面观察.结果 溶栓前2例为TIMI 1,24例为TIMI 0.溶栓后22例闭塞血管部分/完全再通,4例未再通.20例患者结果良好,6例不良结果,其中4例死亡.发病6h内IAT组与发病6～12h内IAT组疗效对比无显著差异.结论 尿激酶动脉内溶栓治疗基底动脉闭塞是安全有效的治疗手段.     

时间窗超过3h急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗观察

目的 评价时间窗超过3 h的急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗的疗效及影响因素.方法 选择法国南锡大学中心医院神经影像科自2008年1月至2009年1月收治的16例急性缺血性卒中患者(时间窗均达到或超过3 h,颈内动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过6 h,椎基底动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过24h.昏迷不超过6 h),行动脉内药物联合机械溶栓治疗,分析不同因素对疗效的影响.结果 7例患者闭塞血管达到完全再通,7例达到部分再通,另有2例闭塞血管未再通,再通率为87.5%.患者动脉溶栓后与溶栓前NIHSS评分比较明显降低.时间窗大于5 h的前循环系统闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与时间窗较短患者相比较,出院时mRS评分明显较高.5例颈内动脉闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与9例大脑中动脉闭塞患者、2例基底动脉闭塞患者相比预后较差.4例患者溶栓后24h出现症状性颅内出血,3例为颈内动脉闭塞,1例死亡.1例溶栓后发生血管再闭,但因侧支循环血流丰富,最终临床预后仍较好.结论 对于时间窗超过3 h大脑中动脉和基底动脉闭塞急性缺血性卒中患者,动脉溶栓可使闭塞血管达到较高的再通率,短期内使临床神经功能恢复,改善临床结局.临床应用动脉溶栓时应注意个体化选择性治疗,评价其疗效需结合时间窗、血管闭塞部位、侧支循环、并发症等因素,避免出血等并发症.     

症状性椎-基底动脉闭塞非急性期介入开通治疗分析

目的 探讨椎-基底动脉闭塞非急性期介入再通治疗的安全性及有效性,并比较椎动脉闭塞与基底动脉闭塞的预后。方法 回顾性分析2013年2月到2017年9月介入再通治疗的100例椎-基底动脉闭塞的临床资料,其中单纯椎动脉闭塞56例（椎动脉组）,椎动脉合并基底动脉闭塞44例（基底动脉组）。结果 100例中,96例实现血管再通。围手术期发生并发症13例。术后30 d内死亡7例,术后5个月死亡1例,术后10个月死亡1例。术后6个月改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分[（2.24±1.16）分]、术后12个月mRS评分[（2.07±1.23）分]较术前[（3.98±0.89）分]均明显降低（P<0.05）。椎动脉组和基底动脉组再通率、围手术期并发症发生率、病情恶化率及出院时mRS评分均没有统计差异（P>0.05）。基底动脉组病死率（18.18%,8/44）明显高于椎动脉组（1.79%,1/56;P<0.05）。两组术后6个月mRS评分较术前均明显降低（P<0.05）,而且,椎动脉组明显低于基底动脉组（P<0.05）。结论 症状性椎-基动脉闭塞非急性期介入再通治疗的再通率高,可改善长期预后;与单纯椎动脉闭塞相比,椎动脉合并基底动脉闭塞开通治疗效果较差。     

急性缺血性脑卒中动脉内溶栓治疗临床分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中动脉内溶栓治疗效果。方法411例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,男238例,女173例,平均为(64±11)岁,发病距接受治疗的时间为2-24 h,采取超选择性接触性溶栓。尿激酶用微量泵以1万u/min持续泵入,总量为80- 130万u。在泵入尿激酶的过程中,通过导引导管造影,了解闭塞血管再通情况。结果颈动脉系统血管闭塞273支,椎-基底动脉系统闭塞132支。脑血管造影未见明显异常78例。颈内动脉闭塞再通率为54.72%;大脑中动脉闭塞再通率为65.18%。大脑中动脉分支闭塞再通率为61.68%。椎-基底动脉系统闭塞再通率为67.42%。并有35例因明显的血管狭窄而给予球囊扩张、支架置入术。临床症状完全恢复正常或有明显好转的247例,为60.10%。结论我们认为动脉内接触性溶栓治疗急性脑梗塞还是很值得进行的。随着溶栓经验的积累,溶栓药的开发,脑保护剂的应用,总有效率会不断提高。     

时间窗超过3h急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗观察

目的 评价时间窗超过3 h的急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗的疗效及影响因素.方法 选择法国南锡大学中心医院神经影像科自2008年1月至2009年1月收治的16例急性缺血性卒中患者(时间窗均达到或超过3 h,颈内动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过6 h,椎基底动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过24h.昏迷不超过6 h),行动脉内药物联合机械溶栓治疗,分析不同因素对疗效的影响.结果 7例患者闭塞血管达到完全再通,7例达到部分再通,另有2例闭塞血管未再通,再通率为87.5%.患者动脉溶栓后与溶栓前NIHSS评分比较明显降低.时间窗大于5 h的前循环系统闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与时间窗较短患者相比较,出院时mRS评分明显较高.5例颈内动脉闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与9例大脑中动脉闭塞患者、2例基底动脉闭塞患者相比预后较差.4例患者溶栓后24h出现症状性颅内出血,3例为颈内动脉闭塞,1例死亡.1例溶栓后发生血管再闭,但因侧支循环血流丰富,最终临床预后仍较好.结论 对于时间窗超过3 h大脑中动脉和基底动脉闭塞急性缺血性卒中患者,动脉溶栓可使闭塞血管达到较高的再通率,短期内使临床神经功能恢复,改善临床结局.临床应用动脉溶栓时应注意个体化选择性治疗,评价其疗效需结合时间窗、血管闭塞部位、侧支循环、并发症等因素,避免出血等并发症.     

支架机械取栓治疗急性基底动脉闭塞的疗效观察

目的观察急性基底动脉闭塞行支架机械取栓治疗的可行性和疗效。方法回顾性纳入2013年9月至2016年12月海军军医大学附属长海医院神经外科收治的30例急性基底动脉闭塞的患者。其中采用Solumbra技术取栓17例,采用单纯支架取栓13例。评价基底动脉闭塞行支架机械取栓治疗的技术可行性、血管再通率、90 d时的预后良好率及手术并发症等。分析术后24 h的神经功能变化、不同技术手段对血管再通率的影响及卒中分型与预后的关系。结果30例急性基底动脉闭塞患者中,50%（15例）的患者为心源性栓塞型。支架机械取栓术后有87%（26/30）的闭塞血管成功再通[改良脑梗死溶栓（mTICI）分级为2b/3级];术后90 d的预后良好率[改良Rankin量表评分（mRS）≤3分]为67%（20/30）。支架取栓术后24 h美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分的中位数较术前明显降低（分别为3分、25分,P＝0.003）。单因素分析结果表明,Solumbra技术组一次取栓血管再通达到mTICI 2b/3级的比率明显高于单纯支架取栓组（分别为69%、30%,P＝0.033）;心源性栓塞型患者的预后良好率明显高于大动脉粥样硬化型患者（分别为87%、45%,P＝0.038）。常见的手术并发症或不良事件包括异位栓塞、出血转化、无效再灌注、再闭塞等。术后90 d随访的病死率为10%（3/30）。结论急性基底动脉闭塞行支架机械取栓治疗安全可行;选择适宜的支架取拴技术有利于提高血管再通率。心源性栓塞型可能是预测基底动脉闭塞机械取栓术后预后良好的重要因素。     

超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性后循环缺血性卒中疗效观察

目的 本研究旨在探讨超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性后循环缺血性卒中的有效性及安全性.方法 41例急性后循环卒中患者给予尿激酶超选择性动脉内接触溶栓,观察溶栓前、溶栓后24 h NIHSS、GCS评分变化,3个月时Barthel评分情况,溶栓后闭塞血管的再通及症状性脑出血等情况.结果 41例患者中脑血管造影有狭窄或闭塞者32例,溶栓后狭窄血管成功再通25(78.1%),血管未再通7例(21.9%);再通的病例中5例再通后残余狭窄严重,同期给予支架成形术.溶栓后24 h较溶栓前NIHSS评分明显降低(14.83±6.69 vs 18.20±4.19,P＜0.05),而GCS评分明显提高(10.63±3.73 vs 8.78±1.77,P＜0.05);3个月时日常生活能力指数(Barthel index,BI)≥60者达65.9%;溶栓并发脑出血5例,其中症状性脑出血3例,均死亡.结论 尿激酶超选择性动脉内接触溶栓治疗急性后循环缺血性卒中安全、有效.     

不同动脉供血区急性脑梗死患者不同时间窗动脉溶栓治疗的疗效观察

目的 观察颈内动脉(ICA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)和椎-基底动脉(VBA)闭塞致急性脑梗死患者不同时间窗动脉溶栓治疗的疗效.方法 分别对19例发病＜6 h及21例发病6～9 h不同血管(ICA 12例,MCA 18例,VBA 10例)闭塞患者,根据头颅磁共振灌注加权成像(PWI)/弥散加权成像(DWI)≥20%的急性脑梗死患者行动脉内超选择性重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(r-tPA)溶栓治疗.治疗前后进行卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,治疗后90 d用修正Rankin量表(MRS)评价临床预后.结果 溶栓后血管再通率:MCA组77.8%,VBA组50.0%,ICA组33.3%,3组间差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).发病＜6 h组和6～9 h组患者溶栓治疗后NIHSS评分比治疗前明显改善(均P＜0.05),两组间NIHSS的改善程度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后90 d时预后良好率:MCA组77.8%,ICA组41.7%,VBA组30.0%,3组间差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).术后发生颅内出血4例,血管再闭塞1例.结论 动脉溶栓治疗MCA闭塞的疗效最好,ICA闭塞次之,VBA闭塞较差.动脉溶栓时间窗＜6 h与6～9 h的疗效无明显差异.提示对PWI/DWI不匹配的患者,动脉溶栓治疗时间窗可放宽到9 h.     

动脉夹层所致急性前循环大血管闭塞性卒中血管内治疗疗效分析

目的 探讨颈动脉夹层引起的急性前循环大血管闭塞性缺血性卒中血管内治疗的安全性和有效性。 方法 回顾性纳入2019年1-12月在南方医科大学深圳医院连续行急诊血管内治疗的前循环大血管 闭塞患者，根据血管闭塞病因分为动脉夹层组和非动脉夹层组。血管再通效率指标为穿刺-血管再通 时间和影像学上血管成功再通（mTICI≥2b级），主要的疗效评价指标为90 d良好预后（mRS评分≤2 分），主要安全评价指标为术后24 h内症状性颅内出血。 结果 共纳入56例，平均年龄58.5±9.7岁，男性42例（75.0%），12例为动脉夹层引起的血管闭塞， 44例为非动脉夹层引起的血管闭塞。两组患者90 d良好预后率（83.3% vs 61.4%，P =0.189）、24 h症 状性颅内出血率（25.0% vs 31.8%，P =0.738）、血管成功再通率（91.7% vs 93.2%，P＞0.99）均无统计 学差异，动脉夹层组穿刺-血管再通时间长于非动脉夹层组（124.5 min vs 83 mi n，P =0.008）。 结论 颈动脉夹层引起的急性前循环大血管闭塞性卒中，行血管内治疗安全有效。     

急性脑梗死动脉内溶栓治疗疗效及安全性

目的 评价动脉内溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及安全性.方法 对符合急性脑梗死诊断标准及动脉内溶栓治疗入选标准的38例急性脑梗死患者,行全脑血管造影,根据造影结果无明确血管闭塞者,在可疑患侧颈内动脉或椎动脉内注入尿激酶50万U,有血管闭塞者进行超选择性动脉内溶栓.并对患者进行血管再通、神经功能评估及评定溶栓后14d、3个月患者独立生活能力.结果 脑血管造影无血管闭塞7例,血管闭塞31例,其中颈内动脉系统闭塞19例,椎基底动脉系统闭塞12例.溶栓前31例血管闭塞患者TIMI分级为0～1级,溶栓后完全再通10例,部分再通18例,闭塞血管再通率为90.32%.7例血管造影无血管闭塞患者结果良好,10例血管闭塞治疗后完全再通者MRS 1级,18例部分再通者8例患者MRS 1级,6例 MRS 2级,2例MRS 3级,死亡2例,3例闭塞血管无再通者MRS 2级.2例患者出现脑出血.结论 动脉内溶栓治疗急性脑梗死临床疗效好,动脉内溶栓治疗后抗凝及抗血小板聚集治疗未增加颅内出血的发生.     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂动脉内溶栓和血管内支架成形术治疗急性脑梗死

目的 评价重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(r-TPA)超选择动脉内溶栓和血管内支架成形术治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析45例急性脑梗死病人的临床资料,其中颈内动脉闭塞16例,大脑中动脉闭塞25例,椎-基底动脉闭塞4例.将微导管超选择送至血管闭塞部位,注入r-TPA行动脉内溶栓.其中血管明显狭窄7例,溶栓后采用支架血管内成形术.结果 溶栓后完全再通31例,部分再通14例.治疗前欧洲卒中评分(European stroke scale,ESS)为(55.50±13.25),治疗后7dESS评分为(90.85±15.36),两者有显著性差异(P＜0.01).7例血管明显狭窄者,支架置入术后血管残余狭窄＜16％.结论 r-TPA早期超选择动脉内接触性溶栓,是治疗急性脑梗死的有效方法之一.对合并严重动脉狭窄的病人,动脉内溶栓结合血管内支架成形术安全可行.     

亚急性、慢性椎-基底动脉闭塞的血管内再通治疗分析

目的探讨血管内支架再通术治疗亚急性、慢性椎-基底动脉闭塞的可行性、安全性及中远期疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年10月至2016年8月行血管内再通术治疗18例亚急性、慢性椎-基底动脉闭塞的的临床资料。结果 18例中,16例(88.9%)实现闭塞血管再通,闭塞血管远端中位TIMI血流分级由术前的0提高到2.4;术后6例症状改善,9例症状稳定,1例因颅内出血死亡。15例术后平均随访1年,其中11例改良Rankin量表评分较术前改善,4例没有明显改善;Malek评分1分12例,2分3例;DSA随访仅1例出现再狭窄(再狭窄程度大于50%),余未见明显血管内再狭窄。结论亚急性、慢性椎基-动脉闭塞腔内支架成形再通术在技术上是可行的,安全的,并且可以取得良好的中远期效果。     

Characteristics of vascular lesions in patients with posterior circulation infarction according to age and region of infarct

Patients with posterior circulation infarction underwent CT angiography and magnetic resonance angiography. Intracranial and extracranial vasculopathy was evaluated according to age group and location of stroke. Patients aged > 60 years and < 60 years had similar rates of vertebral artery dominance and vertebrobasilar artery developmental or origin anomalies. Vertebrobasilar artery stenosis or occlusion and tortuosity occurred more frequently in patients aged > 60 years than < 60 years. The rates of vertebrobasilar artery anomalies and tortuosity were high in patients with posterior circulation infarction. Vertebrobasilar artery tortuosity occurred more frequently in patients aged > 60 years, whereas vertebrobasilar artery developmental anomalies occurred with similar frequency in patients aged < 60 years and > 60 years. Patients with infarction of the brainstem or cerebellum were more likely to have vertebral artery stenosis or occlusion, basilar artery stenosis or occlusion, vertebral artery dominance or tortuosity, and basilar artery tortuosity, and patients with infarction of the thalamus, medial temporal, or occipital lobes were more likely to have stenosis or occlusion of the vertebral or basilar arteries. Vertebrobasilar artery tortuosity, vertebral artery dominance (hypoplasia), and congenital variations of the vertebrobasilar system may lead to posterior circulation infarction at different locations in different age groups.     

后循环血管重建手术治疗椎基底动脉闭塞疗效初探

目的探讨后循环血管重建手术治疗双侧椎动脉或基底动脉闭塞的术式选择和疗效。方法分别采用枕动脉小脑后下动脉、颞浅动脉小脑上动脉、颞浅动脉大脑后动脉,以及移植桡动脉行枕动脉椎动脉寰椎上段吻合术等术式治疗9例双侧椎动脉或基底动脉闭塞患者。结果术中吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影显示所有患者吻合血管形态良好、血流通畅;术后第7天脑血管造影检查,8例吻合血管血流通畅、1例吻合血管未显影,MR(或CT)灌注成像7例血流灌注明显改善。术后患者头晕症状完全消失(2例)、构音障碍减轻及吞咽功能好转(5例)。9例患者中仅1例于术后15d死于心肺功能衰竭,其余8例随访期间均未发生脑缺血症状,4例基本恢复正常生活。结论根据椎基底动脉闭塞部位选择相应后循环血管重建手术方式,初步结果显示效果良好,但仍需大样本随机对照研究予以验证。     

Infarcts presenting with a combination of medial medullary and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndromes

Cerebellar and medial medullary infarctions are well-known vertebrobasilar stroke syndromes. However, their development in a patient with distal vertebral artery occlusion has not been previously reported. A 49-year-old man with longstanding hypertension suddenly developed vertigo, right-sided Horner syndrome, and left-sided weakness. An MRI of the brain showed acute infarcts in the right inferior cerebellum (posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory) and the right upper medial medulla (direct penetrating branches of vertebral artery). Magnetic resonance angiogram showed occlusion of the distal vertebral artery on the right side. Atherothrombotic occlusion of the distal vertebral artery may cause this unusual combination of vertebrobasilar stroke.     

Prognostic value of CT angiography in patients with suspected vertebrobasilar ischemia.

BACKGROUND: The outcome of vertebrobasilar ischemia depends on the clinical presentation and the presence or absence of vascular occlusion. The aim of our study was to analyze the CT angiography (CTA) predictors of outcome in patients with suspected vertebrobasilar ischemia. METHODS: We studied patients with suspected acute vertebrobasilar ischemia between April 2002 and January 2006 and had CTA done within 24 hours of symptom onset. We reviewed the final diagnosis and 3-month follow-up and analyzed the clinical and CTA predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Of the 133 patients, 21(15%), 18 (13%), and 16 (12%) had occlusion of basilar artery (BA), vertebral artery (VA), and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) respectively. The final diagnosis was stroke in 98 (73.6%), transient ischemic attack (TIA) in 10 (7.5%), and nonischemic in 25 (18.8%). No vascular occlusion was seen on CTA in patients with TIA and nonischemic diagnosis. At 3-month follow-up, we found a mortality rate of 10.6% and good functional outcome in 71.4%. The predictors of death in the multivariable analysis were the presence of BA occlusion (odds ratio[OR] 6.7, 95% CI, 1.4-30.6) and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (OR 1.14, 95% CI, 1.06-1.2). When patients with basilar occlusion were excluded, the presence of VA occlusion (OR 6.5, 95% CI, 1.34-31.4), age (OR 1.09, 95% CI, 1.03-1.14), and baseline NIHSS (OR 1.1, 95% CI, 1.03-1.18) predicted poorer outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The presence or absence of a vascular occlusion is a critical factor for prognosis in suspected acute vertebrobasilar ischemia and is correlated with the location of occlusion.     

The changes of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) after vertebrobasilar artery ischemia in rabbits

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) have been used as a valuable neurophysiologic index of neuronal dysfunction in the level of the brainstem. BAEPs are also useful in subdividing evoked potentials into normal, slight, or pronounced in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency. We investigated the changes of BAEP after vertebrobasilar artery ischemia in rabbits and its significance in clinical work. A brainstem ischemic model was made by unilateral extracranial occlusion of vertebral artery to monitor BAEPs at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after occlusion. We found that peak latencies (PL) of I, III, and most notably V were gradually extended. In addition, we observed a significant (P < 0.05) delay of interpeak latencies (IPL) of waves I–III, III–V, and I–V after occlusion. This delay became more significant in IPL I–V 60 min after occlusion. Our results also demonstrate that the amplitude of I and V had no obvious change (P < 0.05). In the rabbit with bilateral extracranial occlusion of vertebral artery, BAEP waveforms disappeared 10 min after occlusion. Our results showed that vertebrobasilar insufficiency caused brainstem ischemia, which induced BAEP abnormity. Taken together, our findings suggest that BAEP has important significance for the clinical diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Therefore, early detection of neuronal change after transient cerebral ischemia is important in initiating treatment within the therapeutic window.     

短暂性脑缺血发作与颅内外血管狭窄的关系

目的探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与颅内外血管狭窄的关系。方法给68例TIA患者进行颈部B超、经颅多普勒(TCD)以及心脏超声检查,对其中56例有明显脑血管狭窄的患者进一步行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查。结果56例行DSA检查的患者中,显示大脑中动脉狭窄(或闭塞)6例,颈内动脉狭窄(或闭塞)21例,锁骨下动脉狭窄8例,椎基底动脉狭窄(或闭塞)28例。大动脉狭窄性TIA44例,其中颈内动脉系统16例,椎基底动脉系统28例;栓塞性TIA18例,其中颈内动脉系统15例,椎基底动脉系统3例;腔隙性TIA4例;血管痉挛性TIA2例。结论TIA患者大多存在颅内外血管狭窄,其与TIA有密切关系。     

Rare diseases mimicking acute vertebrobasilar artery thrombosis

Acute ischaemia of the vertebrobasilar circulation leads to a variety of clinical manifestation and is mostly due to cardiogenic or artery-to-artery embolism. We describe four neurological emergency situations involving vertebrobasilar artery aclusion of other origins: basilar migraine, extrinsic compression by rheumatoid inflammatory tissue, generalized vasculitis in subacute rheumatic fever and basilar artery dissection. The differential diagnosis of acute vertebrobasilar artery occlusion may have an important impact on patient management.     

Study on the vertebro-basilar system in "moyamoya" disease

Posterior circulation in 82 children of "moyamoya" disease are studied. Two aspects of "moyamoya" disease, (ie; occlusive lesion of cerebral vessels and the development of abnormal vascular network as collateral channel,) are also detected in the vertebrobasilar system. Among 82 cases, 49 cases showed the occlusion of posterior cerebral artery at their quadrigeminal segment. Twenty-three showed the more proximal occlusive lesions. Vertebral artery occlusion were found in 3 cases. As the occlusive lesion progresses, abnormal vascular network at the posterior portion of skull base developed. This network consists mainly of thalamogeniculate artery, posterior choroidal artery, and also of other thalamoperforators. Visual field defect as an ischemic symptom of occipital lobe was detected in 9 cases (11%). Superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis and encephalo-myo-synangiosis (temporal muscle graft), which were not considered to be so effective to the ischemia of the posterior circulation, were shown to exert indirect redistribution effect upon the vertebrobasilar system. However, this effect is such an indirect one that these surgical treatments cannot prevent the occurrence of ischemic stroke in the vertebrobasilar system. For this purpose, omentum transplantation to the occipital lobe may be needed as a method of direct revascularization.