438株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的 了解金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药情况，指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法 采用琼脂筛选法检测金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药情况，β-内酰胺酶采用产色头孢菌素法测定，药敏试验按K-B纸片扩散法进行。结果 438株金黄色葡萄球菌中，β-内酰胺酶阳性菌占401株，产酶率为91．55％，检出MRSA236株，占53．88％，β-内酰胺酶阳性金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率高于阴性金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率，耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率高于对苯唑西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌。未检出耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌。 结论 金黄色葡萄球菌是临床感染的主要病原菌之一；分析金黄色葡萄球菌耐药情况，可以指导临床合理选用抗生素。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药机制的研究

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及耐药机制。方法按NCCLS推荐的琼脂平皿对倍稀释法测定分离鉴定的198株金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药性（MIC值）；用Nitroeephin纸片法测定各菌株产酶情况，统计对苯唑西林不同耐药水平的金黄色葡萄球菌产酶率并分析其耐药水平和产酶率的相关关系；PCR测定各菌株含mecA基因情况。结果198株金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率为64．65％;128株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）中，高耐菌株为118株（92．19oA），低耐株为10株（7．81%）。敏感株产酶率为58．57％（41株），高耐株产酶率53．39％（63株），低耐株产酶率40．00％（4株），苯唑西林敏感株与高耐株之间产β-内酰胺酶的差别有统计学意义，前者高于后者；含mecA基因的高耐株占95．76％（113／118）、低耐株占60．00％（6／10）、敏感株占10．00％（7／70），高耐株与敏感株含mecA基因的差别有统计学意义，前者高于后者。结论金黄色葡萄球菌耐药机制主要是产β-内酰胺酶和mecA基因的表达。     

婴儿下呼吸道感染金黄色葡萄球菌的138例耐药性分析

目的探讨婴儿下呼吸道金黄色葡萄球菌感染的耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法对下呼吸道感染婴儿818份痰标本中检出的金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定结果和药敏试验进行回顾性分析。金黄色葡萄球菌乳胶凝集试验和梅里埃鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,同时用头孢西丁纸片扩散法完成14种常用抗生素的药敏试验。结果从痰标本共分离出金黄色葡萄球菌138例,除对万古霉素、替考拉宁、达福普汀外的11中抗生素均有不同程度的耐药,对青霉素类高度全部耐药,对苯唑西林、克林霉素的敏感率为79.7%、71.7%,对氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、四环素类、氟喹喏酮类、磺胺类、利福平均产生不同程度的耐药。138株金黄色葡萄球菌共检出耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRSA)28株,占20.3%,MRSA株对所测试苯唑西林青霉素全部耐药,氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、四环素类、氟喹喏酮类、磺胺类、利福平及复方新诺明药物敏感性均低于甲氧西林敏感菌株,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁和达福普汀的敏感性均较高。结论婴儿下呼吸道金黄色葡萄球菌感染为常见菌株,本地区引起患儿下呼吸道感染的金黄色葡萄球菌对多数临床常用抗生素仍敏感,苯唑西林等耐酶青霉素是可作为小儿金黄色葡萄球菌感染的经验用药。MRSA菌株首选万古霉素。     

1705株医院常见病原菌分布及其耐药性研究

目的：了解本地区临床分离致病菌菌群的分布及耐药性,为细菌性感染的诊断与治疗提供依据。方法按《全国临床检验操作规程》培养分离菌种,HX‐21细菌鉴定／药敏分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感试验。结果分离出的1705株细菌中,革兰阳性球菌占39．8％,革兰阴性杆菌占60．2％;分离率由高到低依次为：耐苯唑西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌13．3％,铜绿假单胞菌12．0％,耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌11．3％,不产超广谱β‐内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌10．7％,产超广谱β‐内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌9．9％,不动杆菌属7．1％,产超广谱β‐内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌5．9％,不产超广谱β‐内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌5．7％,苯唑西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌4．8％,肠球菌属4．8％,苯唑西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌4．5％等。结论常见的致病菌中,以革兰阴性杆菌多见,其中以不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等多见;在金黄色葡萄球菌菌株中,苯唑西林耐药的菌株比例比苯唑西林敏感的菌株比例高近3倍;除万古霉素和替考拉宁都敏感外,其他常用抗菌药物均表现不同程度的耐药。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的研究

目的:监测金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)的耐药状况,为临床治疗SA感染提供依据。方法:对浙江省中医院2001年6月至2002年5月临床分离出的122例金黄色葡萄球菌进行药敏试验和临床资料分析。结果:临床分离的葡萄球菌在病区、标本分布方面以重症监护病房和痰标本多见。耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占70.5％(86/122);苯唑西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)占29.5％(36/122)。耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌占3.3％(4/122)。结论:耐苯唑西林的金黄色葡萄球菌表现为多重耐药性,且对12种抗生素的耐药率明显高于苯唑西林敏感的葡萄球菌,P<0.01。发现4株耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌。     

临床分离葡萄球菌的耐药性监测

目的了解海南医学院附属医院2001年12月—2003年12月临床分离葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况，以供临床治疗选药参考。方法应用Autoecan—4半自动细菌分析系统对临床分离菌株进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验，然后进行分析。结果检出金黄色葡萄球菌120株，其中苯唑西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占40．0％(48／120)；凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌360株，其中苯唑西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)占90．0％(3241360)。无万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌。结论苯唑西林耐药葡萄球菌(MRS)对临床常用抗菌药物耐药性严重，万古霉素应作为此类细菌感染的首选药物。     

溶血葡萄球菌的感染分布及耐药分析

目的 了解溶血葡萄球菌的临床感染分布及其耐药特性。方法 采用法国生物梅里埃ATB细菌鉴定和药敏分析系统，对142株溶血葡萄球菌进行鉴定和16种常规抗生素进行耐药分析，同时分析对红霉素、庆大霉素、左旋氧氟沙星、四环素、克林霉素5种非β-内酰胺类抗生素多重耐药性。结果 在临床分离到的319株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)中，溶血葡萄球菌有142株，占44．5％，居CNS分离菌种首位。溶血葡萄球菌标本检出率最高为前列腺液(占45％)，其次为精液(占26．2%)和尿道分泌物(占25．1％)。抗生素耐药分析显示，溶血葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素、诺氟沙星、庆大霉素表现出高度耐药性，耐药率分别为98．6％、93．7％、76．8％、74．7％。溶血葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率为82．4％。117株耐苯唑西林溶血葡萄球菌(MRSH)对3种以上非β-内酰胺类抗生素多重耐药率达82．9％；25株苯唑西林敏感溶血葡萄球菌(MSSH)对3种以上非β-内酰胺类抗生素多重耐药率达已52．0％。结论 溶血葡萄球菌所致临床感染日趋严重，检出率不断增加，提示综合性医院应加强对溶血葡萄球菌的监测与药敏分析，建议为了减少新的耐药株出现，临床医生应多做感染样本的细菌培养和药敏试验，依据检验结果合理使用抗生素。     

葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏分析

目的：了解不同种类葡萄球菌在本院临床标本中的感染情况及耐药性，为临床治疗和控制此类感染提供参考。方法：采用VITEK-AMS GPI卡进行鉴定，纸片扩散法(NCCLS)及GPS卡进行药敏实验、β内酰胺酶测定和MRS检测，并结合临床资料进行分析。结果：总共3753株感染菌中822株为葡萄球菌(21．90％)，其中金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)322株(39．17％)，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)500株(60．83％)。SA中293株(90．99％)产生β内酰胺酶，苯唑西林耐药者(MRSA)183株(56．83％)；CNS中450株(90．00％)产生β内酰胺酶，苯唑西林耐药的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)350株(70．00％)。结论：葡萄球菌特别是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是临床感染的主要致病菌之一；万古霉素是有效治疗苯唑西林耐药的葡萄球菌(MRS)的唯一可选药物；合理使用抗生素对治疗和控制感染至关重要。     

儿童中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

目的 了解自儿童中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗生素的体外药敏情况.方法 用金黄色葡萄球菌乳胶凝集试验检测凝固酶,用vitek系统GPI卡鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,用纸片扩散法和E-test法进行药敏试验.结果 141株菌株药敏结果显示,95.7%菌株产生β内酰胺酶,仅4.3%的菌株对青霉素敏感.92.2%的菌株对苯唑西林敏感,对头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲基异恶唑、利福平、氧氟沙星、氯霉素的敏感率分别为92.2%、91.5%、88.0%、98.6%、97.2%、91.5%.对四环素和红霉素的耐药率分别为70.2%和41.9%,所有菌株均对万古霉素敏感.结论 本研究中金黄色葡萄球菌儿童株对苯唑西林的敏感率高,临床上应根据药敏结果合理选择抗生素.     

广州地区金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率比较分析

目的探讨不同科室病人分离的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）对广州地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌进行药敏试验，用WHONET5．1软件分析结果。结果共分离金黄色葡萄球菌509株，其中内、外、儿科和重症监护病房（ICU）病人分离的金黄色葡萄球菌为398株，占78．2％，标本主要来源于痰、伤口、分泌物和血液，分别占48．7％、21．3％、11．6％和9．0％。儿科分离的菌株对苯唑西林、克林霉素、庆大霉素和复方磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率明显低于其它科室；ICU分离的菌株对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于其它各科。结论儿科病人分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率低于内、外科病人，内、外科病人的金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率低于ICU。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.