自体四股胭绳肌腱与LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带临床疗效比较

目的 对照研究自体四股胭绳肌腱(4SHG)与LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带(ACL)手术的早期临床疗效.方法 对52例ACL损伤分别应用4SHG或LARS人工韧带作为移植物进行关节镜下重建.均在术前及术后3、6、12和24个月进行Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC评分.结果 术后24个月LARS人工韧带组和自体4SHG组3种膝关节功能评分都较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后12个月LARS人工韧带组ACL重建的3种膝关节功能评分值均显著高于4SHG组(P＜0.01);至术后24个月时数值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 关节镜下应用LARS人工韧带和4SHG重建ACL术后24个月随访临床效果满意,LARS人工韧带在术后早期的功能改善方面有着显著的优势,膝关节功能恢复更快.     

自体四股胭绳肌腱与LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带临床疗效比较

目的 对照研究自体四股胭绳肌腱(4SHG)与LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带(ACL)手术的早期临床疗效.方法 对52例ACL损伤分别应用4SHG或LARS人工韧带作为移植物进行关节镜下重建.均在术前及术后3、6、12和24个月进行Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC评分.结果 术后24个月LARS人工韧带组和自体4S...     

关节镜下LARS韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的早期临床疗效比较

目的回顾性研究LARS韧带和自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的早期临床疗效。方法自2008年7月～2011年2月对54例ACL损伤分别行关节镜下LARS韧带和自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL,腘绳肌腱组31例,LARS韧带组23例,分别对其术前术后行Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC评分,并选取最近一次随访结果进行统计分析。结果术后LARS韧带组的膝关节Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC评分略高于腘绳肌腱组,但两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 LARS韧带和自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL能明显改善患者的功能,LARS韧带组和自体韧带组有相似的早期疗效,且恢复时间明显缩短。     

LARS韧带在超常体重人群前交叉韧带重建中的应用

目的 观察LARS人工韧带在超常体重人群前交叉韧带(ACL)重建的近期疗效.方法 LARS人工韧带行ACL重建11例,均在关节镜下完成.结果 本组随访13～18个月,术前前抽屉试验(+++),轴移试验阳性,Lysholm评分(58.08±7.44)分.术后前抽屉试验、轴移试验(一),Lysholm评分(89.47±8.70)分.结论 LARS人工韧带具有良好的生物力学性能,用于超常体重人群重建ACL近期疗效满意,提示LARS在治疗该类患者ACL损伤中可能具有一定的优势.     

三种不同移植物重建前交叉韧带的疗效分析

目的 观察及比较关节镜下自体四股半腱肌肌腱、深低温同种异体骨-腱-骨(B-PT-B)复合体、LARS人工韧带重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的临床疗效.方法 对55例膝ACL断裂患者行关节镜下ACL重建术,根据重建ACL的材料来源分为自体四股半腱肌肌腱组(20例)、深低温同种异体B-PT-B复合体组(20例)、LABS人工韧带组(15例),并对3组在股四头肌肌力、关节稳定性、Lysholm膝关节功能评分等方面进行对比研究.结果 术后3个月股四头肌肌力恢复情况:LARS人工韧带组较自体组、异体组恢复快,而自体组与异体组无明显差异;术后3个月膝关节稳定性:LARS人工韧带组较自体组、异体组好,自体组与异体组无明显差异,Lysholm评分:自体组(86.3±4.1)分与异体组(88.6±3.8)分无明显差异,但LARS人工韧带组(95.4±4.2)分明显高于前2组(P＜0.05).术后12个月,3组股四头肌肌力恢复情况、膝关节稳定性、功能评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 关节镜下同种异体韧带、LAPS人工韧带重建膝ACL疗效满意,可作为自体材料的良好替代物,但患者所承担费用较高;LARS人工韧带可在术后早期进行膝关节功能活动.     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建研究进展

前交叉韧带(ACL)是膝关节重要的前向稳定结构,损伤后可以产生膝关节前向不稳,严重影响膝关节功能,继发软骨、半月板等结构损伤,导致关节退变和关节疾病的早期发生.关节镜技术的成熟与完善使得关节镜下ACL重建技术得到广泛应用,有了很大的发展.特别是近几年提出的双束韧带重建手术方法更符合解剖学要求,对重建ACL的翻修也有进一步的认识和发展.该文就近几年有关ACL重建在移植物、手术方法、重建韧带翻修及组织工程等方面的新进展作一综述.     

自体骨-腱-骨移植物与LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带的比较

目的比较自体骨-腱-骨(BPTB)和LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的效果。方法对59例ACL断裂患者采用自体BPTB重建ACL 29例(BPTB组),采用LARS人工韧带重建ACL 30例(LARS组)。按Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC评分系统和KT-1000检查评估功能。结果 59例均获随访,时间30～36个月。术后BPTB组和LARS组Lysholm评分分别为92.90分±9.10分和94.00分±6.87分;Tegner评分分别为5.76分±1.12分和6.07分±1.14分;KT-1000检查松弛分别为2.63 mm±2.16 mm和2.36 mm±2.08 mm。术后IKDC评分:BPTB组正常14例,接近正常11例,不正常4例;LARS组正常18例,接近正常8例,不正常4例。两组各项结果比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论自体BPTB和LARS人工韧带重建ACL均能够获得满意的临床效果。     

前交叉韧带解剖研究进展及其对韧带重建技术的影响北大核心CSCD

目的对前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)解剖研究进展以及对于ACL重建技术的影响进行总结。方法广泛查阅国内外有关ACL解剖和重建的研究文献,并进行总结分析。结果近年ACL的解剖和形态有了新认识,提出的扁平的、如带状(Ribbon-like)的ACL解剖理论逐渐被关注。目前研究认为相对于既往重建方式,"Ribbon-like"ACL解剖重建在理论上具有优越性,更符合解剖重建、等长重建。结论 "Ribbon-like"ACL解剖理论是对ACL解剖结构的不同认识,但存在争议,且缺少临床应用,需要进一步研究。     

关节镜下人工韧带重建前交叉韧带的临床初步体会

目的探讨关节镜下应用LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带的可行性及近期疗效. 方法用法国产LARS人工韧带对16例前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤行关节镜下ACL重建术.等距点钻胫骨、股骨骨道,将肌腱拉入骨道,韧带游离部分位于关节腔内,拉紧后2枚螺钉固定韧带,合并损伤同期处理. 结果手术时间51～86 min,平均64 min.术后无滑膜炎、韧带断裂、活动明显受限等并发症.16例均随访1.5～6个月,平均3.8月.按照IKDC评分标准:术前C级6例,D级10例;术后A级6例,B级9例, C级1例(χ2=6.264,P<0.05).Lysholm膝关节功能评分术前36～76分,(63.7±7.3)分;术后86～97分,(94.8±9.6)分(t=10.356,P<0.05). 结论关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建ACL,操作简便,可使膝关节获得即时稳定性,早期康复锻炼,最大限度的防止关节功能受限,近期疗效满意.     

关节镜下LARS人工韧带及4股半腱肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的评价LARS人工韧带和自体4股半腱肌肌腱关节镜下重建膝前交叉韧带（ACL）的临床疗效。方法对28例膝ACL断裂患者行关节镜下ACL重建术,根据重建材料的来源分为LARS人工韧带组（13例）和自体4股半腱肌肌腱组（15例）。采用ACL解剖等长重建技术建立胫骨、股骨骨道。并对两组的关节稳定性和Lysholm膝关节功能评分进行对比研究。结果术后膝关节稳定性LARS人工韧带组优于4股半腱肌肌腱组（P〈0.05）。移植后两组Lyshrolm膝关节功能评分较移植前提高（P〈0.05）。术后6个月LARS人工韧带组Lysholm评分（90.4分±5.3分）高于4股半腱肌肌腱组（81.2分±4.7分）（P〈0.05）。结论在关节镜下重建ACL术中,LARS人工韧带可作为自体材料的良好替代物。     

Silk enhances the ligamentization of the polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligament in a canine anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the leading treatment for ACL rupture. Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System (LARS), which is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is the most frequently used artificial ligament for ACL reconstruction. However, PET is hydrophobic, so it is difficult to induce the ingrowth of the autologous tissue. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of silk hybrid on the ligamentization of the PET artificial ligament in a canine ACL reconstruction model. Silk/PET hybrid suspensory ligament was fabricated with silk in the weft yarn and PET in the warp yarn, while PET suspensory ligament was fabricated with PET in both the weft and warp yarns. After fabrication, the micromorphology of the ligaments was observed and mechanical testing was performed. Though the failure loads of the degummed silk/PET hybrid suspensory ligaments were significantly lower than those of the PET suspensory ligaments (P < 0.001), both of them were enough for ACL reconstructions of beagle dogs. In the animal study, 14 beagle dogs were divided into PET suspensory ligament group and silk/PET hybrid suspensory ligament group randomly, with 7 dogs in each. The dogs underwent ACL reconstructions in their right knees. At postoperative 6 months, the dogs were sacrificed, and the specimens were evaluated with gross observation, histology, immunohistochemistry, and mechanical testing. The histological and immunohistochemical results showed that the native ACL of the beagle dog held abundant fibroblasts and collagen. The PET‐regenerated ligament was loose, and there was a small amount of autologous tissue and collagen. Compared to the PET‐regenerated ligament, the silk/PET hybrid‐regenerated ligament had a compact structure, and there was more regenerated autologous tissue and collagen. In conclusion, compared to the PET ligament, the silk/PET hybrid ligament kept greater ability to induce the ingrowth of the autologous tissue, indicating that the silk hybrid had enhanced the ligamentization of the PET artificial ligament.     

Revision ACL Reconstruction: Principles and Practice

IntroductionThe incidence of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgeries is increasing and so is the number of revision surgeries for a failed ACLR. The spectrum of ACL failure includes symptoms of recurrent instability, pain, and/or stiffness.DiscussionFactors contributing to ACL failure may be classified as patient-related, surgeon-related, and biological factors. Of these, tunnel malposition and recurrent trauma are the most common causes. Detailed patient assessment, imaging, and studying details of the index surgery are critical prior to planning revision surgery. Infection has to be ruled out prior to planning any reconstructive surgical procedure. Osseous malalignment in the coronal or sagittal planes would also need correction along with or prior to revision ACL surgery. Revision ACL reconstruction maybe performed as a one-stage or two-stage procedure. Severe tunnel dilatation, infection, or arthrofibrosis necessitates a two-stage approach. Autografts are preferred for revision ACL due their lesser re-tear rates and better outcomes. Associated meniscus tears and cartilage injuries are more common in revision than in primary surgery and need to be managed appropriately. Extra-articular reconstruction for controlling anterolateral instability is frequently required as well.ConclusionRevision ACL reconstruction is a complex undertaking due to limited graft options, compromised anatomy and high frequency of associated injuries. Patient expectations must be tempered because functional outcomes and return to pre-injury sports are inferior to a primary surgery.     

Biological and Biomechanical Evaluation of Autologous Tendon Combined with Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System Artificial Ligament in a Rabbit Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Objective

To compare the biomechanical and histological changes in a rabbit model after reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with solely autologous tendon and with autologous tendon combined with the ligament advanced reinforcement system (LARS) artificial ligament.

Methods

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed in 72 knees from 36 healthy New Zealand white rabbits (bodyweight, 2500–3000 g). The Achilles tendons were harvested bilaterally. The left ACL were reconstructed solely with autografts (autologous tendon group), while the right ACL were reconstructed with autografts combined with LARS ligaments (combined ligaments group). The gross observation, histological determination, and the tension failure loads in both groups were evaluated at 12 weeks (n = 18) and 24 weeks (n = 18) postoperatively.

Results

Gross examination of the knee joints showed that all combined ligaments were obviously covered by a connective tissue layer at 12 weeks, and were completely covered at 24 weeks. Fibrous tissue ingrowth was observed between fascicles and individual fibers in the bone–artificial ligament interface at both time points; this fibrovascular tissue layer localized at the bone–artificial ligament interface tended to be denser in specimens obtained at 24 weeks compared with those obtained at 12 weeks. The tension failure loads of the knees were similar in the autologous tendon group and the combined ligaments group at 12 weeks (144.15 ± 3.92 N vs. 140.88 ± 2.75 N; P > 0.05), and at 24 weeks (184.15 ± 1.96 N vs. 180.88 ± 3.21 N; P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Reconstructing the ACL in rabbits using autologous tendon combined with the LARS artificial ligament results in satisfactory biointegration, with no obvious immunological rejection between the autologous tendon and the artificial ligament, and is, therefore, a promising ACL reconstruction method.

     

Editorial Commentary: Is the Key to Successful Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Addressing the Anterolateral Complex With a Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis?

As the overall incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures continues to rise, the failure rates in reconstructive surgery remain relatively stable. Despite advances in our understanding of graft selection, anatomic reconstruction, addressing concomitant injuries, and the importance of rehabilitation, we continue to see failure rates in primary ACL reconstructions of up to 15%. Thus as the number of primary ACL reconstructions rises, so too does the number of revision ACL surgeries. This rising need for revision ACL reconstructions presents an even more daunting task because failure rates of up to 25% have been reported. Much of the current literature's focus is on improving outcomes and lowering these failure rates. Could adding a lateral extra-articular tenodesis to revision ACL surgery be the magic bullet we have been searching for to lower our failure rates? We question whether it is that simple.     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of polyethylene terephthalate grafts

Background: The ligament advanced reinforcement system (LARS) ligament is an artificial polyester ligament made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) that is used for primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery. Recent media attention has resulted in a high awareness of this reconstructive option among patients; however, the outcomes compared with autograft are controversial. Objectives: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to examine the outcomes following LARS and long‐term PET artificial grafts in ACL reconstructive surgery. The ultimate objective was to determine whether the LARS ligament should be incorporated into routine practice. Methods: A systematic search strategy from 1970 to June 2010 was used to retrieve relevant studies. Inclusion of articles was established through application of a predetermined protocol, independent assessment by two reviewers and a final consensus decision. Results: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria for the LARS ligament. The methodology of the identified articles was poor. Only short‐term outcomes were available. These results were good with low complication rates. Eleven articles reported on other PET grafts and recorded long‐term follow‐up of more than 4 years. These grafts had poor outcomes and a high rate of complications. No meta‐analysis was possible. Conclusions: There are surprisingly few studies reporting on LARS ligament outcomes. The literature has poor methodological quality. Short‐term results for the LARS ligament appear good, with faster recovery times compared with autografts. Final short‐term results are not significantly different from autograft. There is real concern that late failure and iatrogenic osteoarthritis may occur based on the results of other PET grafts.     

Injury to the Anterior Tibial Artery during Bicortical Tibial Drilling in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Many complications have been reported during or after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, including infection, bleeding, tibial tunnel widening, arthrofibrosis, and graft failure. However, arterial injury has been rarely reported. This paper reports a case of an anterior tibial arterial injury during bicortical tibial drilling in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, associated with an asymptomatic occlusion of the popliteal artery. The patient had a vague pain which led to delayed diagnosis of compartment syndrome and delayed treatment with fasciotomy. All surgeons should be aware of these rare but critical complications because the results may be disastrous like muscle necrosis as in this case.     

LARS人工韧带关节镜下重建膝前交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下LARS人工韧带治疗膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）完全性损伤的疗效。方法对12例ACL完全损伤患者实施关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建术。结果12例均获随访,时间3～11个月,膝关节前直向不稳症状均消失,前抽屉试验阴性,关节功能良好,未并发急性滑膜炎。患膝伸屈度0°～120°。根据Lysholm膝关节评分法,膝关节评分由术前（45．45±1．18）分提高到术后（84．77±2．26）分。结论LARS人工韧带组织相容性好,是理想的韧带移植材料。关节镜下LARS人工韧带重建ACL完全性损伤疗效好,创伤小,并发症少,患膝稳定性早期即可完全恢复,术后关节功能能达到正常运动要求。     

Differences in cellular properties and responses to growth factors between human ACL and MCL cells

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has poor healing responses compared with those of the medial collateral ligament (MCL). It has been implied that this is partially due to the poor reparative capacity of ACL cells for ligament injury. The present study was designed to elucidate the reparative capacities of human ACL and MCL cells by investigating their cellular properties and their responses to growth factors. Human ACL and MCL were obtained from seven fresh human cadavers. The cells were isolated from each tissue, and primary cultures were used for the examination. The growth rates of all the human ACL cells were lower than those of the human MCL cells; consistent with this, the doubling time of the ACL cells was 30 ± 7.4% longer than that of the MCL cells. The chemotactic migration of human ACL cells was 33 ± 8.1% slower and the synthesis of DNA and collagen in human ACL cells was 29 ± 6.3% and 31 ± 9.7% lower, respectively, in comparison with those of MCL cells. Cellular responses, in terms of DNA synthesis, in human ACL cells to either basic-fibroblast growth factor (1.0 and 10.0 ng/ml) or transforming growth factor-β (1.0 ng/ml) were lower than those of human MCL cells. However, no differences in the cellular responses in terms of collagen synthesis were found. Composite data show that human ACL cells have poorer cellular properties and lower responses to growth factors compared with those of human MCL cells, which suggests that the reparative capacity of human ACL cells may be poorer than that of human MCL cells. Received for publication on Sept. 2, 1998; accepted on Jan. 29, 1999