类似椎管内肿瘤的游离型腰椎间盘突出症的特点及治疗5例报告

腰椎间盘突出症是骨科常见病，根据临床表现及影像学检查一般能明确诊断，但有极少数破裂游离型腰椎间盘突出症的临床表现及影像学检查与椎管内肿瘤相似，不易鉴别：我院自1993．5-2003．5共收治3225例腰椎间盘突出症，破裂游离型腰椎间盘突出症232例。其中5例游离型病例在临床症状及影像学表现上与椎管内肿瘤相似，现报告如下。     

误诊为腰椎间盘突出症的椎管肿瘤

目的；探讨椎管肿瘤误诊为腰椎间盘突出症的原因，避免和减少误诊的发生。方法：回顾性分析自2000年10月～2002年11月收治的长期误诊为腰椎间盘突出症的6例椎管肿瘤，主要分析二者发病情况、症状体征的不同，参阅误诊前后的CT和MRI的表现。结果：确诊前6例均进行过CT和或MRI检查，报告皆为腰椎间盘突出症，以致长期按该病治疗。后经过严格查体，针对怀疑病灶部位进行CT和或MRI检查。结果 皆为椎管肿瘤。结论：椎管肿瘤易误诊为腰椎间盘突出症。误诊原因多为偏信特殊检查，没进行系统地病史询问和严格的体格检查。     

经皮穿刺腰椎间盘切吸术治疗合并腰椎管狭窄的腰椎间盘突出症

目的：总结采用经皮穿刺腰椎间盘切吸术（APLD）治疗合并腰椎管狭窄的腰椎间盘突出症的经验。方法：对12例经CT扫描确诊为腰椎间盘突出症合并有腰椎管狭窄患者，术前行轴位牵引下直腿抬高试验检查。对属可逆性腰椎间突出患者，使用APLD治疗。结果：经3个月以上随访，优7例，良4例，可1例。近期优良率91．7％，未出现并发症。结论：合并腰椎管狭窄的腰椎间盘突出症不应列为APLD治疗的禁忌证。对术前行轴位牵引下直腿抬高试验检查属可逆性腰椎间盘突出的患者，仍可行APLD治疗。     

腰椎间盘突出症二次手术原因分析及其对策

目的：提高腰椎间盘突出症首次手术的疗效，避免二次手术，方法：回顾分析1992－2001年间9例腰椎间盘突出症行二次手术治疗的原因。结果：定位错误，多间隙遗漏，原位处理不当，瘢痕增生压迫，血肿压迫等主客观多因素是造成二次手术的主要原因。结论：术前详尽的检查，尤其是必要的辅助检查：术中准确定位，有限椎板切除，术后充分引流是保证腰椎间盘突出症首次手术成功的关键。     

浅谈综合治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效分析

腰椎间盘突出症是颈肩腰腿专科的常见病、我发病，近几年有年轻化趋势，对患者的生活和劳动均可造成很大的影响。笔者自1995年以来采用中西药、穴位注射、温针、理疗、整脊手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症705例（全部经CT或MRI确诊）疗效显著，现介绍如下：     

颈腰椎间盘病

目的： 探讨颈腰椎间盘病的特点和诊断。方法： 对近４ 年中的颈腰椎间盘突出症、退变性椎管狭窄和颈椎病并施行手术的１９ 例进行了分析。结果： 发现颈腰椎间盘突出症是本病的重要原因。结论： 根据临床症状、体征和影像学检查, 颈椎 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ和腰椎 Ｃ Ｔ 检查, 是防范混淆和误诊的必要条件。     

腰椎间盘突出症的一种新的物理学检查方法

目的 通过临床实践创新,在原有多种物理学检查的基础上,增加一种腰椎间盘突出症物理学检查的体征,提高腰椎间盘突出症的诊断率,探索一种诊断方法.方法门诊随机抽取97例腰椎间盘突出症患者(经腰椎正侧位X线片、CT检查诊断明确),均行屈颈实验、屈颈屈腰实验两种物理学检查,比较两种体征的阳性率.结果屈颈屈腰试验阳性率为97.91%.屈颈试验阳性率为11.46%.两种检查的阳性率经过卡方检验,P<0.01,有显著性差异.结论屈颈屈腰试验明显提高了腰椎间盘突出症的物理学检查阳性率,从而提高了诊断率,是腰椎间盘突出症的一种较有意义的新物理学检查方法,值得临床推广应用.     

腰椎间盘突出症再手术

目的：通过分析腰椎间盘突出症再手术原因,提出腰椎间盘突出症手术的注意事项。方法：对四○一医院１９８２年１２月～１９９５年１２月收治腰椎间盘突出症再手术病例进行回顾性分析。结果：从２５例腰椎间盘突出症再手术病人分析中,发现腰椎间盘突出症合并椎管狭窄,首次减压不彻底、髓核未取净是主要原因。再手术取得良好效果,优良率达９６％。结论：初次手术前要仔细检查,准确定位,选择适当的手术方式;术中减压充分髓核摘除干净,术后创口引流,直腿抬高锻炼。     

青少年腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨青少年腰椎间盘突出症的诊断依据与治疗方法。方法 对26例青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据其临床特征总结出诊断要点和有效的治疗方法。结果 青少年腰椎间盘突出症的诊断要点是：1．一般都有明显的外伤史或先天畸形。2．临床症状轻、体征重。3．临床检查和X线片检查不易确诊和定位。4．CT、MRI检查能明确诊断。非手术治疗效果差,胶原酶溶核和经皮穿刺抽吸疗效不理想,手术治疗优良率高。结论 青少年腰椎间盘突出症临床特征突,CT、MRI有助于明确诊断,手术是理想的治疗方法。     

多间隙腰椎间盘突出症漏诊误诊原因分析及对策

目的：分析多间隙腰椎间盘突出症的漏诊、误诊原因及预防对策,提高诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析83例多间隙腰椎间盘突出症患者的病史及理学检查,影像学资料及再手术原因,总结并分析多间隙腰椎间盘突出症常见的漏诊,误诊原因,结果：多间隙腰椎间盘突出症以下腰椎相邻双间隙多见,因病史及理学检查漏误诊43全,漏误诊率52％（43／83）,因脊髓造影检查漏误诊5例,漏误诊率14％（5／35）,CT检查漏误诊15例,漏误诊率25％（15／60）,MRI检查漏诊0例,其中再手术者7例。结论：提高对本病的认识,详细的病史及理学检查,足够的影像学检查,合理的检查手段,正确的资料分析是提高多间隙腰椎间盘突出症诊断水平的关键。     

认识颈腰椎间盘病

目的　探讨颈腰椎间盘病的特点和诊断。方法　对近 6年中的颈腰椎盘突出症伴退变性椎管狭窄症和颈椎病并施行手术的 5 6例进行分析。结果　发现颈腰椎间盘突出症是本病的重要原因。结论　根据临床症状、体征和影像学检查 ,颈椎MRI和腰椎CT检查 ,是防范混淆和误诊的必要条件     

腰椎间盘手术失败原因分析和治疗

目的：对腰椎间盘手术失败的原因进行分析。方法：对129例腰椎间盘初次术后疗效不满意患者分析其原因，结果：在129列术后疗效不满意的患者中，需要再手术治疗的有98例（75．9％），初次手术失败的常见原因有椎间盘摘除不彻底或复发，保并有腰椎管狭窄（侧隐窝）狭窄的患者失能同时进行彻底地椎管减压、远期继发腰椎不稳以及选择了一些不恰当的手术病例等有关。结论：腰椎间盘术后症状复发原因较多，应充分结合患者的临床表现及影像学检查，严格掌握手术适应证。再手术目的的是解除疼痛，恢复功能，包括彻底减压和腰椎稳定性手术。     

Analysis of the clinical picture in patients with osteoarthritis of the spine depending on the type and severity of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging

Objectives

Spondyloarthritis is the most common pathological change in the spine. In a significant number of cases, it leads to compression of the nervous structures of the spinal canal, causing pain and neurological symptoms. Intervertebral disc pathology is a common cause of root deficits in neurological examination of all types of degenerative changes of the spine structures. Disc herniation is pathologically divided into 4 stages of herniated nucleus pulposus: 1) bulging, 2) protrusion, 3) extrusion, 4) sequestration. The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between the type and severity of degenerative changes in the spine and the incidence of neurological deficits.

Material and methods

The study included 100 patients: 74 men and 26 women aged 50.2 ±10.43 years with pain of the spine in the cervical and/or lumbosacral segments and with degenerative changes in the plain radiographs. The mean value of body mass index (BMI) was 27.8 ±3.95 kg/m². Each patient underwent neurological examinations and 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging MRI of the cervical and/or lumbar spine.

Results

Every patient was diagnosed with herniated nucleus pulposus affecting on average 4 ±2 segments of the spine. The most frequently observed degree of severity of disc herniation was the second (protrusion, 71.9% of all disc disease in 89 patients). Much less frequently found was the third degree (extrusion, 45 patients, 20.1% slipped disc), the first (bulging, 14 patients, 6.3% slipped disc), and least often only a small percentage of fourth degree (sequestration, 4 patients, 1.7% slipped disc). Neurological symptoms (deficits) were observed in 34 patients. They were accompanied by disc herniations in 23.7% of patients. In remaining patients with neurological deficits there was spinal stenosis. No correlation was observed between neurological deficits and stage 1 of disc herniation.

Conclusions

The incidence rate of neurological deficits is correlated with the degree of changes in the spine, as visualized by MRI.     

小切口加脊柱花刀治疗髓核骨化性腰椎间盘突出症

为保留腰椎后部结构的完整性，防止术后腰椎不稳，采用小切口单侧小开窗加脊柱花刀治疗旁侧型髓核骨化性腰椎间盘突出症22例，单侧扩大开窗加脊柱花刀治疗中央型髓核骨化性腰椎间盘突出症10例。手术尽可能地保留了腰椎全部结构的完整性，可防止术后腰椎不稳和减少对硬膜和神经根的疤痕粘连。并就32例髓核骨化性腰椎间盘突出症患者CT图像中髓核骨化的形式和形态进行了讨论。     

腰椎间盘突出症的临床解剖学分型及其意义(1106例回顾性研究)

目的：对不同方向突出的椎间盘从解剖学角度给予区域界定,以便明确分型,利于术式选择。方法：通过对离体干化腰椎的解剖研究,结合临床术中测量及１１０６例回顾研究,将突出椎间盘进行明确解剖界定之分型。结果：同区域的突出椎间盘产生一组相似的临床表现,基于此,将椎间盘突出症分为５型,即：中央型、偏侧型、椎间管型、椎间管外型及侧方型。分别占发病间盘的３３４％、５１％、８５％、４５％、２４％。结论：解剖界定明确的分型,对腰椎间盘突出症临床诊断和术式选择有重要意义     

Disc degeneration of cervical spine on MRI in patients with lumbar disc herniation: comparison study with asymptomatic volunteers

An association between progression of cervical disc degeneration and that of lumbar disc degeneration has been considered to exist. To date, however, this association has not yet been adequately studied. Age-related changes in the cervical intervertebral discs were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with lumbar disc herniation, and compared with the MRI findings of healthy volunteers without lower back pain. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the prevalence of asymptomatic cervical disc degeneration is higher in patients with lumbar disc herniation than in healthy volunteers. The study was conducted on 51 patients who were diagnosed as having lumbar disc herniation and underwent cervical spine MRI. The patients consisted of 34 males and 17 females ranging in age from 21–83 years (mean 46.9 ± 14.5 years) at the time of the study. The control group was composed of 113 healthy volunteers (70 males and 43 females) aged 24–77 years (mean 48.9 ± 14.7 years), without neck pain or low back pain. The percentage of subjects with degenerative changes in the cervical discs was 98.0% in the lumbar disc herniation group and 88.5% in the control group (p = 0.034). The presence of lumbar disc herniation was associated significantly with decrease in signal intensity of intervertebral disc and posterior disc protrusion in the cervical spine. None of the MRI findings was significantly associated with the gender, smoking, sports activities, or BMI. As compared to healthy volunteers, patients with lumbar disc herniation showed a higher prevalence of decrease in signal intensity of intervertebral disc and posterior disc protrusion on MRI of the cervical spine. The result of this study suggests that disc degeneration appears to be a systemic phenomenon.     

颈椎带锁钢板在急性颈椎间盘突出症中的应用

目的：探讨颈椎带锁钢板在急性颈椎间盘突出症的应用价值。方法：20例急性颈椎间盘突出症患者施行颈前路减压、自体髋骨植骨及颈椎带锁钢板内固定术。结果：20例均获得随访6-24个月，平均随访时间13个月。所有病例植骨完全愈合，无一例发生钢板螺钉松动、断裂等并发症，结论：颈椎前路带锁钢板应用于急性颈椎间盘突出症可显著提高植骨融合率，并可提供有效的固定节段稳定性。     

Coexistence of cervical and lumbar disc disease

A retrospective analysis of 200 patients requiring cervical disc surgery was performed to determine the frequency of coexistent lumbar disc or spine abnormalities. The duration of follow-up ranged from 5 to 25 years, averaging 14 years. Sixty percent were women and 40% were men, their ages ranging from 25-73 years. Antecedent motor vehicle injury had occurred in 49 cases and work injury to the spine in 23. Sixty-four percent had no history of prior back injury. It was found that over 31% had undergone lumbar disc surgery, and a high number of patients demonstrated abnormal lumbar radiographs or myelograms, including 78 with bulging discs, 100 with major root defects, 78 with minor root defects, 8 with spinal stenosis, and 7 with spondylolisthesis. Myelograms were normal in 22 cases. The sites of lumbar abnormalities included L4-5 (110), L5-S1 (90), and multilevel (8). There was a higher incidence of lumbar disc abnormalities associated with multilevel cervical spondylosis. There also was a relationship between residual symptoms and myelographic abnormalities. Two studies in the authors' institution suggest an autoimmune basis for the frequent coexistence of cervical and lumbar disc disease, namely the demonstration of antigenic properties in the nucleus pulposus and high serum immunoglobulins.     

脊髓型颈椎病术后颈椎间盘突出自行消失的原因探讨

目的：了解脊髓型颈椎病颈椎管扩大成型术后，颈椎间盘突出自行消失的原因并由此提出脊髓型颈椎病新的致病学说。方法：自１９９４年６月～１９９８年５月对脊髓型颈椎病行后路单开门椎管扩大成型术患者行临床及ＭＲＩ检查。结果：８例患者，术后４～１３个月，平均５．８个月复查时，颈椎ＭＲＩ检查发现，其术前ＭＲＩ显示的颈椎间盘突出影像消失，相应部位硬膜、脊髓无压迫。结论：（１）颈椎间盘退变突出后，出现颈椎节段性不稳定，刺激突出间盘周围组织，产生炎症性反应；（２）颈椎间盘突出、颈椎退变或颈椎管狭窄，致硬膜外腔压力增高，导致硬膜外静脉回流障碍，出现硬膜外静脉瘀滞、怒张。上述为脊髓型颈椎病发病的又一可能因素