儿童高胆红素血症

儿童高胆红素血症常表现为黄疸，是儿童特别是婴幼儿普遍存在的一种症状，各种病理生理学、解剖学、感染性、自身免疫性疾病及遗传代谢性因素及疾病均可引起黄疸。不同的原因导致的黄疸其严重程度及预后不同，并且有不同的时间敏感性和不同的治疗计划。早期诊断和评估、并给予个性化的优化治疗至关重要。随着分子检测技术的发展，二代测序技术使临床医生能够快速有效的对临床实践中无法通过常规血液检查直接诊断的疾病进行分子学诊断，进而精准治疗。文章主要介绍儿童高胆红素血症常见病因及其诊治策略。     

HBV-ACLF患者血清miR-122和 HMGB1水平及其与病情、预后的关系

[摘要]　目的　探究HBV相关慢加急性肝衰竭（HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure, HBV-ACLF）患者血清中微小核糖核酸（microRNA, miR）-122和高迁移率族蛋白1（high-mobility group box-B1, HMGB1）水平及其与病情、预后的关系。方法　回顾性分析2016年1月—2018年1月我院收治的120例HBV-ACLF患者的一般及临床资料。根据临床结局，将患者分为存活组（53例）和死亡组（67例）。比较2组患者的一般资料、实验室检查指标及血清miR-122、HMGB1水平。多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者预后的因素。Pearson检验分析miR-122、HMGB1水平分别与TBIL、PA、终末期肝病评分模型（the model of end-stage liver disease score, MELD）评分的相关性。ROC曲线分析miR-122和HMGB1水平对患者的死亡预测价值，获得最佳临界值。根据临界值将患者分为A组、B组和C组，用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线，比较3组患者在3年随访期间的生存率。结果　存活组和死亡组患者的年龄、身体质量指数、并发症、病情分期、MELD评分、ALB、球蛋白、TBIL、ALT、AST、LDH、PT、PTA、HBV DNA、miR-122、HMGB1相比，差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。年龄、并发症、病情分期、MELD评分、TBIL、PT、PTA、miR-122、HMGB1均是影响患者预后的危险因素（P均＜0.05）。miR-122、HMGB1水平分别与TBIL、MELD评分呈显著正相关，与PTA呈显著负相关（P均＜0.05）。miR-122和HMGB1预测患者死亡的最佳临界值分别为31.42和14.56 μg/L。A组患者预后3年内生存率显著高于B组和C组（P均＜0.05）。结论　miR-122和HMGB1水平与HBV-ACLF患者的病情和死亡预后密切相关，可间接反映患者的病情严重程度，在HBV-ACLF的诊断及预后中具有重要价值。     

经鼻高流量氧气湿化治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭的可行性研究

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of transnasal heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) with respiratory failure in elderly patients. MethodsA total of 176 elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with respiratory failure who were hospitalized at Peking University Shougang Hospital from December 2016 to January 2022 were enrolled, including 82 patients in an HFNC group and 94 patients in an NPPV group. After treatment, pulse oxygen saturation (SPO₂), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), oxygenation index (OI), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), comfort score, discharge rate, rate of endotracheal intubation, rate of transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality were compared between the two groups. The independent sample t-test was used for comparison between the two groups. Statistical data are expressed in percentage or number of cases and the χ² test was used for their comparisons. ResultsThe SPO₂ values at 30 min, 1 h, and 6 h were significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.049,-2.618, and -3.314, P=0.043, 0.010, and 0.001, respectively). SPO₂ before discharge was significantly lower than that of the NPPV group (t=2.162, P=0.033), but OI at each time point and before discharge had no statistical significance (P＞0.05). MAP at 6 h was significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.209, P=0.029), but within the normal range. HRs at 2 h and 3 h in the HFNC group were significantly higher than those of the NPPV group (t=-2.199 and -2.336, P=0.030 and 0.021, respectively). There were no significant differences in RR, HR, or MAP between the two groups at other time points and before discharge (P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in PaCO2 between the two groups (P＞0.05). Comfort score in the HFNC group was significantly higher than that of the NPPV group (t=-46.807, P＜0.001). There were no significant differences in discharge rate, ICU transfer rate, endotracheal intubation rate, and mortality between the two groups (P＞0.05). ConclusionHFNC is as effective as NPPV in treating elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with type Ⅰ or mild type Ⅱ respiratory failure, and HFNC is more comfortable than NPPV.     

京尼平苷对高糖高脂诱导的胰岛β细胞胰岛素分泌的影响

目的研究京尼平苷对高糖高脂诱导的胰岛β细胞胰岛素分泌的影响。方法用高糖高脂孵育大鼠胰岛β细胞(INS-1)及原代大鼠胰岛,同时用京尼平苷干预,用放射免疫法检测胰岛素分泌量。结果京尼平苷增加高糖高脂孵育后INS-1细胞的数量;京尼平苷促进高糖高脂孵育后INS-1细胞的胰岛素分泌;京尼平苷改善高糖高脂孵育后原代大鼠胰岛的胰岛素分泌,且通过胰高糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体发挥作用。结论京尼平苷通过GLP-1受体调节高糖高脂诱导后胰岛β细胞的胰岛素分泌。     

妊娠合并急性胰腺炎临床分析

目的探讨妊娠合并急性胰腺炎的病因、临床表现及母儿结局。方法选取郑州大学第一附属医院2012-01—2017-12间收治的73例妊娠合并急性胰腺炎患者,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果以妊娠合并急性胰腺炎发病时期分析,孕早期0例,孕中期13例,孕晚期52例,产褥期8例。以妊娠合并急性胰腺炎不同严重程度分析,轻症急性胰腺炎47例,中重症急性胰腺炎21例,重症急性胰腺炎5例。以病因学分析,胆源性急性胰腺炎11例,高甘油三酯血症急性胰腺炎19例。高脂血症患者更易发生中重症急性胰腺炎和重症急性胰腺炎,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。妊娠合并急性胰腺炎不同时期患者的血清淀粉酶、血清脂肪酶、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比率、淋巴细胞比率、白蛋白、总胆固醇比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。妊娠合并急性胰腺炎不同程度患者血清脂肪酶、随机血糖、总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、血钙比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论妊娠合并急性胰腺炎多发生于妊娠晚期,胆源性和高甘油三酯血症是妊娠合并急性胰腺炎的主要诱因。     

前房注射卡波姆建立大鼠高眼压模型的观察

目的　前房注射卡波姆建立大鼠高眼压模型，观察卡波姆升眼压效果及对大鼠眼前节和视网膜的影响。方法　随机选取30只SD大鼠，注射前3 d早晚测量基线眼压。右眼定为实验眼，左眼定为对照眼，右眼放出房水后将30 μL的5 g·L^-1卡波姆混悬液注入前房，每日早10时、晚22时在大鼠清醒状态下测量眼压。每周进行双眼眼前节照相并对比。4周末处死26只大鼠（另4只持续观察眼压变化至注射后9周）并取双眼眼球行HE染色，观察实验眼与对照眼视网膜形态，对比视网膜厚度及房角形态。结果　注射前，实验眼白天和夜间眼压分别为（11.10±0.90）mmHg（1 kPa=7.5 mmHg）和（11.92±1.07）mmHg，对照眼分别为（11.22±1.07）mmHg和（11.76±1.08）mmHg；实验眼与对照眼相比，白天、夜间眼压差异均无统计学意义（均为 P＞0.05）；白天与夜间眼压相比，实验眼、对照眼差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。卡波姆在前房中呈现出弥散型和沉积型两种存在方式，弥散型和沉积型大鼠1周内眼压分别为（17.83±3.54）mmHg和（13.00±1.55）mmHg，两者相比差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。注射后第1天至第19天，实验眼与对照眼白天眼压相比差异均具有统计学意义（均为P＜0.05）；注射后第1天至第27天，实验眼与对照眼夜间眼压相比差异均具有统计学意义（均为P＜0.05）。实验眼视网膜形态发生改变，注射后4周视网膜厚度为（254.70±21.80）μm，与对照眼的（346.73±24.63）μm相比，差异有统计学意义（P=0.00）。实验眼前房充满卡波姆及虹膜的混合成分，紧贴角膜内皮并延伸至房角，堵塞小梁网结构，正常虹膜形态消失；对照眼房角形态正常。结论　前房注射卡波姆建立大鼠高眼压模型，可维持高眼压4周以上，昼夜眼压差异较为明显，夜间眼压较白天更高，4周后视网膜出现高眼压损伤后的表现。