基于近红外光谱分析技术的注射用益气复脉(冻干)红参醇提过程在线监测

目的 利用近红外光谱分析技术建立注射用益气复脉（冻干）主要原料红参醇提过程中3种单体皂苷——人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的定量模型,实现提取过程中关键指标的快速检测。方法 在线采集红参醇提过程的近红外光谱,以超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法测定提取过程药液中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的量为参考值,采用偏最小二乘法建立光谱与测定值之间的定量校正模型,进而对提取过程进行在线分析。结果 人参皂苷Rg₁和Re的建模波段均为9 403.7～7 498.3 cm^-1和6 102～5 446.3 cm^-1组合波段;人参皂苷Rb₁的建模波段为5 774.1～5 446.3 cm^-1。人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁定量模型的交叉验证决定系数（R²）分别为99.40、99.44、99.41,交叉验证均方根误差分别为5.18、2.77、11.00。结论 所建立的3种单体皂苷定量模型预测性能良好,能够有效测定红参醇提过程中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的量。     

HPLC法测定人参三七颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和三七皂苷R1的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立同时测定人参三七颗粒中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁含量的方法。方法: 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Sunfire C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）分析柱,流动相以乙腈-水梯度洗脱;检测波长为203 nm;柱温30℃;流速1.0 ml·min^-1。结果:人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁之间有较好的分离度,4种成分在线性范围内与峰面积之间线性关系良好,人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁加样回收率分别为99.83%,97.84%,98.43%,97.34%,RSD分别为2.08%,1.66%,1.73%和1.42%（n=5）。结论:本方法可同时测定人参三七颗粒中的人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁含量。     

UHPLC同时测定进口西洋参4个化学成分的含量

目的 建立UHPLC同时测定进口西洋参中4个活性成分（人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb₁和人参皂苷Rd）含量的方法。方法 采用Zorbax SB C₁₈（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈为流动相A,水为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速0.5 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长为203 nm。结果 4种成分的分离度良好,且在各自浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（r≥0.999 9）,平均回收率为95.7%~100.3%（RSD1.4%~1.8%）。结论 该方法操作简单,缩短了分析时间,重复性好,为评价进口西洋参的质量提供了可靠的方法。     

一测多评法测定复方人参片中的8种苷类成分

目的 建立一测多评法（quantitative analysis single-marker,QAMS）测定复方人参片中8种苷类成分的含量。方法 采用Agilent XDB-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,流动相水（A）-乙腈（B）,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长203 nm;柱温：25℃。以人参皂苷Rb₁为内标,计算人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Re、淫羊藿苷、人参皂苷Rc、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rb₃、人参皂苷Rd的相对校正因子,测定其含量。结果 8种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好（r ≥ 0.999 0）,加样回收率为95.6%~104.4%,RSD为1.22%~2.73%,QAMS测定结果与外标法测定结果无显著性差异。结论 该法准确度、灵敏度高、专属性好、操作简单、重复性好。     

UPLC-UV法测定注射用益气复脉（冻干）中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1

目的 建立UHPLC-UV测定注射用益气复脉（冻干）（YQFM）中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁含量的方法。方法 采用Waters Xselect^® HSS C₁₈（3.0×150 mm,2.5 μm）色谱柱,以0.05%磷酸溶液-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,进样量为5 μL,检测波长为203 nm,柱温28℃。进行线性关系考察,重复性、中间精密度、准确性、耐用性试验。取10批YQFM,按照本研究建立的方法和YQFM国家药品标准（YBZ07062006-2009Z-2015）中的HPLC含量测定法[5]进行测定。结果 人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb₁分别在0.019 37~0.387 40、0.020 32~0.406 40、0.050 00~0.999 9 mg/mL线性关系良好（R>0.999 9）,重复性、中间精密度、准确性、耐用性等均满足定量分析要求。含量测定结果与国家标准方法比较无明显差异。结论 研究建立的方法可用于人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁含量的测定,与传统的HPLC-UV法相比,本方法具有分析速度快、节约溶剂等特点,同时相较于UPLC-MS/MS法,具有经济、简便的优势。     

人参须药材质量标准的研究

目的 建立人参须药材质量标准。方法 采用经验、显微鉴别法对该药材性状、显微特征进行描述;按照中国药典2015年版四部通则相关方法,对药材水分、总灰分进行了测定;采用薄层色谱法,分别以人参对照药材和人参皂苷（Rb₁、Re、Rf和Rg₁）对照品为对照,对该药材的脂溶性成分及皂苷类成分进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC,以人参皂苷Re、Rg₁、Rb₁和Rb₂为对照,采用Sepax BR-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,乙腈-水为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,在203 nm波长下对各皂苷成分进行定量分析,建立该药材中皂苷类成分的含量测定方法。结果 该药材性状、显微、薄层鉴别方法具有较强的专属性,水分平均值为11.0%,总灰分平均值为4.6%,人参皂苷Re与Rg₁总含量平均值为0.86%,Rb₁含量平均值为0.54%,Rb₂含量平均值为0.31%。结论 本研究依据实验结果和传统经验,同时结合了吉林省人参须药材的生产现状及药用企业的应用情况,可以作为人参须药材的质量标准。     

肠肽胶囊的质量标准

摘 要 目的： 本研究旨在建立肠肽胶囊的质量标准。方法: 采用薄层色谱法鉴别薏苡仁、蒲公英、白芷、厚朴,采用HPLC法测定三七中有效成分三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Rb₁的含量。结果: 薄层鉴别斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;三七中有效成分三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Rb₁分别在40～300 μg·mL^-1、320 ～2 400 μg·mL^-1、80～600 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好;平均加样回收率分别为99.76%、99.33%、99.48%,RSD分别为0.42%、0.48%、0.63%（n=9）。结论:该方法可用于肠肽胶囊的质量控制。     

一测多评法同时测定血塞通片中5种皂苷类成分的含量

目的：建立一测多评法(QAMS)同时测定血塞通片中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷 Re、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rd 5种成分的含量。方法：采用高效液相法,使用Waters Symmetry Shield RP₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.3 mL·min^-1, 柱温25 ℃,检测波长为203 nm。以人参皂苷Re为内标参照物,建立其与三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rd的相对校正因子(RCFs);通过一测多评法与外标法(ESM)结果的比较, 验证所建立方法的可行性和准确性。结果：5种皂苷在一定范围的浓度内呈良好的线性关系;三七皂苷 R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rd的相对校正因子分别为0.996、0.856、1.165、0.996;且在不同试验条件下重现性良好(RSD＜3.0%)。结论：建立了血塞通片中5种成分的一测多评法,经方法学验证,该法可用于血塞通片中5种皂苷成分的含量测定。     

参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg1和Re药代动力学研究

目的研究参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re人体药代动力学。方法采用已建立的LC/MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re浓度，并计算其药代动力学参数。结果人参皂苷Rg₁和Re线性范围为1.023-1 023 μg·L^-1和1.05-1 050 μg·L^-1，方法回收率在99%-105%和99%-104%，日内、日间RSD值均小于15%。参麦注射液60 mL经静脉滴注后人参皂苷Rg₁和Re的药时曲线均符合二房室开放模型，T_1/2α分别为0.28 h和0.10 h，T_1/2β分别为2.1 h和1.2 h。结论该法简便、灵敏、特异，适用于血浆中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re浓度的测定。参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re在人体内血药浓度较低，分布和消除速度较快，药代动力学行为符合二房室模型。     

UFLC法测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1及Rb1

目的 探索建立超快速液相色谱（UFLC）法测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁。方法 采用SHIMADZU Shim-pack XR-ODS Ⅲ（2.0 mm×75 mm, 1.6 μm）色谱柱;以乙腈-水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱;体积流量为0.4 mL/min;检测波长为203 nm;进样体积为3 μL。结果 三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁分别在0.025 7～0.257 0、0.101 2～1.012 0、0.104 4～1.044 0 μg与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为96.7%、98.1%、98.8%。结论 本方法在15min内可以将三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁有效分离,节省了大量人力和流动相的消耗,为中药的质量控制技术提供参考方法。     

人参皂苷水溶液热稳定性研究

目的 研究加热时间对人参皂苷水溶液的影响及受热后人参皂苷含量的变化情况。方法 红参须浓缩液加热不同时间,采用高效液相色谱法测定其人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc和Rd的含量。结果 5种人参皂苷在加热6 h内,发生不同程度的降解反应,二醇类人参皂苷Rb1、Rc和Rd在加热2-3 h时,含量呈明显下降趋势,人参皂苷Rd降解速率最慢。三醇类人参皂苷Rg1和Re在加热3 h内含量快速下降,3 h后趋于平缓。结论 在常压受热条件下,人参皂苷水溶液主要成分人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc和Rd的含量,随加热时间延长而不断下降,3 h后下降速率减缓。三醇类人参皂苷较二醇类对热更为敏感。     

一测多评法同步测定人参和三七药材中多种人参皂苷的含量

通过建立人参皂苷Rb₁与其他8种皂苷间的紫外相对校正因子(RCF)，实现只用一个对照品测定人参和三七药材中多个人参皂苷类成分的含量，以解决人参等药材质量控制中，对照品供应不足问题。结果表明，在一定的线性范围内，人参皂苷Rb₁与Rg₁、 Re、 Rf、 Rh₁、 Rc、 Rb₂、 Rb₃、 Rd间的RCF值分别为1.400， 1.215， 1.517， 1.801， 0.944， 1.012， 1.143， 1.135，且在不同实验条件下重现性良好(RSD=0.30%～3.9%)。本方法只需测定人参和三七药材中Rb₁的含量，其余人参皂苷含量由其RCF值计算得到，实现一测多评；并与常规外标法比较，两种药材中一测多评法与外标法所得结果均无显著性差异；所建立的校正因子可同时用于人参及三七药材及其相关产品的定量分析及质量评价。     

Comparative analysis of ginsenosides in different root parts and cultured cells from Chinese ginseng

HPLC analysis of extracts of different parts of two six-year-old Panax ginseng (Ginseng & Tobacco Company, South Korea) plantation roots demonstrated the presence of seven detectable ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, Rd, Rf, Rg₁, and Re). The total contents were 1.16 and 0.64% for main roots, 4.00 and 4.60% for rhizomes, 6.79, 4.38% for side roots (d = 0.4–0.5 cm), and 13.26 and 11.37 for fine roots (d = 0.1–0.15 cm). Four new ginseng callus lines were originated from side and fine roots. HPLC analysis of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the biomass after the first year of cultivation showed that all lines contained the full spectrum of ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, Rd, Rf, Rg₁, and Re), the total content of which varied from 0.2 to 0.4%. HPLC monitoring of these callus lines over five years of cultivation demonstrated gradual disappearance of glycosides Rb₂, Rc, Rd, and Rf from the ginsenoside spectrum. Loose calluses growing in medium containing 0.5 and 0.2 mg-liter 6-benzylaminopurine were used to start suspension cultures L-1 and L-2, respectively. HPLC analysis of the qualitative and quantitative composition of glycosides in suspension cultures showed that both lines contained only ginsenosides Rb₁, Rg₁, and Re, with a predominance of R_e ginsenoside. __________ Translated from Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 33–38, January, 2008.     

Biomass and content of ginsenosides and polyacetylenes in American ginseng roots can be increased without affecting the profile of bioactive compounds

Fifty selected roots from a 7-year-old American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) plant population grown in Denmark, with root weights varying from 191 to 490 g fresh weight (FW), were investigated for bioactive ginsenosides and polyacetylenes (PAs) in order to determine the correlation between the content of ginsenosides and PAs and root FW. PAs (falcarinol, panaxydol) and ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg₁) were extracted from roots by sequential extraction with ethyl acetate and 80% methanol, respectively, and quantified in extracts by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using photodiode array detection. Total concentrations of PAs and ginsenosides varied between 150 and 780 mg/kg FW and 5,920 and 15,660 mg/kg FW, respectively. No correlation existed between the content of ginsenosides and PAs and root FW or between the total concentration of ginsenosides and PAs. Strong significant correlation was found between total content of ginsenosides and ginsenoside Rb₁ (r = 0.8190, P < 0.0001) and between total content of PAs and falcarinol (r = 0.9904, P < 0.0001). Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that it is possible to select large American ginseng roots for increased biomass production and concentration of bioactive ginsenosides and PAs without affecting the profile of bioactive compounds. Ginsenoside Rb₁ and falcarinol were found to be important selection parameters for identifying superior genotypes with the highest content of bioactive compounds.     

生脉注射液3种成分在心肌缺血模型Beagle犬体内的药动学研究

目的 研究生脉注射液活性成分人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Re、五味子醇甲在正常和心肌缺血状态下Beagle犬体内的药动学变化。方法 选用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,质谱采用选择反应监测（SIM）方式进行正离子检测3种活性成分。用WinNonlin 6.3软件和SPSS 19.0软件计算各给药组药动学参数,并进行统计分析。结果 造模后,人参皂苷Rg₁半衰期缩短;人参皂苷Re表观分布容积增大,肾清除率减慢;模型组五味子醇甲半衰期延长,体内平均滞留时间延长,表观分布容积增大,肾清除率减慢。结论 Beagle犬滴注生脉注射液后,人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Re、五味子醇甲在心肌缺血模型犬体内的药动学特征,与正常犬的药动学特征存在很大差异。     

注射用血栓通(冻干)透过血脑屏障研究

目的 研究大鼠脑缺血再灌注后,血栓通主要成分人参皂苷Rb₁、Rg₁、Re、Rd及三七皂苷R₁在脑内的分布状况。方法 采用超高效液相色谱质谱联用法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定给予不同浓度的血栓通后,不同时间点血栓通主要成分在正常脑组织和缺血脑组织中的含量。结果 结果表明,血栓通活性成分在脑缺血大鼠脑中的分布远高于正常大鼠,并且其在脑内的含量随再灌注时间的延长降低。结论 脑缺血再灌注后,血脑屏障开放,注射用血栓通(冻干)可以透过血脑屏障发挥作用。     

The retention behavior of ginsenosides in HPLC and its application to quality assessment of radix ginseng

This study systematically investigated the retention behavior of seven neutral ginsenosides Rg₁, Re, Rf, Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, Rd, and an acidic ginsenoside R₀, the major pharmacologically active components of Radix Ginseng with RP-HPLC. The effects of solvent, pH value, ionic strength of the mobile phase, and column temperature were investigated using an octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica gel column. Based on the ginsenosides’ retention characteristics, the concentration of acetonitrile and the gradient of the mobile phase needed to maintain the baseline separation of the major neutral ginsenosides in Radix Ginseng were theoretically predicted. Furthermore, the ionic strength of mobile-phase necessary to achieve good resolution of the neutral ginsenosides and acidic ginsenosides was carefully investigated. According to the results of the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in eight batches of ginseng samples from different sources, the developed HPLC technique may be a valuable tool for the quality assessment of Radix Ginseng.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The retention behavior of ginsenosides in HPLC and its application to quality assessment of Radix Ginseng

This study systematically investigated the retention behavior of seven neutral ginsenosides Rg₁, Re, Rf, Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, Rd, and an acidic ginsenoside R₀, the major pharmacologically active components of Radix Ginseng with RP-HPLC. The effects of solvent, pH value, ionic strength of the mobile phase, and column temperature were investigated using an octadecylsiloxanebonded silica gel column. Based on the ginsenosides’ retention characteristics, the concentration of acetonitrile and the gradient of the mobile phase needed to maintain the baseline separation of the major neutral ginsenosides in Radix Ginseng were theoretically predicted. Furthermore, the ionic strength of mobile-phase necessary to achieve good resolution of the neutral ginsenosides and acidic ginsenosides was carefully investigated. According to the results of the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in eight batches of ginseng samples from different sources, the developed HPLC technique may be a valuable tool for the quality assessment of Radix Ginseng. This article was retracted as it was printed by error in this issue of APR.     

HPLC法测定石柱参药材及其片剂中5种人参皂苷的含量

目的建立测定石柱参药材及其片剂中5种人参皂苷含量的方法,为石柱参的质量控制提供科学依据。方法色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱;流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱;柱温为25℃;流速为1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长为203 nm。结果5种人参皂苷的色谱峰与相邻色谱峰分离良好。人参皂苷Rg1质量浓度在19.8~198 mg.L-1内、人参皂苷Re质量浓度在20.6~206 mg.L-1内、人参皂苷Rb1质量浓度在33.0~330 mg.L-1内、人参皂苷Rc质量浓度在18.0~180 mg.L-1内、人参皂苷Rb2质量浓度在13.0~130 mg.L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。石柱参药材中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc、Rb2的平均回收率分别为99.8%、98.3%、99.2%、95.4%、96.8%,RSD分别为3.0%、3.0%、2.6%、2.2%、2.8%(n=6);石柱参片剂中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rc、Rb2的平均回收率分别为100.2%、99.0%、99.7%、96.4%、98.4%,RSD分别为2.2%、3.1%、3.6%、2.6%、2.8%(n=6)。结论本实验中所建立的方法可用于石柱参药材及其片剂的质量控制。