HPLC法测定人参三七颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和三七皂苷R1的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立同时测定人参三七颗粒中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁含量的方法。方法: 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Sunfire C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）分析柱,流动相以乙腈-水梯度洗脱;检测波长为203 nm;柱温30℃;流速1.0 ml·min^-1。结果:人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁之间有较好的分离度,4种成分在线性范围内与峰面积之间线性关系良好,人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁加样回收率分别为99.83%,97.84%,98.43%,97.34%,RSD分别为2.08%,1.66%,1.73%和1.42%（n=5）。结论:本方法可同时测定人参三七颗粒中的人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁含量。     

HPLC梯度法测定复方三七维康胶囊中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1的含量

摘 要 目的:建立HPLC梯度法同时测定复方三七维康胶囊中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷R_b1、R_g13种皂苷的含量。方法: 色谱柱：大连Spherisorb C¹⁸分析柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相：乙腈-水,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长 203 nm。结果:三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷R_g1和R_b1分别在1.06～18.55 μg（r=0.997 3）、2.02～35.35 μg（r=0.998 2）和2.02～35.35 μg（r=0.998 2）之间线性关系良好。平均回收率三七皂苷R₁为100.8%（RSD=1.53%,n=5）,人参皂苷 R_g1为98.9%（RSD=1.87%,n=5）,人参皂苷R_b1为99.7%（RSD=1.90%,n=5）。结论:HPLC梯度洗脱法能够将多种皂苷很好地分离检测,该方法准确可靠,重复性好,可用于控制其质量。     

HPLC法同时测定舒血灵胶囊中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷RG1及人参皂苷Rb1的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立舒血灵胶囊中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷RG₁及人参皂苷Rb₁的含量测定方法。方法: 采用Hypersil ODS-2 C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm）色谱柱;以乙腈(A)-水(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流动相梯度为：0～8 min,20%A→20%A,8～40 min,20%A→30%A,40～60 min,30%A→45%A;流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;柱温：25℃;检测波长：203 nm;进样量：20 μl。结果: 三七皂苷R₁在浓度0.05～0.50 mg·ml^-1范围内,人参皂苷RG₁和Rb₁在浓度0.20～2.00 mg·ml^-1范围内,与峰面积呈较好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）;三种成分的平均加样回收率分别为98.79%、98.42%、98.89%,RSD分别为0.85%、0.97%、0.74%（n=6）;日内精密度分别为0.49%、0.20%和0.39%;日间精密度分别为0.75%、0.56%和0.51%;稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<1%。结论:本试验建立的测定方法简便、准确性高、重复性好,可用于该制剂的含量测定。     

UFLC法测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1及Rb1

目的 探索建立超快速液相色谱（UFLC）法测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁。方法 采用SHIMADZU Shim-pack XR-ODS Ⅲ（2.0 mm×75 mm, 1.6 μm）色谱柱;以乙腈-水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱;体积流量为0.4 mL/min;检测波长为203 nm;进样体积为3 μL。结果 三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁分别在0.025 7～0.257 0、0.101 2～1.012 0、0.104 4～1.044 0 μg与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为96.7%、98.1%、98.8%。结论 本方法在15min内可以将三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁有效分离,节省了大量人力和流动相的消耗,为中药的质量控制技术提供参考方法。     

活血止痛制剂中三七的专属性鉴别方法研究

目的：建立活血止痛散和活血止痛胶囊中三七的专属性鉴别方法,并采用高分离度快速液相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱（RRLC-QQQ/MS）对结果加以验证。方法：采用高效薄层色谱法研究三七与其混伪品人参、红参、三七茎叶的特征条带。以高效硅胶G薄层板为固定相,二氯甲烷-无水乙醇-水（70：45：6.5）展开,10%硫酸乙醇溶液显色,105℃加热至条带清晰。分别置紫外光灯（365 nm）和日光下检视。RRLC-QQQ/MS分析采用Agilent Rapid Resolution HT SB-C18（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm）色谱柱,以5 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵溶液-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱。离子化模式为ESI-,碎裂电压100 V。结果：三七可检出三七皂苷R1,未检出人参皂苷Rb₃、人参皂苷Rf。人参和红参可检出人参皂苷Rb₃和人参皂苷Rf,未检出三七皂苷R1。三七茎叶可检出人参皂苷Rb₃,未检出三七皂苷R1或人参皂苷Rg₁。以三七对照药材、三七皂苷R1（应检出）和人参皂苷Rb₃（不得检出）为对照,可实现活血止痛制剂中三七的专属性鉴别和人参（红参）或三七茎叶的非法掺杂投料检查。6个厂家的93批样品均未发现人参、红参或三七茎叶冒充三七非法投料。RRLC-QQQ/MS与高效薄层分析结果一致。结论：该方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,可为含三七中成药的质量控制提供参考。     

活骨丸质量标准研究

目的 对活骨丸进行质量标准研究。方法 采用薄层色谱法,对制剂中丹参、地黄、当归、川芎、三七、土鳖虫、制草乌进行专属性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对处方三七有效成分人参皂苷Rg₁、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁进行含量测定。以乙腈和水按不同比例混合后进行梯度洗脱,流速每为1.0 ml/min;柱温30℃;检测波长为203 nm;进样量为10 μl。结果 丹参、地黄、当归、川芎、三七、土鳖虫、制草乌等的薄层图谱特征斑点清晰,分离度好,阴性对照无干扰。三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rb₁和Rg₁分别在39.92~399.2、84.28~842.8 μg/ml和135.86~1 358.6 μg/ml范围内有良好的线性关系;三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rb₁和人参皂苷Rg₁的平均回收率分别为102.35%、103.84%、102.97%,RSD均小于2.0%。结论 所建立的质量标准准确、重复性良好,可用于活骨丸的质量控制。     

三七皂苷的口服吸收机制

目的研究三七总皂苷(PNS)的口服吸收机制。方法采用Caco-2细胞和动物等模型研究PNS中人参皂苷Rb_l(Rb_l)和人参皂苷Rg_l(Rg_l)的胃肠道内稳定性、肠道黏膜吸收机制及吸收过程中胃、肠及肝对药物的影响。结果Rb_l和Rg_l在胃液酸性环境下易被破坏，而在近中性环境内基本保持稳定。Rb_l和Rg_l在大肠内容物中易降解，尤以Rb_l降解较为明显；二者在小肠内容物中则相对稳定。Rb_l和Rg_l在Caco-2细胞层的摄取受温度的影响，而pH的变化及环孢菌素A的加入对二者摄取均无显著性影响。在实验考察的浓度范围内，细胞内Rb_l(或Rg_l)的摄取量随Rb_l(或Rg_l)的浓度的增加而呈线性增加，Rb_l(或Rg_l)单体与总皂苷中的Rb_l(或Rg_l)在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收特性无明显差异。而Rg_l的细胞摄取量［(1.07±0.16) μg·mg^-1(protein)］(C₀=1 mg·mL^-1)相对Rb_l［(0.77±0.03) μg·mg^-1(protein)］(C₀=1 mg·mL^-1)较高。Caco-2细胞转运实验表明，Rb_l和Rg_l单体的转运透过系数(P_app)分别为(5.9±1.0)×10^{-8cm·s-1和(2.59±0.17)×10-7 cm·s-1(C₀=1 mg·mL-1)，二者转运都不受环孢菌素A影响。PNS溶液灌胃、十二指肠及门静脉给药后测得Rb_l大鼠绝对生物利用度分别为0.71%，2.75%和65.77%；Rg_l分别为3.29%，6.60%和50.56%。结论三七总皂苷(包括Rb_l和Rg_l)的肠道吸收机制为单纯被动扩散，吸收过程不受细胞膜内P-gp和MRP外排载体的调控，PNS中其他成分对Rb_l或Rg_l的吸收特性无明显影响。胃液的酸性环境、大肠菌丛产生的酶及肝脏的首过作用均对其口服吸收产生影响，而肠道黏膜的透过性低是其口服吸收差的主要影响因素。}     

一测多评法同时测定血塞通片中5种皂苷类成分的含量

目的：建立一测多评法(QAMS)同时测定血塞通片中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷 Re、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rd 5种成分的含量。方法：采用高效液相法,使用Waters Symmetry Shield RP₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以乙腈-水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.3 mL·min^-1, 柱温25 ℃,检测波长为203 nm。以人参皂苷Re为内标参照物,建立其与三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rd的相对校正因子(RCFs);通过一测多评法与外标法(ESM)结果的比较, 验证所建立方法的可行性和准确性。结果：5种皂苷在一定范围的浓度内呈良好的线性关系;三七皂苷 R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rd的相对校正因子分别为0.996、0.856、1.165、0.996;且在不同试验条件下重现性良好(RSD＜3.0%)。结论：建立了血塞通片中5种成分的一测多评法,经方法学验证,该法可用于血塞通片中5种皂苷成分的含量测定。     

景天止痛膏质量标准研究

目的 修订景天止痛膏质量标准中的测定方法。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对当归、川芎、元胡、三七总皂苷进行定性鉴别,应用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定制剂中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁的含量。结果 TLC法鉴别专属性强,分离度好;三七皂苷R₁在0.1604～2.0050μg (r=0.999)、人参皂苷Rg₁在0.8003～10.0035μg (r=1.000)、人参皂苷Rb₁在0.6182～7.7275μg (r=1.000) 范围内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率分别为101. 43% 、98.75% 、100. 95% ,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为2.56% 、2.71% 、2.75%。结论 本方法准确可靠、灵敏度高,可用于景天止痛膏的质量控制。     

基于谱效关系表达的中药三七药效物质筛选研究

摘 要 目的： 以犬心肌缺血模型为对象,研究中药三七对犬心肌缺血保护作用谱效关系及药效物质基础。方法: 在建立中药三七液相指纹图谱分析方法的基础上,采用结扎犬冠状动脉致急性心肌缺血的模型,运用双变量相关分析和多元回归分析,将三七提取物药效数据与指纹图谱共有峰的相对峰面积相关联,研究药物治疗心肌缺血作用的物质基础及谱效关系。结果: 研究证实人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁、三七皂苷R1均与药效呈显著正相关,其中人参皂苷Rb₁可显著降低血清中乳酸等物质水平的升高,人参皂苷Rg₁可显著降低血清FFA水平升高,是中药三七治疗心肌缺血的主要有效成分。结论:通过谱效关系研究获得了药效活性物质,建立了三七药材谱效关系评价的方法,客观反映了药物内在质量,为该类中药的创新研究提供了借鉴。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.