癌毒病机的生物学基础探讨

肿瘤微环境是与肿瘤侵袭、转移密不可分的局部内环境,肿瘤生物学研究的最新进展凸显了肿瘤细胞来源外泌体在调控肿瘤微环境中的重要地位。创建中医肿瘤癌毒病机理论,提出癌毒是肿瘤发生、发展的关键病机,肿瘤微环境可能是癌毒病机理论的生物学基础。通过比较癌毒与肿瘤细胞来源外泌体的产生、致病特性与致病机制,认为癌毒与肿瘤细胞来源外泌体密切相关,肿瘤细胞来源外泌体可能是癌毒病机的生物学基础,对进一步揭示癌毒病机理论的科学内涵具有重要意义。      

癌毒病机科学内涵的现代诠释

癌毒病机理论是程海波教授团队创建的中医肿瘤创新病机理论,近年来被广泛应用于指导恶性肿瘤的临床辨治,并取得了较好的临床疗效。癌毒是导致恶性肿瘤的一类特异性致病因子,是恶性肿瘤发生、发展的关键病机。团队长期围绕癌毒病机的科学内涵开展研究,通过探讨癌毒病机理论与肿瘤微环境的关系、癌毒病机与肿瘤微环境中的特异性致病物质的相关性,提出癌毒的科学内涵是肿瘤微环境中影响肿瘤发生、发展的一类特异性致病物质,炎症因子、乳酸、血管生成因子、免疫抑制因子、外泌体非编码RNA等可能是癌毒病机的生物学基础。结合现代肿瘤学研究进展,诠释癌毒病机的科学内涵,为进一步推广癌毒病机理论及临床应用提供科学依据。      

肿瘤炎性微环境与“癌毒”病机相关性探讨

肿瘤炎性微环境是肿瘤微环境的重要组成部分。大部分的肿瘤形成过程中经历了由可控性炎症到非可控性炎症的转化过程,最终将肿瘤周围环境塑造成适合其生长的微环境,促进肿瘤的增殖、侵袭、转移、血管生成及免疫逃逸。国医大师周仲瑛教授根据长期临床实践经验,创新性地提出"癌毒"病机理论,认为"癌毒"是肿瘤发生、发展的关键因素。癌毒与痰浊、瘀血、湿浊、热毒等病理因素胶结存在、互为因果、兼夹转化、共同为病。我们研究认为"癌毒"病机理论与肿瘤炎性微环境密切相关,癌毒的形成过程及病机特点与肿瘤炎性微环境中"炎症——肿瘤"的转化过程具有相似性;癌毒与多种病理因素兼夹为患的特点与肿瘤炎性微环境中肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞、细胞因子之间的相互关系具有一致性。在此,我们从中西医2种理论对肿瘤发生发展的不同认识出发,对两者的关系进行探讨,将有可能阐明"癌毒"病机理论的生物学基础,为临床运用"癌毒"病机理论治疗肿瘤提供科学依据。     

基于中医脾胃生理功能探讨肿瘤免疫调控

中医学“内伤脾胃,百病由生”与“善治病者,惟在调理脾胃”的学术思想对认识脾胃功能在肿瘤的发生、发展与转归中的作用具有重要指导意义。西医学认为,肿瘤的生物学行为不仅取决于肿瘤细胞本身的特性,更与肿瘤细胞所在的微环境及宏环境的免疫调控失衡密切相关。中医学认为,“脾胃虚弱,癌毒积蕴”为肿瘤发生、发展的主要病机特点。“脾胃虚弱”为肿瘤免疫宏环境形成的内在基础,“癌毒积蕴”为肿瘤免疫微环境形成的重要条件,两者互为因果,促进肿瘤的发生与发展。基于“脾为之卫”与“四季脾旺不受邪”的理论,中医药通过健脾与攻毒兼施的治疗总则在肿瘤的防治中取得了显著的临床疗效,强调了中医脾胃功能在肿瘤免疫调控中的独特优势。从中医脾胃生理功能出发,探讨脾胃功能在肿瘤免疫微环境与机体免疫宏环境中的科学内涵,可以促进中西医结合学科在肿瘤发生、发展与防治理论的融合与发展。     

薏苡附子败酱散干预结肠“炎-癌”转化的研究概况

结肠“炎-癌”转化是指炎症性肠病逐步向结直肠癌（CRC）发展的过程。虚-湿-毒与CRC发生发展密切相关,虚-湿-毒影响肿瘤微环境促进肿瘤生长,同时也是结肠“炎-癌”转化的重要病因病机。薏苡附子败酱散具有祛湿解毒消痈、补虚助阳驱邪之功,可延缓因虚-湿-毒引起的结肠“炎-癌”转化的进程。故课题组对结肠“炎-癌”转化、肿瘤微环境的作用、中医对结肠“炎-癌”转化的认识,特别是薏苡附子败酱散干预结肠“炎-癌”转化的过程进行评述,以期为其治疗结肠相关疾病提供新思路。     

程海波运用癌毒病机理论辨治肿瘤转移经验

[目的]总结程海波教授运用癌毒病机理论辨治肿瘤转移的临床经验。[方法]通过随师侍诊,归纳整理病例,从肿瘤转移的基本病机、主要治法,对程海波教授运用癌毒病机理论辨治肿瘤转移的学术观点和临床经验进行探讨分析,并附验案举隅。[结果]程海波教授基于癌毒病机理论和临床实践,提出肿瘤转移的基本病机为"正气亏虚、癌毒流注",正气亏虚是肿瘤转移的根本原因,癌毒流注是肿瘤转移的病机关键,癌毒流注具有特异性的通道、载体及规律,"扶正培本、抗癌解毒"是辨治肿瘤转移的主要治法。程海波教授运用癌毒病机理论辨治一例肺癌脑、肝转移患者疗效显著,转移灶显著缩小。[结论]程海波教授运用癌毒病机理论辨治肿瘤转移具有独到的临床经验,值得进一步学习和推广。     

从“大气下陷”论治肺癌转移*

肺癌是目前全球发病率第2位、死亡率第1位的恶性肿瘤，发病率约为114%，死亡率约为18%，其中约90%肺癌患者死亡原因为远处转移［1］。现代医学认为，肺癌转移与肿瘤微环境动态改变密切相关［2］，通过分子靶向治疗、免疫治疗等手段，可改善肿瘤微环境，从而抑制肿瘤微环境的形成和功能，达到抑制肿瘤转移的目的［3］。研究［4］表明，扶正类中药在调节肿瘤免疫微环境和预防肿瘤转移方面的疗效比直接杀伤肿瘤细胞更具优势。肺癌转移是一个多阶段发展的缓慢进程，基于气的固摄理论，本课题组创新性提出“大气下陷 气陷不固”致肺癌转移的观点，认为气虚是肺癌形成的病理基础，虚极致陷、固摄失司、癌毒外溢是肺癌转移的核心病机，气虚无力固摄癌毒是肺癌转移的关键，益气升提以截断发展进程为防治肺癌转移的治疗关键。基于此，本文将结合现代研究中肿瘤免疫微环境的变化及中医理论中大气下陷的病机演变来认识肺癌转移过程，以期为进一步开展实验研究提供理论支持，继为防治肺癌转移提供新的思路。     

血小板与白细胞相互作用介导的肿瘤炎症微环境及其中医药治疗策略

血小板和白细胞相互作用促使肿瘤组织持续不断地招募炎症细胞和炎症因子,启动肿瘤特异性信号通路,促进组织损伤和异常修复反应,造成炎症微环境的恶性循环,为肿瘤组织创造有利生存环境的同时,也增强其不断侵袭和转移的能力。中医认为肿瘤的病因病机主要是因虚致痰、瘀、毒,痰、瘀、毒既是病理产物又是致病因子,故扶正解毒、活血化瘀为临床治疗肿瘤的根本治则治法。血小板和白细胞相互作用介导并增强肿瘤炎症微环境,进而增强肿瘤的增殖、侵袭与转移能力。基于扶正解毒法和活血化瘀法干预肿瘤炎症微环境取得了一定的效果。但血小板与肿瘤细胞介导的炎症微环境对肿瘤进展的作用机制,癌毒的物质基础及其与肿瘤炎症微环境的具体关系,扶正解毒和活血化瘀法干预肿瘤炎症微环境的具体机制,均有待进一步阐明。     

基于癌毒病机理论辨治卵巢癌

癌毒病机理论是在传承国医大师周仲瑛“癌毒”学说的基础上创建的癌毒病机辨治体系,其以癌毒为中心,阐述了肿瘤发生发展的病机演变规律,为肿瘤的辨证论治提供了重要指导。癌毒病机理论认为,卵巢癌的病位在胞宫、冲任,与肝、肾密切相关。其主要病理因素为虚、瘀、湿、毒,其中,以瘀为主,而夹毒。其核心病机为肝肾两虚,湿浊瘀毒。病机演变过程始于肝肾两虚,继而精、气、血亏虚,脉道失养,因虚致瘀,阻滞气机,津液失布,湿浊内生,湿瘀互结,癌毒内生,癌毒损正,又加重肝肾两虚。临床治疗上,当以抗癌解毒为核心,祛瘀消癥为关键,利湿化浊为要点,培补肝肾为根本。以癌毒病机理论为依据,结合临床实践,探讨卵巢癌的病理因素、核心病机、病机演变规律及治则治法,以期为卵巢癌的辨证论治提供新思路,从而进一步提高中医药治疗卵巢癌的临床疗效。     

基于癌毒病机理论的消癌解毒方抗肿瘤研究进展

介绍了癌毒病机理论的相关内容,认为痰瘀郁毒是肿瘤的核心病机,并在癌毒病机理论的指导下,对消癌解毒方抗肿瘤的临床与实验研究进行了综述,消癌解毒方配合化疗具有较好的増效减毒、提高患者免疫功能的作用,其作用机制可能与其能够降低TGF-β1表达水平、抑制VEGF的生成、降低MMP-2活性、影响TLRs/NF?κB信号转导通路等有关。     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

Dr.Zhang Ren''''s Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

Luo Lingjie''''s Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性的影响

目的 探讨猪肺磷脂注射液联合经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)对呼吸衰竭早产儿的临床疗效及肌酸激酶同工酶活性(CK-MB)的影响.方法 选取呼吸衰竭早产儿80例,分为观察组和对照组各40例.对照组采用NCPAP给氧治疗,观察组给予NCPAP给氧联合猪肺磷脂气管内给药.观察两组患儿治疗前及治疗12h、24 h后PaO2、PaCO2、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、pH的变化情况,检测治疗前及治疗5d后血清CK-MB水平;评估两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 两组患儿PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、pH比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中观察组治疗后的PaO2、SaO2、pH均高于对照组,PaCO2则低于对照组.两组的PaO2、SaO2、pH均随观察时间延长而升高(P＜0.05),PaCO2均随观察时间的延长而降低(P＜0.05).观察组治疗有效率为87.5％,显著高于对照组的70.0％ (P ＜0.05).治疗5d后两组患儿血清CK-MB水平均较前降低(P＜0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 猪肺磷脂注射液气管内给药联合NCPAP可以显著降低呼吸衰竭早产儿CK-MB的含量,提高治疗有效率,起到很好的呼吸循环支持作用.     

Survey and practice of reporting quality of randomized controlled clinical trials on traditional Chinese medicine

Evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials （RCTs） has been generally accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of clinical effectiveness. Readers need to understand the trial design, implementation, results, analysis and interpretation, so as to fully Jnderstand the results of RCTs. Thus, the investigators of RCTs have to report these items in a complete, accurate and clear manner. Since 1998, we have conducted several evaluations on the reporting quality of RCTs published in Chinese journals on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and results have shown that there is an urgent need for higher quality RCTs on TCM.     

TCM Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis by Tonifying the Kidney and Strengthening the Governor Vessel

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic and progressive disorder with inflammation mainly involving the central axis joints. It mainly affects the cervical spine and the lumbosacral area, with the pathogenesis closely related to the kidney and the Governor Vessel (GV). TCM holds that the syndrome is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality, which is due to insufficiency of the kidney, deficiency of GV, and blocking of the channels with the invasion of exogenous evil, leading to poor circulation of qi and blood and malnutrition of the bones, muscles and joints. The TCM method of tonifying the kidney and strengthening GV to regulate circulation of qi and blood and check the arthralgia pain should be adopted, with the Kidney-Tonifying and GV Strengthening Decoction (益肾强督汤) prescribed.     

IMPROVING P-gp EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN VITRO TRANSFECTED BY MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE-1 mRNA

CHEMOTHERAPY playsa greatrolein the treat- ment of malignanttumors,especiallyingynecolo- gicalones.But inanticancerchemotherapy,leuko-cytopeniaisfrequentlytheprimarydose-limitingsideeffect factor.Moreover,cancersarefrequentlychemoresistantbe-causeof overexpressionof P-glycoprotein(P-gp), which isencodedby multidrugresistancegene (MDR1 ) and detectableinup to50% ofhuman cancersand renderscellsresistancetoanticancerdrugs.The safetyand potentialtherapeuticbenefitof mdr1 gene transferredto h…