青少年特发性脊柱侧凸King、Lenke和PUMC(协和)分型的可信度和可重复性比较及意义

目的比较青少年特发性脊柱侧凸King、Lenke和PuMC（协和）分型系统的可信度和可重复性，探讨PUMC（协和）分型的临床应用价值。方法随机选取2002年1月至2004年12月手术治疗的100例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病例，男22例，女78例；年龄1肌18岁，平均14．9岁。主弯Cobb角40°-75°，平均52°每例患者均有完整的术前X线片资料，包括术前站立位全脊柱正侧位及仰卧位左右Bending片和骨盆X线片，X线片均不进行预先测量。由4名有分型经验的脊柱外科医生分别进行脊柱侧凸的King、Lenke和PUMC（协和）分型，2周后再次进行分型，收集结果后对分型的可信度和可重复性进行分析。计算Kappa检验的一致性。结果King、Lenke、PUMC（协和）分型的可信度平均为81．2％（Kappa值=0．773）、60．5％（Kappa值=0。560）、8413％（Kappa值=0．819），可重复性平均为91．5％（Kappa值=0．897）、81．8％（Kappa值=0．796）、92％（Kappa值=0．907）。结论PUMC（协和）分型包括了脊柱侧凸在三平面内的畸形特点，分型全面，易于掌握，而且具有很好的可信度和可重复性，适合脊柱侧凸的三维矫形。     

特发性脊柱侧凸的PUMC(协和)分型系统

目的：根据1245例脊柱侧凸建立的数据库，研究特发性脊柱侧凸的新的分型方法，并对新的分型进行临床验证。方法：复习测量了427例有完整资料的特发性脊柱侧凸患者间立位全脊柱正侧位X线生、仰卧位左右Bending像以及术后长期随访的X线片及临床资料，按SRS关于侧凸和侧凸顶点的定义，制定了PUMC（协和）分型系统，并应用PUMC分型方法对以前手术治疗的特发性脊柱侧凸进行重新分型，统计常见各型所占比例及相应融合范围，并对观察者间的可信度和可重复性进行一致性检验。随后用新的分型方法对特发性脊柱侧凸进行前瞻性临床验证，总结并分析其临床效果。结果：按PUMC分型方法将特发性脊柱侧凸分为3型13个亚型，其中PUMC　I型占56．62％，Ⅱ型42．16％，Ⅲ型1．22％。观察者间可信度为85％（Kappa系数0．832），可重复性为91％（Kappa系数0．898）。按此分型方法进行前瞻性研究，临床手术治疗152例，平均随访19．5个月（18－26个月），未发现术后失代偿现象。结论：建立了特发性脊柱侧凸的新的分型方法－PUMC（协和）分型系统，该方法对特发性脊柱侧凸常见的类型及相应的融合范围的临床指导性较强，其可信度、可重复性远高于King分型。     

特发性脊柱侧凸King、Lenke和PUMC临床分型的应用比较

目的比较特发性脊柱侧凸King、Lenke和PUMC分型的全面性及其对手术的指导价值。方法回顾性分析在巴塞罗那SantJoanDeDéu医院接受手术治疗的特发性脊柱侧凸患者145例的临床及影像学资料。所有病例均进行King、Lenke和PUMC分型,比较手术原则与三种分型方法的符合率及术后失代偿的发生情况。结果King分型能对全部病例中的122例进行分型,有23例无法应用King分型;而Lenke分型和PUMC分型均能对全部病例进行分型。145例患者中,手术原则符合King分型者99例(68.3%),符合Lenke分型者120例(82.8%),符合PUMC分型者107例(73.8%)。95例患者随访3～96个月,平均29.6个月。其中手术原则符合King分型、Lenke分型和PUMC分型融合范围而于术后与随访时发生冠状面躯干失平衡(失代偿)的发生率分别为26.3%(26/99)和13.2%(9/68)、30.8%(37/120)和12.5%(10/80)、14.0%(15/107)和2.7%(2/74),符合PUMC分型而发生冠状面躯干失平衡的发生率与符合King分型、Lenke分型者比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。上胸弯和主胸弯的柔韧性与胸腰弯和腰弯比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论特发性脊柱侧凸的PUMC分型与Lenke分型比King分型更全面,PUMC分型比King分型和Lenke分型更具手术指导意义。对不同部位的脊柱侧凸采用统一的凸侧Bending位X线片上Cobb角超过25°来定义结构性侧凸并不合适。     

合并胸腰段后凸的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的临床研究

目的 探讨合并胸腰段后凸的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的临床特点和手术治疗策略. 方法对2001年1月至2007年1月收治的413例AIS患者进行回顾性分析,合并胸腰段后凸者共10例,其中男2例,女8例;年龄12～18岁,平均14.3岁.侧凸类型包括PUMC Ⅱb2型3例,Ⅱc 3型4例,Ⅱd2型1例,Ⅲb型2例.单纯后路内固定术8例,前路松解+后路内固定术2例.术前、术后及随访时摄X线片,对侧凸类型、Cobb角、顶椎旋转度、顶椎偏距、侧凸柔韧性、胸腰段后凸、冠状面及矢状面躯干偏移进行评测和分析.结果 本组患者中双弯8例,三弯2例;胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角≥45°者7例,柔韧性指数≤70%者6例,顶椎旋转度≥Ⅱ度者9例.所有病例的融合范围均符合PUMC分型原则.手术前后平均胸弯冠状面Cobb角分别为71.7°和37.4°,平均矫正率为47.8%;手术前后平均胸腰弯/腰弯冠状面Cobb角分别为65.0°和27.8°,平均矫正率为57.2%;手术前后平均胸腰段后凸分别为35.5°和4.2°,平均矫正率为88.2%.全部病例随访12～72个月,平均23.1个月;最终随访时无躯干失平衡发生. 结论 合并胸腰段后凸的AIS一般多为双弯或三弯,胸腰弯/腰弯畸形往往比较严重,并有明显的旋转畸形.对合并胸腰段后凸的AIS,应融合胸腰弯/腰弯以防止术后发生失代偿或后凸加重, PUMC分型可以有效识别病变类型并指导融合范围的选择.     

脊柱侧凸Lenke分型和PUMC分型系统一致性差异对手融合范围影响的比较研究

目的 比较脊柱侧凸Lenke分型和协和(PUMC)分型系统一致性差异对手术融合范围的影响.方法 随机选取青少年特发性脊柱侧凸62例,5名脊柱外科医生根据术前站立正侧位、仰卧位左右弯曲X线片进行分型.3周后,将病例顺序打乱,重复相同程序分型,每个病例共计10人次分型.根据5名医生的分型结果,分别探讨两种分型产生的一致性差异对手术融合范围选择的影响.结果 Lenke分型系统弯曲类型参数及PUMC分型的一致性均很好.Lenke分型弯曲类型参数10人次分型结果24例有分歧,PUMC分型10人次分型结果17例有分歧,差异无统计学意义.Lenke弯曲类型分歧病例中仅2例不影响融合范围,PUMC分歧病例中有7例不影响融合范围,差异有统计学意义.24例Lenke弯曲类型分歧病例用PUMC分型,有14例一致;17例PUMC分歧病例用Lenke弯曲类型分型,7例一致,但做一致性检验表明两种分型一致性好.24例Lenke弯曲类型分歧病例用PUMC分型后有19例不影响融合范围,17例PUMC分歧病例用Lenke弯曲类型分型后只有9例不影响融合范围,差异无统计学意义.结论 Lenke分型中决定手术融合范围的是弯曲类型参数,其与PUMC分型的可信度和可重复性均很好.但PUMC分型较简单实用,较少引起分歧,即使引起分歧,也有近半数的病例并不影响手术融合范围的选择.     

特发性脊柱侧凸分型研究的回顾与展望

特发性脊柱侧凸治疗的关键是选择保守治疗还是手术治疗，而手术治疗的关键是手术入路的选择和融合范围的选择等。选择的正确与否取决于对特发性脊柱侧凸各种畸形的正确分析，分型系统的建立是对这种分析的归纳与总结，对预后具有非常重要的意义。长期以来，国内外学者在特发性脊柱侧凸分型方面进行了大量研究和病例总结，本文拟通过回顾分析这些分型的优缺点，展望未来分型的发展趋势。１９０５年Schulthess首次提出了特发性脊柱侧凸的临床分型，共分５型：颈胸弯、胸弯、胸腰弯、腰弯和双主弯［１］。这一分型在很长的时间内得到广泛的应…     

钙调蛋白1基因多态性和青少年特发性脊柱侧凸不同亚型的关系

目的 探讨钙调蛋白1基因rs12885713(-16C>T)、rs5871等位基因多态性和特发性脊柱侧凸及其不同临床亚型的关联性.方法 2005年10月至2007年4月,北京协和医院接受手术治疗的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者100例(Cobb角>30.),对照组100例.QIAamp DNA微型血液试剂盒外周静脉血提取DNA.设计钙调蛋白1基因~12885713、rs587l所在序列引物,完成PCR扩增反应;ABl3730测序仪分析SNP位点基因型.结果 所有患者按照PUMC分型、主弯顶点位置以及Cobb角分组.结果 显示:(1)rs12885713位点等位基因多态性分布情况在PUMC Ⅱ型患者和对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P=O.034);(2)rsl2885713等位基因多态件分布情况在腰弯患者和对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P=-0.009);(3)rs5871位点等位基因多念性分布情况在胸弯患者和对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.035).结论 钙调蛋白1基冈不同SNP位点等位基因多态性可能和特发性脊柱侧凸小同临床亚型相关联:(1)rsl2885713位点等位基因多态性可能和PUMCⅡ型特发性脊柱侧凸相关联;(2)腰弯侧凸可能和rsl2885713化点等位基凶多念性关联;(3)胸弯侧凸可能和rs5871位点等位基凶多态性关联.     

全节段椎弓根螺钉后路选择性融合胸弯或腰弯后代偿弯的自发性矫形比较

目的 比较后路选择性融合胸弯或胸腰弯/腰弯矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)后代偿弯的自发性矫形.方法 回顾性分析随访2年以上的双弯型AIS患者共41例(男6例,女35例),手术时平均年龄为13.8(11～16)岁,随访时间平均29(24～36)个月.北京协和医学院(Peking Union Medical College Hospital,PUMC)分型Ⅱb1型13例,Ⅱc1型5例,Ⅱc3型7例,Ⅱd1型16例.分为选择性胸弯融合(STF)组21例和选择性胸腰弯/腰弯融合组(SLF)20例.术前、术后和随访2年时摄站立位全脊柱正侧位和术前仰卧位左右弯曲像.结果 STF组和SLF组融合节段分别为(9.1±0.9)个和(5.5±0.7)个;术前和术后随访2年以上躯干偏移(TS)在STF组分别为(14.8±7.8)mm和(11.4±5.9)mm(P=0.048);SLF组为(24.7±7.3)mm和(13.2±4.9)am(P＜0.001);STF组代偿性腰弯由37.7°±6.8°自发矫形为15.1°±8.4°(P=0.001);SLF组代偿性胸弯由27.4°±6.7°自发矫形为14.9°±5.0°(P＜0.001).术前和术后2年在STF组中胸后凸由18.0°±6.8°降至13.5°±7.6°(P＜0.01),腰前凸由37.9°±8.4°增至43.8°±6.8°(P＜0.05);SLF组中胸后凸由12.8°±7.8°增至28.4°±10.8°(P＜0.001),腰前凸由33.4°±8.8°增至39.6°±6.9°(P＜0.05).两组术前与术后即刻、术后2年腰弯Lenke分型差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 后路全节段椎弓根螺钉系统选择性融合胸弯或胸腰弯/腰弯矫正AIS代偿弯在冠状面、矢状面上自发性矫形程度不同,腰弯Lenke分型在两组中变化明显.     

应用评分测量法评估青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的上胸弯

目的 设计脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis AIS)患者上胸弯评价量表,并应用其确定上胸弯是否需要融合.方法 由5名脊柱外科医师分别测量29份影像学资料.按照上胸弯冠状面Bending像、矢状面Cobb角和放射学双肩高度差(radiographic shoulder height,RSH)的不同,设定不同的分值(0～3分),设计评分量表.3周后,重复测量,分析量表的可靠性和可重复性.根据患者评分量表得分多少,确定是否需要融合上胸弯,分析此方法的可靠性和可重复性.结果 术前上胸弯冠状面Cobb角、Bending像Cobb角、RSH、矢状面Cobb角的平均得分分别为2.4、2.4、0.2和1.1,总计得分平均为6.0.评分量表的可信度和可重复性平均值分别为:总计得分项均为79.3%(Kappa值0.77);冠状面Cobb角得分项为89.7%(Kappa值0.89)和82.8%(Kappa值0.81);Bending像Cobb角得分项为86.2%(Kappa值0.85)和89.7%(Kappa值0.89);RSH得分项为96.6%(Kappa值0.95)和93.1%(Kappa值0.92);矢状面Cobb角得分项为96.6%(Kappa值0.95).根据评分量表,规定上述评分项单项得分达到3分或总计得分≥4分时,上胸弯需要融合,此方法的可信度和可重复性均为96.6%(Kappa值均为0.95).结论 AIS 上胸弯侧凸参数评分测量法和根据评分确定上胸弯是否需要融合方法可靠性和可重复性良好,可应用于临床.     

国际脊柱畸形研究组推荐腰骶椎滑脱分型的可重复性与可信度研究

目的:评估国际脊柱畸形研究组(Spinal Deformity Study Group,SDSG)推荐的腰骶椎滑脱分型的可信度和可重复性。方法:对2001年1月~2010年1月期间我科收治的符合入选标准的53例发育性和峡部裂性腰骶椎滑脱患者的影像学资料进行回顾分析,其中男性12例,女性41例,年龄10~40岁(28.7±10.8岁),每例患者均有完整的术前站立正侧位X线片且均未进行预先测量。由4位脊柱外科医生分别根据SDSG分型标准进行分型,2周后此4位医生分别对这些患者的X线片再次进行分型,收集分型结果,分别作可信度和可重复性分析,计算Kappa值检验一致性。结果:4位医师对53例患者分型的可信度为71.7%~86.8%(Kappa值0.572~0.794),可重复性为83.0%~92.5%(Kappa值0.721~0.891)。滑脱轻、重度分级的可信度和可重复性分别为94.0%(Kappa值0.777)和96.7%(Kappa值0.862)。轻度滑脱患者中分型可信度为86.1%(Kappa值0.744),可重复性为86.6%(Kappa值0.751);重度滑脱患者中分型可信度为83.3%(Kappa值0.693),可重复性为87.5%(Kappa值0.788)。结论:腰骶椎滑脱SDSG分型具有较高的可信度和可重复性,但其在指导手术策略制定中的应用价值尚需进行前瞻性研究进一步检验。     

改良Halo-骨盆架分期牵引治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的疗效分析

目的：探讨改良Halo-骨盆架分期牵引联合手术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的临床疗效。方法：自2004年1月至2010年5月治疗50例重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸患者,男23例,女27例;年龄4～16岁,平均10.8岁;先天性脊柱侧凸24例（分节不良11例,形成障碍7例,混合型6例）,特发性脊柱侧凸26例。采用改良Halo-骨盆架分期牵引联合手术治疗：Ⅰ期术前牵引,Ⅱ期松解牵引,Ⅲ期牵引矫形内固定。对治疗前后患者身高、侧凸Cobb角、后凸Cobb角及矫正率进行观察。结果：患者身高由治疗前平均（152.1±11.1）cm矫正至（158.5±10.5）cm,侧凸Cobb角由平均（91.8±14.5）°矫正至（30.8±7.9）°,后凸Cobb角由平均（69.5±14.0）°矫正至（31.6±10.1）°。Ⅰ期术前牵引后侧凸、后凸Cobb角平均矫正率分别为（30.4±6.6）%、（22.3±5.2）%;Ⅱ期松解牵引后侧凸、后凸Cobb角平均矫正率分别为（26.7±5.1）%、（21.2±6.0）%;Ⅲ期牵引矫形内固定后侧凸、后凸Cobb角平均矫正率分别为（33.7±7.2）%、（27.1±5.3）%（矫正率参照的基准Cobb角是上一期治疗的Cobb角）;分期牵引联合手术治疗的侧凸、后凸Cobb角平均矫正率分别为（66.5±7.2）%、（55.1±6.4）%。各期治疗前后患者身高、侧凸Cobb角、后凸Cobb角及矫正率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：采用改良Halo-骨盆架分期牵引联合手术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸,可获得良好的畸形矫正和躯干平衡,并能减少术中、术后并发症,具有临床可操作性。     

退行性腰椎侧凸与骨质疏松症的相关性分析

目的:研究成年人腰椎退变性侧凸与骨质疏松的相互关系。方法:自2012年3月至2016年6月,采用回顾性分析方法对53例腰椎退变性侧凸患者进行腰椎退变性侧凸与骨质疏松症相关性研究,男11例,女42例,年龄63～76岁,平均69岁,匹配同期就诊的非腰椎侧凸患者53例,其中腰椎间盘突出症33例,腰椎管狭窄症13例,腰椎滑脱症7例,男16例,女37例,年龄59～74岁,平均68.5岁。53例患者均拍摄腰椎正侧位X线片及腰椎MRI确诊,测量并记录腰椎侧凸Cobb角。运用双能X射线吸收法对所有患者进行骨密度检查,记录腰椎(L_2-L_4)、股骨颈、股骨粗隆、Ward三角部位T值。采用Linear regression研究腰椎侧凸角度与骨质疏松的相关性。结果:腰椎侧凸组与非腰椎侧凸组两者骨密度T值差异有统计学意义,腰椎退变性侧凸患者骨密度T值(-2.56±0.65)明显高于非腰椎侧凸组(-1.39±0.77)(P0.05),腰椎侧凸患者腰椎(L_2-L_4)、股骨颈、股骨粗隆、Ward三角部位的T值与侧凸Cobb角无明显相关性。结论:骨质疏松是发生腰椎退变性侧凸的危险因素,但侧凸程度与骨质疏松程度无明显相关性。     

Clinical etiological classification of scoliosis: report of 1289 cases

Objective: With the development of diagnostic techniques and in‐depth understanding of lateral curvature of the spine (scoliosis), it is possible to differentiate idiopathic scoliosis from other forms with various known etiologies. The present study was to analyze data collected at the authors' center according to the current etiological spectrum and classification of scoliosis. Methods: One thousand, two hundred and eighty‐nine consecutive patients with different forms of structural scoliosis were reviewed. The average age at first visit was 18 years, ranging from 4 months to 79 years. Corrective surgery was performed on patients aged from 9 to 28 years; their clinical data were retrieved for independent statistical analyses, and further compared with those obtained from the whole group. Results: The prevalence of non‐idiopathic scoliosis was 25.3% in the whole series, but it increased to 34% in the surgical group aged from 9 to 28 years. Thirty‐nine percent of patients with congenital scoliosis presented at least one developmental spinal cord malformation. Conclusion: The current study has shown that the etiological distribution of scoliosis has changed a lot from what was true decades ago. Developmental malformation related to scoliosis is one of the risk factors for neurological complications during corrective surgery, so it is important to make an accurate diagnosis and take appropriate prophylactic measures to avoid relative neurological complications.     

Osteoporosis in unstable adult scoliosis

New noninvasive techniques as well as conventional methods were used to evaluate skeletal mass in the following three populations of adult white women as follows: (1) 79 subjects with preexisting idiopathic scoliosis designated as unstable (US) because of the associated presence in the lumbar spine of lateral spondylolisthesis with segmental instability; (2) 67 subjects with preexisting idiopathic scoliosis without lateral spondylolisthesis designated as stable (SS); and (3) 248 age-matched nonscoliotic controls. Ages in all three groups were categorized into premenopausal (25-44 years), perimenopausal (45-54 years), and postmenopausal (55-84 years). The results showed higher scoliosis morbidity in the US compared to the SS populations. The prevalence and severity of osteoporosis were markedly increased in US versus SS populations. Femoral neck density determined by dual-photon absorptiometry techniques averaged 26% to 48% lower in all age categories of US patients compared to controls. These changes were found in the youngest age groups, indicating reductions in bone mineral content earlier in the adult life of white women with a specific type of high-morbidity US characterized by the marker of lateral spondylolisthesis.     

The incidence and prevalence of early-onset scoliosis: a regional multicenter epidemiological study

BACKGROUND CONTEXTDespite the many advances in understanding and treating early-onset scoliosis, the incidence and prevalence of this disease in the population remains unknown. Such knowledge is important for guiding clinical practice, directing research and raising awareness.PURPOSETo identify the incidence and prevalence of early-onset scoliosis, including all categories, within the population.STUDY DESIGNA regional multicenter retrospective cohort studyPATIENT SAMPLEAll patients diagnosed with early-onset scoliosis in the region, who were followed-up between January 2000 and December 2020.OUTCOME MEASURESFrequency distributions for early-onset scoliosis subtypes, demographics, curve patterns and progression statuses.METHODSRelevant population data, for children under 10 years old, was extracted from the official government census for the years 2000 to 2020. Identification of cases was carried out by pediatricians at mandatory government funded regular child wellness check-up visits. Outpatient records were reviewed for all included patients, with extraction of the following: Medical identifier, date of birth, date of initial visit, sex, primary diagnosis, length of follow-up, curve pattern, initial cobb angle, and final cobb angle. Incidence and prevalence values were calculated using population figures and case numbers. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log-rank testing was performed on curve progression data.RESULTSThe regional population of children, under the age of 10 years, included a total of 2,295,929 children, 1,170,149 (51.0%) males and 1,125,780 (49.0%) females, between the years 2000 and 2020. Early-onset scoliosis cases followed within the same timeframe, totaled 469 patients, 227 (48.4%) males and 242 (51.6%) females. The annual incidence of early-onset scoliosis was found to be 0.019% (95% CI: 0.015%–0.023%), and the prevalence was 0.077% (95% CI: 0.059%–0.096%). The most common age at first presentation was 6 years old. More females (51.6%) than males (48.4%) were observed, and more left-sided curves (54.2%) than right-sided curves (45.8%) were encountered, with the majority being single thoracic curves (38.2%). Scoliosis curves did not progress in 44.3% of cases, while they progressed in 38% of them. Follow-up was inadequate to determine progression status in 17.7% of cases. Neuromuscular etiologies were the most common, at 40.1%, of which 83.5% had cerebral palsy.CONCLUSIONSBased on the regional population included in this study, the annual incidence of early-onset scoliosis in children under 10 years old was calculated to be 0.019%, while the prevalence of early-onset scoliosis in children under 10 years old was found to be 0.077%.     

Scoliosis in patients with diastrophic dysplasia: a new classification

STUDY DESIGN: Scoliosis in patients with diastrophic dysplasia was analyzed. OBJECTIVES: To study the natural history of scoliosis and to classify the patients with different types of scoliosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Typical findings in diastrophic dysplasia are short-limbed short stature, multiple joint contractures, early degeneration of joints, and spinal deformities. The largest studies have reported scoliosis in 37% to 88% of the patients with this rare skeletal dysplasia. The natural history of the deformity is unknown. METHODS: Of the 130 unselected patients, 98 (75%) who were older than 16 years and/or had undergone surgery at the time of the last radiograph were included in the final analysis. These 98 patients included 37 males and 61 females. Their ages at the first radiograph ranged from newborn to 78 years (average, 21 years). The mean follow-up period was 20 years (range, 2-41 years) for 80 patients. Standard standing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were taken. The degrees of scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis were measured according to the Cobb method. Classification of the scoliosis was based on the patient's age at onset of scoliosis, the rate of progression, the magnitude of the scoliosis at the end of growth, and the curve pattern. RESULTS: Of the 98 patients in this study, 86 (88%) had scoliosis. This difference was highly significant statistically (P < 0.001), as compared with the normal population. The frequency of scoliosis was 90% among females and 84% among males. Scoliosis can be divided further into three subtypes: early progressive (11 patients), idiopathic-like (41 patients), and mild nonprogressive (33 patients). One patient had a congenital scoliosis. CONCLUSIONS: Scoliosis is very common in patients with diastrophic dysplasia. The natural history of scoliosis varies from severe deformity with rapid progression to mild deformity without any progression. The authors suggest that the classification described in this report offers a tool for the predicting natural history of scoliosis in diastrophic dysplasia, and for adjusting the timing of surgery in individual patients.     

髂骨旋转移位与L4,5椎间盘退变之间的相关性生物力学分析

目的 :研究髂骨旋转移位与L_(4,5)椎间盘退变之间的生物力学关系,为防治L_(4,5)椎间盘的退变、突出提供临床依据。方法:自2012年3月至2014年2月,选取腰椎间盘突出症合并骶髂关节紊乱68例。其中L_(4,5)椎间盘突出症合并骶髂关节紊乱42例,男22例,女20例;年龄19~63岁,平均(51.78±20.18)岁;病程1~126个月,平均(11.18±9.23)个月。L5S1椎间盘突出症合并骶髂关节紊乱26例,男11例,女15例;年龄18~65岁,平均(45.53±27.23)年;病程0.5~103个月,平均(11.99±12.56)个月。为患者拍摄腰椎正位片68张,腰椎侧位片68张,骨盆平片68张,测量骨盆倾斜度、腰椎侧弯度和椎间盘厚度。直线与回归方法研究骨盆倾斜度与腰椎侧弯度、腰椎侧弯度与椎间盘厚度之间的相关性,并进行生物力学分析。结果:L_(4,5)椎间盘突出中骨盆倾斜度与腰椎侧弯之间呈正相关性(R=0.49,P=0.00),两变量之间有因果直线关系与良好的比例关系(Y=3.05+1.07X,P=0.00),男性L_(4,5)椎间盘突出患者腰椎侧弯与L4-L5椎间隙之间呈负相关(R=-0.50,P=0.01),两变量之间有因果直线关系与良好的比例关系(Y=13.09-0.27X,P=0.02),而L5S1椎间盘突出中男性患者腰椎侧弯与L5S1椎间隙之间呈正相关(R=0.46,P=0.04)。结论:髂骨旋转移位与L_(4,5)椎间盘退变、突出生物力学密切相关,为临床治疗慢性顽固性L_(4,5)椎间盘突出症患者提供了新的认识理念和治疗途径。     

Effects of thoracolumbosacral orthosis on spinal deformities, trunk asymmetry, and frontal lower rib cage in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. OBJECTIVES: To document immediate and late changes in shape and balance of the thoracic and lumbar spine and lower rib cage on the frontal plane induced by treatment with a thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The effect of TLSO on lateral plane of spinal deformity, frontal lower rib cage, trunk balance, and natural history are poorly understood. METHODS: Twenty-four female adolescents with major thoracic and/or lumbar scoliosis, averaging 30 degrees and 26 degrees, respectively, were treated with a full-time TLSO program. Scoliosis, kyphosis, convex, and concave rib-vertebral angles T7 to T12, frontal trunk balance, frontal vertebral inclination, rotation and translation from T7 to L4-vertebrae were measured before bracing, 1 month after bracing, and biannually thereafter in brace and without brace for a 4-year period and reevaluated at the age of 20 years, at an average of 3.5 years after termination of bracing to measure any permanent changes. RESULTS: Thoracolumbosacral orthosis treatment corrected both thoracic and lumbar scoliosis and reduced lateral trunk shift at the expense of significant, although temporary reduced physiological thoracic kyphosis, increased lateral displacement of T7 to T10, increased frontal inclination of L2 to L4, and elevation of the apical concave rib in favor of reduction of lateral displacement of T11 to L4; decreased frontal inclination of T7, T9, and T11; and derotated L1 and L2 and thoracic apical vertebra without affecting drooping of the 7th to 12th ribs. In this series, there was marked inconsistency in the obtained changes in several of the roentgenographic parameters in the different evaluations, which is probably because of the empiric application of the TLSO during different periods of treatment. 3.5 years after termination of TLSO-wearing, all roentgenographic parameters remained to the prebrace values. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracolumbosacral orthosis program maintained the measured roentgenographic parameters at the prebrace levels in progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, but it had no effect on the droop of the seven lower ribs. The TLSO treatment stopped progression of scoliosis and reduced the number of patients requiring surgery. Thus, it changed the natural history of scoliosis.     

Raster stereography versus radiography in the long-term follow-up of idiopathic scoliosis

STUDY DESIGN: Raster-stereographic and radiographic evaluation of idiopathic scoliosis without braces in a retrospective longitudinal long-term follow-up study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability and accuracy of raster stereography in comparison with radiography as the gold standard, using a longitudinal long-term study design in idiopathic scoliosis, to reduce the number of radiographs required during follow-up in scoliosis patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: It has been confirmed that raster stereography produces reliable data in patients with conservatively and surgically treated idiopathic scoliosis, up to a Cobb angle of 80 degrees. This means that the method can be used to replace radiography during the follow-up in these patients. However, no data have yet been published on the use of raster stereography in a longitudinal setting during a long-term follow-up period in comparison with radiography as the gold standard. METHODS: Raster stereographs and digitized anterior-posterior radiographs of 16 patients with idiopathic scoliosis were studied retrospectively in a longitudinal study design, with a mean follow-up period of 8 years (range 3 to 10 y). Lateral vertebral deviation and vertebral rotation were measured between C7 and L4 using raster stereography and radiography, compared with Cobb angles, and correlated. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, the Cobb angle increased on average by 13 degrees. The progression of lateral vertebral deviation measured using both techniques, and that of vertebral rotation measured with radiography, was greater than that of the Cobb angle, whereas that of raster-stereographic vertebral rotation was lower. However, there was an excellent correlation between the raster-stereographic and radiographic progression of these parameters (R2 >or=0.5). The mean difference between raster stereographs and radiographs was 3.21 mm for lateral vertebral deviation and 2.45 degrees for vertebral rotation. CONCLUSIONS: Using the parameters of lateral vertebral deviation and vertebral rotation, raster stereography accurately reflects the radiographically measured progression of idiopathic scoliosis during the long-term follow-up, but these parameters are not directly comparable with the Cobb angle. In the follow-up of scoliosis patients, the authors would recommend a raster-stereographic examination every 3 to 6 months and a radiographic examination every 12 to 18 months only, provided that raster stereography does not show rapid deterioration of the scoliosis. The patient's radiation exposure can be reduced using this approach.     

单纯减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症合并退变性腰椎侧凸

目的探讨单纯减压治疗合并退变性腰椎侧凸的腰椎管狭窄症的临床效果及手术适应证,并观察退变性腰椎侧凸的转归。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2005年12月间,我院治疗并获得随访的单纯减压手术治疗的腰椎管狭窄症合并退变性腰椎侧凸患者28例,其中男10例,女18例,年龄61～89岁,平均65．1岁。本组患者以间歇性跛行和根性疼痛为主要症状,无冠状位及矢状位的失平衡,前屈后伸动力位片无不稳定的表现,侧凸顶椎Nash—Moe旋转分级小于等于11°,左右侧屈位椎体间侧方滑移小于等于5mm。计算平均手术时间和术中出血量。比较患者手术前后腰痛及腿痛的视觉模拟评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数、腰椎前凸角、侧凸角的变化。结果28例患者平均随访8．3年（5—16年）,手术过程顺利,手术时间（95±16）min,平均术中出血量（183±32）mL,1例行自体血回输,无异体血输入病例。脑脊液漏1例,经改变体位及换药局部处理后愈合;1例切口脂肪液化,经换药对症处理后愈合。围手术期无死亡病例,术后症状无加重,神经功能无恶化。术后1年随访及末次随访时腿痛视觉模拟评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数均较手术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;腰痛视觉模拟评分虽较术前有所减小,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。虽然腰椎前凸角减小,但进展缓慢,与治疗前比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后腰椎侧凸角虽有所减小,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论单纯减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症合并退变性腰椎侧凸创伤小、并发症少,能够较好解除压迫,缓解神经症状,对腰椎稳定性的影响较小,容易被老年人接受,但应严格掌握手术适应证,并注意责任节段的判断和处理。