胰腺手术中残存胰体尾的保留

目的 探讨胰腺手术中如何保留残存的胰体尾.方法 7例行胰腺手术中,3例胰肠吻合口裂开,4例胰颈体部良性肿瘤切除,术中用主胰管导管桥式内引流将胰液引至临近的空肠袢内,均成功保留了残存的胰体尾.结果 术后经支持治疗,持续腹腔冲洗,抑制胰酶分泌,术后内分泌功能基本正常,顺利出院.结论 主胰管导管桥式内引流术,在保留残存胰体尾组织方面具有方法简单、快捷,可有效地保存胰腺的内、外分泌功能,改善患者术后的生活质量.     

胰体尾切除术后并发胰瘘的防治

目的 探讨胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的预防及治疗措施.方法 回顾性分析2000-2009年124例胰体尾部切除病例,包括胰腺恶性肿瘤86例,胰腺假性囊肿及良性肿瘤12例,胃肠肿瘤侵犯胰体尾18例,慢性胰腺炎合并胰体尾囊肿3例,外伤5例.以单纯间断褥式缝合(A组)处理胰腺残端63例;以改良的主胰管缝扎+间断褥式交锁缝合(B组)处理胰腺残端61例.所有患者均放置负压引流,术后均常规应用生长抑素.结果 A组63例中22例术后发生胰瘘,发生率为34.9％,其中高流量胰瘘10例,低流量胰瘘12例;B组61例中9例术后发生胰瘘,发生率为14.7％,无高流量胰瘘.两组胰瘘患者中,A组住院天数明显延长(P＜0.01),术后医疗费用明显增加(P＜0.01).结论 主胰管缝扎+间断褥式交锁缝合的手术方法可减少术后胰瘘的发生,有助于减少住院天数及术后医疗费用.     

脏器保留原则下胰腺良性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结遵从脏器保留原则对胰腺良性肿瘤的治疗价值.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2012年1月我院收治的77例患者的临床资料.比较传统胰腺肿瘤手术即胰十二指肠切除术、胰体尾加脾切除术(简称传统手术组,共24例)与遵从脏器保留原则手术(简称脏器保留原则组,共53例)两组患者的手术效果.结果 脏器保留原则组手术方式包括胰腺肿物摘除术、节段性胰腺切除术、保留十二指肠胰头切除及保留脾脏胰体尾切除术.病理诊断:胰岛素瘤30例,黏液性囊腺瘤16例,浆液性囊腺瘤10例,导管内乳头状黏液瘤17例,实性假乳头状瘤3例,导管内腺瘤样增生1例.胰漏发生率,传统手术组5例(20.8％)和脏器保留原则组9例(17.0％),两组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).相应两组术后新发糖尿病及原有糖尿病加重分别为20.8％、20.0％和13.2％、30.0％,两组相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.485,P=1.000).结论 脏器保留原则指导下胰腺切除术对于胰腺良性肿瘤是一种安全、有效的术式.此原则指导下手术能最大限度地保留胰腺实质,避免胰腺的内外分泌和脾脏功能的过度丧失.     

胰腺残端处理方式对胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的影响

目的探讨预防胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的胰腺残端处理方式。方法回顾性分析我院1996至2008年186例因胰腺或胰外病变行胰体尾切除术患者的临床资料,胰腺残端处理方法分别为：结扎主胰管、残端结扎、间断缝合、Prolene线连续缝合、胰腺空肠吻合及闭合器钉合六种方式,比较上述六种方式对术后胰瘘的影响并行统计学分析。结果186例患者中围手术期死亡5例（2．7％）,术后总并发症发生率34．9％（65／186）,胰瘘发生率21．0％（39／186）。8例胰腺残端结扎术后4例发生胰瘘,11例胰腺空肠吻合患者无胰瘘发生;17例Endo—GIA关闭胰腺残端者有胰瘘4例;结扎主胰管组、连续缝合组、间断缝合组胰瘘发生率分别为13．9％（5／36）、15．6％（10／64）、32．0％（16／50）,前两者与后者差别具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论胰体尾切除术中残端结扎和间断缝合容易发生胰瘘,选择性缝扎主胰管或Prolene线连续缝合能降低胰瘘发生率,尤其后者更简单易行。近端胰管梗阻患者可选用胰肠吻合预防胰瘘;闭合器钉和胰腺残端要根据胰腺大小和质地选择性使用。     

胰管结石的手术治疗

目的 探讨胰管结石的手术治疗方式.方法 对1997-2007年间24例胰管结石患者的手术治疗方式进行回顾性分析.结果 24例胰管结石中行胰管纵行切开取石、胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合17例,其中附加主胰管外引流2例,附加胆管空肠吻合3例,附加胰腺囊肿空肠吻合1例,1例术后并发胰肠吻合口出血,1例术后早期出现应激性溃疡,均经保守治疗治愈;胰十二指肠切除3例,1例并发吻合口出血,经保守治疗治愈;胰体尾切除2例,保留十二指肠胰头切除1例,胰管切开取石、Ⅰ期缝合1例,术后均无并发症.全组21例得到随访,17例效果优良.结论 胰管纵行切开取石、胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合是治疗胰管结石的合理术式,保留十二指肠的胰头切除和胰管切开取石、Ⅰ期缝合用于治疗胰管结石是可行的.     

胰腺手术后影响引流管留置时间的相关因素

目的 探讨胰腺术后影响引流管留置时间的相关因素.方法 对217例胰腺术后病人临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中胰十二指肠切除术58例,胰体尾切除术77例,单纯胰腺肿物摘除术32例,慢性胰腺炎胰管扩张行胰管空肠吻合术21例,保留十二指肠的胰头切除术18例,胰腺节段切除术11例.回顾分析胰腺疾病术后引流时间与病人性别、年龄、病变性质、手术方式、术后第1天腹腔引流液淀粉酶水平、术后10 d内是否发热等因素之间的关系.结果 病人的手术方式、术后第1天腹腔引流液淀粉酶浓度以及术后10 d内是否发热与病人术后引流管留置时间相关.结论 手术方式、术后第1日腹腔引流液淀粉酶水平以及术后体温状况可以为确定术后拔除腹腔引流管的时机提供依据.     

胰管结石的分型及外科治疗方式的选择

目的 探讨胰管结石的分型方法,并根据分型选择合理的外科治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年12月89例接受手术治疗的胰管结石患者,男性57例,女性32例,平均年龄(52±23)岁.所有患者都经磁共振胰胆管成像确诊,根据结石的位置、胰管有无狭窄,将胰管结石分为3型:Ⅰ型43例,胰石位于主胰管,主要采用内镜取石或胰管切开取石+胰管空肠吻合术；Ⅱ型39例,胰石同时位于主胰管和分支胰管,主要采用胰管切开取石+胰管空肠吻合术和(或)胰腺区段切除；Ⅲ型7例,结石位于分支胰管,主要采用胰腺区段切除.结果 全组病例手术均获得成功,术后胰漏6例(6.7％),经非手术治疗后痊愈；吻合口出血2例(2.2％),其中1例死亡；结石残留6例(6.7％),均为分支胰管结石残留.78例获得随访,57例生存至今；5例患者有间隙性腹痛需要内科治疗,7例患糖尿病(2例为胰腺次全切除,5例为胰体尾切除),结石复发5例,其中3例行第2次手术.结论 根据结石在胰管内而不是在胰腺实质的部位提出的胰管结石分型方式,对于以“取尽结石并保留胰腺功能”为原则的胰管结石外科治疗具有一定的指导价值.     

胰十二指肠切除术后吻合口裂开的预防与治疗策略

胰十二指肠切除术后吻合口裂开合并腹腔大出血是严重威胁患者生命的致死性术后并发症.因此,胰十二指肠切除术后吻合口裂开和继发腹腔大出血的预防与治疗,一直是胰腺外科争论的焦点.手术处理术后并发症仍然是最为稳妥的治疗方法.但再次手术探查难度较大、方法多变且不易掌握,术后有再次发生吻合口瘘和出血的危险,有些术式可能损害胰腺全部内、外分泌功能.我们对多例胰十二指肠切除术后发生腹腔大出血患者施行主胰管空肠桥式导管引流术,患者术后效果良好,救治率达100％.该术式操作简便、安全性高、救治率高,还可保留剩余胰腺功能,是一种简易可行的应急手术方法.     

机器人辅助胰体尾切除：从切脾到保脾

目的 回顾性分析15例行胰腺机器人手术患者的资料,探讨达芬奇机器人辅助外科系统在胰腺外科领域中的运用.方法：达芬奇机器人辅助开展15例胰体尾切除手术,5例实施胰体尾联合脾切除,10例开展保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术,分析手术时间、术中出血、术后并发症和出院时间等相关指标.结果 15例手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹.术中平均出血量在213 ml,平均手术总用时276 min,平均手术时间242 min,均未输血.术后并发症发生率26.67％.后期开展的10例保脾胰体尾切除手术均成功保留了脾血管和脾脏.结论 机器人手术系统是传统腔镜手术的一个巨大飞跃,能够实现更精细的微创手术操作,实现外科手术中脏器和功能的保留,在胰腺外科领域更能体现其优势和特点,因此有着非常广阔的运用前景.     

保留脾和脾动、静脉胰体尾切除术（附五例报告）

目的 探讨保留脾和脾动、静脉的胰体尾切除术的手术适应证与安全性.方法 回顾性分析我院1997年11月至2008年3月行保留脾和脾动、静脉的胰体尾切除术的5例临床资料.胰腺囊腺瘤2例,胰腺囊腺癌1例,胰腺实性假乳头状瘤1例,胰腺外伤1例,采取先暴露脾动脉,切断胰腺,近心端胰断面间断缝合,提起胰腺远断端,于脾静脉鞘内分离结扎切断其与胰体尾间的分支,结果 5例安全地实施保留脾和脾动、静脉的胰体尾切除术,术后无一例胰瘘发生.结论 保留脾和脾动、静脉的胰体尾切除术难度较大,但对于胰体尾良性、交界性肿瘤和未侵犯脾血管的恶性肿瘤是较好的选择.     

Incidence and management of pancreatic leakage after pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Optimal management of severe pancreatic leakage after pancreatoduodenectomy can reduce morbidity and mortality. Completion pancreatectomy may be adequate but leads to endocrine insufficiency. This study evaluated an alternative management strategy for pancreatic leakage. METHODS: Outcome after disconnection of the jejunal limb, resection of the pancreatic body and preservation of a small pancreatic remnant, performed between 1997 and 2002, was compared with that after completion pancreatectomy performed between 1992 and 1996. RESULTS: Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed in 459 consecutive patients. Pancreatic leakage occurred in 41 patients (8.9 per cent); its incidence did not change over the study period. Non-surgical drainage procedures were performed in 14 patients, of whom one died, and surgical drainage in eight patients, of whom two died. Completion pancreatectomy was performed in nine patients with no deaths. A pancreatic remnant was preserved in ten patients, of whom three died. A remnant tail had to be resected in two patients and three patients still developed endocrine insufficiency ('brittle' diabetes). CONCLUSION: The incidence of pancreatic leakage did not change over the study interval. Preservation of a small pancreatic tail was associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates than those of completion pancreatectomy.     

Surgical treatment of benign and borderline neoplasms of the pancreatic body

BACKGROUND: Conventional operations for benign and borderline tumors of the pancreatic body are distal pancreatectomy and enucleation. An unusual operation allowing the preservation of the proximal and distal pancreas is median pancreatectomy. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 67 patients with nonmalignant neoplasms of the pancreatic body was performed. The operations were: 32 median pancreatectomies (22 with duct occlusion of the distal pancreas, 10 with pancreaticojejunostomy), 21 distal pancreatectomies, and 14 enucleations. The operative and long-term outcomes of the different operations were compared. RESULTS: Enucleation had a shorter operative time and less blood loss than the other operations. No mortality was observed. The pancreatic fistula rate was 50% after median pancreatectomy (59% in case of distal duct occlusion, 30% in case of pancreaticojejunostomy), 14% after distal pancreatectomy and 14% after enucleation. Diabetes appeared in 3 patients after distal pancreatectomy and 3 patients after median pancreatectomy with duct occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: When indicated, enucleation is the operation of choice for a nonmalignant neoplasm of the pancreatic body. With respect to distal resection, the higher fistula rate of median pancreatectomy with pancreaticojejunostomy could be the price for a better long-term endocrine function; median pancreatectomy with duct occlusion had worse operative results and no long-term advantages.     

Segmental pancreatic autotransplantation with pancreatic ductal occlusion after near total or total pancreatic resection for chronic pancreatitis. Results at 5- to 54-month follow-up evaluation.

Reported are eight patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis and two patients with alcoholic pancreatitis who had near total distal pancreatectomy for disabling pain and underwent simultaneous segmental pancreatic autotransplantation of the body and tail of the gland to the femoral area in an attempt to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. The median follow-up period was 31 months, and follow-up study in nine patients ranged from 24 to 54 months. Patency of the grafts was determined by angiography and selected percutaneous venous assays for insulin. Islet cell function was determined by oral glucose tolerance tests, intravenous (I.V.) glucose tolerance tests, and I.V. glucagon stimulation studies. Segmental autotransplantation was technically successful in eight patients, only one of whom required insulin (at 2 years after grafting). The other seven patients with technically successful grafts have remained insulin independent, including two patients who later underwent pyloric preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for completion pancreatectomy. Variable pain relief was observed in patients who underwent near total pancreatectomy, but pain was unrelieved in those patients who underwent limited distal resection. Patients with idiopathic pancreatitis appear to have better pain relief and preservation of endocrine function than alcoholic patients. Segmental pancreatic autotransplantation prevents or delays the onset of diabetes mellitus and should be considered as an alternative for those patients who require extensive pancreatic resection for chronic pancreatitis.     

腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术治疗体会

目的探讨腹腔镜下胰腺远端切除术的手术适应证、安全性和可行性。方法选择2005年2月-10月住院的连续10例胰体尾占位患者,年龄(43．4±14．7)岁,男1例,女9例。9例术前诊断为囊性占位,肿瘤最大径平均4．0 cm(2．6～8．5cm);1例术前诊断为胰体尾病变伴肝转移,胰腺内分泌肿瘤可能性大。其中7例行保留脾脏胰腺远端切除术,3例行胰腺远端+脾切除术。结果10例手术均完全在腹腔镜下完成。手术时间(228±26)min,术中出血量(173±100)ml。术后胰瘘1例(10％),充分引流1个月后自行愈合;1例患者术后1个月复查发现胰腺断端旁有假性囊肿形成,直径约2 cm,观察1个月后囊肿消失。其余8例无并发症发生。术后平均住院13．5 d(12～16 d)。10例患者术后血糖均正常。10例随访2～22个月(中位数8个月),9例囊性病变患者均无复发,1例内分泌癌随访1年,肝脏转移病灶无明显变化,原发部位无肿瘤复发。结论对于病变位于胰体尾的良性肿瘤或疾病,选择腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术是安全、可行的。     

保留脾脏的胰体尾肿瘤切除术的应用探讨

目的探讨保留脾脏的胰体尾肿瘤切除术在胰体尾部肿瘤治疗中的可行性及作用。方法收集大连市中心医院于1999年1月至2010年12月期间收治的胰体尾肿瘤患者49例,其中行保留脾脏的胰体尾肿瘤切除术18例,包括胰腺腺癌7例,胰尾囊腺瘤9例,胰岛素瘤2例,其中3例患者接受了腹腔镜辅助保留脾脏胰体尾肿瘤切除术。回顾性分析患者的临床症状、术前检查、术后并发症等指标,并进行术后随访观察。结果开腹和腹腔镜辅助保留脾脏胰体尾肿瘤切除术均顺利实施．所选术式患者耐受性好,术后并发症少,多数患者获得长期生存。结论术前影像学检查和肿瘤标志物检查是早期诊断胰体尾肿瘤的可靠办法,CTA、DSA等检查是术前判定的重要手段,保留脾脏的胰体尾肿瘤切除术应作为胰体尾肿瘤的首选术式。腹腔镜辅助保留脾脏胰体尾肿瘤切除术是安全可行的,具有创伤轻、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

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目的总结胰腺节段切除术治疗胰腺良性肿瘤的临床经验。方法对2000年1月至2007年5月北京协和医院行胰腺节段切除术治疗的28例胰腺良性肿瘤临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果手术完整切除肿瘤,术后病人胰腺功能无明显变化,症状得到改善。术后胰瘘发生率14.2%(4/28)。25例获得随访,随访时间为2～84个月,疗效满意。结论胰腺节段切除术是一种安全、有效、保存器官功能的手术方式,适合于胰腺良性肿瘤病人。可以保存病人的胰腺内、外分泌功能,提高生活质量。     

胰腺节段切除术治疗胰腺良性肿瘤14例

目的 探讨胰腺节段切除在胰腺良性肿瘤中的临床实用价值.方法 对2001年1月至2009年5月期间行胰腺节段切除治疗的14例胰腺良性肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组无围手术期死亡病例.手术完整切除肿瘤,术后病人胰腺功能无明显变化,症状得到明显改善,无新发糖尿病,无肿瘤复发,无胰腺假性囊肿形成.术后胰瘘发生率为14...     

胰腺体尾部肿瘤的术式选择

目的探讨不同类型胰腺体尾部肿瘤手术方式的选择。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月至2008年12月收治的25例胰腺体尾部肿瘤的临床资料。结果 25例中男16例,女9例。上腹饱胀不适及腰背部疼痛为最主要的症状。25例患者均行手术治疗,其中行胰体尾+脾+胃部分切除1例,胰体尾切除+脾切除9例,保留脾脏的胰体尾切除3例,胰腺节段切除3例,肿物局部切除1例,其余行肿瘤活检术。结论对胰腺体尾部肿瘤,应采取个体化的手术方式。恶性肿瘤强调根治性,良性肿瘤则应强调保护周围脏器和胰腺功能。     

Central pancreatectomy: a technique for the resection of pancreatic neck lesions

HYPOTHESIS: Central pancreatectomy has been used sparingly because the spectrum of indications is quite narrow. Although historically used for traumatic pancreatic transection and chronic pancreatitis, it currently is reserved for selective management of pancreatic neck lesions that are benign or have low malignant potential. Varying morbidity rates have been published in the literature. Our objectives were to describe the technique and determine the safety and effectiveness of central pancreatectomy in the excision of benign or low-malignant potential lesions of the pancreatic neck. DESIGN: Retrospective clinicopathologic data review. SETTING: The Mayo Clinic surgical index was used to identify procedures matched for central, median, middle, or middle segment pancreatectomy. PATIENTS: Eight patients (4 men, 4 women) underwent central pancreatectomy between 1998 and 2004. INTERVENTION: Patients with pancreatic neck or proximal body masses underwent central pancreatectomy at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were followed up closely for postoperative complications during the initial hospital admission. On follow-up, long-term endocrine and exocrine function were determined based on laboratory values and patient history. RESULTS: Abnormalities included 3 islet cell tumors, 2 serous cystadenomas, a mucinous cystadenoma, a lymphoepithelial cyst, and a recurrent liposarcoma. Mean tumor size was 2.8 cm and mean operative time was 4.8 hours with a mean blood loss of 381 mL. The most common complication was pancreatic leak (5 patients [63%]). Reoperation was necessary in 2 patients (25%), both secondary to hemorrhage. There was no mortality or new-onset diabetes mellitus. One patient transiently required oral pancreatic enzyme supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Central pancreatectomy may preserve endocrine and exocrine function. While mortality is low, in our experience, central pancreatectomy is associated with a high complication rate. The most common complication is pancreatic leak. Caution is necessary when using central pancreatectomy in the treatment of pancreatic neck lesions. Surgeon experience is of utmost importance in this decision-making process as well as the technical aspects of central pancreatectomy. The precise role of central pancreatectomy in the management of benign or low-malignant potential lesions of the neck of the pancreas remains in evolution.