后路截骨联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的探讨经后路截骨联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形疗效。方法对26例僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者进行后路截骨、椎弓根内固定矫形。8例行后路Ponte截骨,13例行椎弓根截骨术(PSO)联合Ponte截骨,5例行全椎体切除术(VCR)。比较患者术前、术后和末次随访时Cobb角的变化及C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离的变化。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~60个月。侧凸Cobb角:术前30°~135°(90.7°±30.6°),术后12°~30°(18°±5.6°),矫正率为82.5%,末次随访13°~32°(20°±5.8°),丢失4.3%;后凸Cobb角:术前20°~60°(40.6°±18.5°),术后10°~26°(16.8°±6.2°),矫正率为85%,末次随访13°~30°(20.5°±7.0°),丢失3.7%;C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离:术前3.8~6.5(5.1±1.3)cm,术后0.3~1.3(0.7±0.3)cm,末次随访0.4~1.7(0.8±0.3)cm。所有患者未发生神经损伤等并发症,仅1例患者术后3个月出现内固定松动,经延长固定节段后骨性融合。结论术前充分的评估,选择合适的后路截骨方式,联合椎弓根内固定矫形治疗僵硬性脊柱侧弯,能有效矫正畸形和恢复脊柱冠、矢状面平衡。     

后路经椎弓根截骨治疗胸腰椎创伤性后凸畸形

目的探讨后路经椎弓根椎体楔形截骨治疗胸腰椎创伤性后凸畸形的疗效。方法对18例胸腰椎创伤性后凸畸形患者采用后路经椎弓根椎体楔形截骨治疗。结果患者均获随访,时间24～62(47.7±9.5)个月。神经损伤ASIA评分:术前为25～44(34.6±7.2)分,末次随访时为35～50(47.7±9.5)分,较术前平均提高13.1分±3.1分。椎体后凸Cobb角:术前为21°～35°(27.89°±4.63°),术后为2°～8°(4.13°±0.87°),较术前平均改善23.7°±3.3°,末次随访时丢失1.3°±0.2°。随访期内未出现深部感染、椎弓根断裂及神经损伤加重等并发症。结论采用后路经椎弓根椎体楔形截骨治疗胸腰椎创伤性后凸畸形效果显著。     

保留椎弓根下壁的椎体截骨术治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形

目的 评估经后路保留椎弓根下壁椎体截骨术治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形的手术方式及其临床疗效.方法 37例陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形患者经后路行保留椎弓根下壁椎体截骨术,平均随访38.6个月.术前、术后3个月分别测量胸腰椎后凸Cobb角、截骨区前缘和后缘的高度以及填写视觉模拟疼痛量表（visual analog scale,VAS）.末次随访时测量胸腰椎后凸Cobb角.结果 术前Cobb角为41.6°±7.8°,术后3个月Cobb角为7.8°±4.3°,与术前相比差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.05）;末次随访时Cobb角为8.6°±4.1°,较术后3个月无明显丢失（P＞0.05）.截骨区前缘高度增加（2.7±0.8）mm.截骨区后缘高度压缩（7.2±3.1）mm.术前、术后3月VAS评分分别为（7.1±2.9）分和（2.5±1.3）分,较术前明显改善（P＜0.05）.结论 保留椎弓根下壁椎体截骨术能够安全有效地矫正胸腰椎后凸畸形,完整地保留了伤椎峡部及下关节突,保持了伤椎与下位脊椎的连续性,减少了截骨区脊椎矢状面的移位,同时也保留了神经根通道的上壁,从而减少了神经根的损伤.     

双椎体截骨术矫正重度强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形

目的:探讨经椎弓根双椎体截骨矫正重度强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的可行性及其疗效.方法:2003年1月～2007年12月收治15例颌眉角90°以上重度强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形患者,平均年龄34.5岁.手术均采用后路经椎弓根连续或者间隔椎体行双椎体截骨矫形,并采用椎弓根螺钉内固定.测量患者术前和术后身高、颌眉角、矢状面失平衡距离和截骨部位Cobb角评价疗效.结果:手术时间231～420min,平均326min;术中出血950～4600ml,平均2290ml.6例患者硬脊膜与椎板粘连,切除椎板时出现硬脊膜破裂并脑脊液漏,经严密缝合及控制引流后伤口按期愈合;1例患者矫形中已融合的C5/6处发生骨折,术后给予硬颈托固定6个月后融合;1例患者术后出现肺部感染,经积极抗炎治疗痊愈出院.患者身高由术前122.5±10.4cm矫正到术后163.6±10.0cm,颌眉角由术前平均102.6°±9.4°矫正到术后19.5°±11.6°,矢状面失平衡距离由术前43.7±5cm矫正到术后11.3±6.1cm,脊柱侧位X线片上截骨部位Cobb角由术前后凸67.1°±24.5°矫正到术后前凸9.7°±25.1°,经统计学处理各指标术后与术前比较均存在显著性差异(P<0.01).结论:对于颌眉角90°以上重度强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形患者,经椎弓根双椎体截骨可以有效矫正患者后凸畸形,外观和功能均可得到明显改善.     

后路单侧经椎弓根半椎体截骨治疗青少年先天性脊柱侧凸

目的评估后路经椎弓根截骨矫形部分半椎体保留治疗先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧凸畸形的临床疗效。方法共18例先天性半椎体合并脊柱侧凸患者纳入随访研究,平均年龄16.17岁（14～21岁）,术前测量半椎体所致脊柱畸形的节段性主弯Cobb角45.39°±6.81°,头侧代偿弯Cobb角27.5°±2.71°,尾侧代偿弯Cobb角为26.44°±6.85°,顶椎偏距为4.28±0.58cm,节段性后/前凸角度为14.11°±18.07°。所有病例均采用后路一期经半椎体椎弓根截骨,双侧固定矫正侧凸畸形。随访时间为14.17±6.56个月。综合评估影像学、临床疗效以及并发症的情况。结果手术时间为2.82±0.74h,术中失血量317.22±65.15ml。术后节段性主弯Cobb角为11.33°±4.68°,矫正34.06°±7.88°,末次随访14.61°±4.96°;头侧代偿弯Cobb角为8.72°±1.44°,矫正18.78°±3.17°,末次随访18.78°±3.17°;尾侧代偿弯Cobb角为7.98°±1.82°,矫正18.47°±5.83°,末次随访18.47°±5.83°;节段性后/前凸角为-1.94°±12.35°,矫正14.94°±10.18°,末次随访-1.5°±12.67°。顶椎偏距的矫正为2.31±0.52cm,末次随访2.1±0.24cm。术中没有血管、神经损伤、骨折等重大并发症发生,术后没有发生冠状面和矢状面的失代偿。结论后路半椎体经椎弓根截骨矫形能有效矫正轻、中度先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧凸畸形,缩短手术时间,创伤小,减少术中失血量,矫形效果满意,所选病例骨骼发育相对成熟者,避免矫形丢失。     

经后路顶椎椎弓根全椎体截骨矫正胸腰椎后凸畸形

目的探讨经后路顶椎椎弓根三柱截骨治疗脊柱后凸的临床疗效。方法2003年6月－2006年6月,采用经后路顶椎椎弓根三柱截骨治疗42例脊柱后凸患者,其中陈旧胸腰椎骨折20例、椎体发育不良8例、结核性10例、强直性脊柱炎4例。评定脊柱后凸矫正情况、植骨融合情况、内固定位置、手术并发症、腰痛及Oswestry功能评分的变化。结果术后随访6—21个月,平均15个月。植骨融合满意,无延迟愈合或不愈合。术前后凸Cobb角度平均为霹8．5°术后为20．6°,平均矫正角度为35．3°。术前患者腰痛VAS评分平均为7．5分,术后3．6分。术前ODI平均为57．6％,术后31.7％。结论经后路顶椎椎弓根截骨、椎弓根螺钉固定治疗胸腰椎后凸畸形,矫正角度大,手术视野开阔,手术相对安全,可获得满意的放射学矫形效果和临床疗效。     

后路截骨矫形内固定治疗胸腰段陈旧骨折合并后凸畸形

目的评价后路经椎弓根楔形截骨矫形内固定术治疗胸腰段陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2003年7月至2010年7月,采用后路楔形截骨内固定术治疗胸腰段陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形患者31例,其中男21例,女10例;年龄3259岁,平均41.8岁。采用视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）及日本骨科协会（Japanese orthopadeics association,JOA）评分（29分法）评价临床症状的改善情况,测量X线侧位片Cobb角,评价后凸畸形的纠正和植骨融合情况。结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间662个月,平均20个月。后凸Cobb角术前平均为39.6°,术后8.4°;VAS评分术前平均7.1分,术后2.9分;JOA评分术前平均为13.6分,术后24.1分。术前术后比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。无血管神经损伤等严重并发症发生,术后6个月植骨牢固愈合。无内固定松动、断裂等相关并发症。结论后路截骨矫形内固定术可获得满意的减压及矫形效果,同时可植骨融合,重建脊柱稳定性,并发症少,创伤较小,是胸腰段后凸畸形较理想的治疗方法。     

后路经椎弓根椎体楔形截骨治疗胸腰段创伤性后凸畸形

目的探讨后入路经椎弓根椎体楔形截骨治疗胸腰段创伤性后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法对我院脊柱外科2011-03-2015-05收治的26例脊柱胸腰段创伤性后凸畸形患者,全部采用后路经椎弓根椎体截骨矫形、神经减压,结合椎弓根螺钉系统固定和植骨融合手术治疗,并进行回顾性分析,观测术前、术后初期(3天内)、末次随访(术后1年左右)时胸腰段Cobb角、腰背痛VAS评分、下腰痛JOA评分以及脊髓神经损伤ASIA分级情况。结果 26例患者均获得随访,随访时间10~24个月,平均13.8个月,术后下腰痛JOA评分、腰背痛VAS评分及后凸畸形均有明显改善。术前胸腰段后凸畸形Cobb角为28~58°、平均(40.28±5.66)°,术后2~10°、平均(6.12±3.76)°,平均畸形矫正率86.2%,下腰痛JOA评分标准术前评定为(10.38±1.56)分,术后评定为(22.76±2.23)分,腰背痛VAS评分术前5~8分,平均(6.72±0.33)分,术后2~4分,平均(2.93±0.64)分,以上指标与术前相比较差异均有显著性意义(P0.05);术后神经功能ASIA分级:6例C级5例改善至E级,1例为D级,16例D级15例改善至E级,1例仍为D级;至末次随访,Cobb角矫正丢失角度不明显(1~3°),平均(1.85±0.68)°,平均矫正丢失率3.8%,与术后初期检查比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);截骨面均于术后6个月左右骨性愈合,无内固定松动、断裂、假关节形成、感染等并发症。结论后路经椎弓根椎体楔形截骨治疗脊柱胸腰段创伤性后凸畸形,可重建胸腰段矢状面生理曲度,获得满意的后凸畸形矫正和神经减压,改善临床症状。     

骨水泥强化椎体技术在骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形手术治疗中的应用(16例报告)

[目的]探讨骨水泥强化椎体椎弓根钉棒系统治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形的手术效果.[方法]应用骨水泥强化椎后椎弓根钉棒系统后路矫形内固定治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形病人16例,观察后凸Cobb角矫正角度、内固定稳定情况及临床症状改善程度.[结果]椎弓根钉内固定系统无松动、脱落、断裂.后凸畸形Cobb角平均矫正22.1°,疼痛VAS评分由术前平均7.8分降至术后平均2.1分,ODI评分由术前平均86.5％改善至术后平均31.2％.[结论]应用骨水泥强化椎体椎弓根钉棒系统治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形可获得满意的临床疗效.     

后路经椎间隙截骨矫形治疗胸腰椎陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形

目的探讨后路经椎间隙截骨矫形治疗胸腰椎陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形的疗效。方法对27例胸腰椎陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形患者经椎间隙截骨矫形椎弓根螺钉固定治疗。结果 27例均获得随访,时间12~25个月。Cobb角:术前21°~49°(39.5°±5.5°),术后3°~8°(4.5°±1.3°),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。无假关节形成、内固定松动断裂、矫形丢失等并发症。术后神经功能情况:1例B级恢复到C级;2例C级恢复到D级;14例D级中7例恢复到E级,7例无恢复;10例E级仍为E级。结论后路经椎间隙截骨矫形治疗胸腰椎陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形方法较为简便,并发症少,效果可靠。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.