Ⅰ期前后路联合手术治疗游离齿突继发的难复性寰枢椎脱位

目的探讨颈高位咽后入路前路松解、Ⅰ期后路融合治疗游离齿突继发的难复性寰枢椎脱位的临床效果。方法本组19例均为游离齿突继发的难复性寰枢椎脱位,X线片动态位不能自行复位,且术前颅骨牵引均未获得满意复位。采用颈高位咽后入路显露C1～C3,行寰枢椎前方松解复位,Ⅰ期后路寰枢融合内固定。结果 19例患者采用颈高位前方咽后入路均成功显露C1前弓～C3椎体,前路松解后复位良好,Ⅰ期行后路寰枢融合内固定,全组无一例出现脊髓损伤加重、咽喉部阻塞或窒息。1例颈后部伤口积液感染,经换药引流后痊愈;2例出现舌下神经牵拉症状,1例出现面神经刺激症状,均在1个月后恢复正常。脊髓功能正常者无神经功能损害,不全瘫患者神经功能均有部分恢复。随访植骨均获骨性融合,无内固定松脱。结论颈高位咽后入路行前方松解能够复位游离齿突继发的难复性寰枢椎脱位患者,Ⅰ期后路寰枢融合可获良好的植骨融合。     

我国上颈椎外科已跨入国际先进行列

上颈椎位于头颈交界部,毗邻生命中枢,部位狭小,解剖复杂,是外科治疗难度高、风险大的高危区.20世纪末,我国对寰枢椎脱位多采用保守治疗(如颅骨牵引、Halo支架固定)或Brooks钢丝[1]、Halifax椎板夹[2]、Apofix夹等非螺钉固定技术治疗,而对陈旧性难复性寰枢椎脱位几乎缺少良好对策.1986年刘景发等[3]采用经口咽寰椎前弓和枢椎齿状突切除行前路减压复位术治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位,后于1998年报道经口咽前路寰枢椎松解,术后持续牵引缓慢复位后,行头颈胸石膏外固定或后路枕颈或寰枢椎固定融合术来治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位[4].     

前路松解复位后路融合治疗游离齿突继发环枢椎脱位

目的: 探讨经高位咽后入路前路松解、后路融合治疗游离齿突继发的难复性环枢椎脱位。方法: 本组 3例, 均为男性, 年龄 17~36岁, 无明显创伤史, 颅骨牵引 2~3周, 采用高位咽后入路显露C1~3, 行环枢前方松解复位, Ⅰ期后路环枢融合, Brooks法钛缆内固定。结果: 3例游离齿突继发的难复性环枢椎脱位, 术前颅骨牵引不能复位, 经前路手术松解达到良好复位, 后路环枢融合良好, 内固定无松脱, 无伤口感染。3例患者神经症状均明显改善。结论: 经高位咽后入路行前方松解, 能够复位游离齿突继发的难复性环枢椎脱位, Ⅰ期后路环枢融合可获良好的植骨融合。     

陈旧性齿突骨折合并寰枢椎完全性后脱位的前路治疗一例报告

 齿突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位大多数为前脱位 [1] ,后脱位相对少见,而陈旧性齿突骨折合并寰枢椎完全性后脱位临床罕见。我科收治 1例陈旧性齿突骨折合并寰枢椎完全性后脱位患者,采用前路手术行松解复位效果满意。     

颈椎双向牵引手术床的研制和临床应用

目的：研制颈椎双向牵引手术床,以解决上位颈椎骨折和脱位单向牵引不能解决的问题。方法：应用自行设计的颈椎双向牵引手术床治疗上位颈椎骨折和脱位90例,其中新鲜骨折脱位12例,陈旧性寰枢椎脱位78例,结果：12例新鲜骨折脱位均达解剖复位,陈旧性寰枢椎脱位可复位者5例,不能复位者经口前路减压松解术后,再行双向牵引而复位者67例,未复位者6例,结论：头颈双向牵引对新鲜寰枢椎脱位可达到解剖复位,对陈旧性寰枢椎脱位中的难复性寰枢椎脱位经口前路松解再行牵引而复位,解除颈髓压迫收到了满意疗效。缓慢持续牵引复位可防止脊髓危象,减少手术死亡率。     

一期前路松解后路固定治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位

[目的]介绍一期颈前咽后入路松解后路复位固定融合治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位的手术技术与初步疗效。[方法] 2016年3月～2019年1月应用颈前咽后入路寰枢松解后路复位固定融合治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位患者38例。患者首先取仰卧位,经Smith-Robinson入路显露寰枢关节腹侧结构,去除寰枢关节周围瘢痕韧带等实现寰枢松解;然后,在石膏床保护下改为俯卧位,行寰枢椎后路钉棒复位固定及植骨融合。[结果]本组患者均顺利完成手术,所有患者均获得满意复位,无神经、血管损伤等严重并发症。平均随访(32.54±7.63)个月,所有病例均实现骨性融合,无内固定失效及再脱位。末次随访时JOA评分、寰齿前间距和延髓脊髓角均较术前显著改善(P0.05)。[结论]颈前咽后入路松解联合后路钉棒复位固定融合是治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位的可靠手术方法。     

一期前路松解后路椎弓根钉固定融合治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位

目的 探讨经口咽入路前路松解一期后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合治疗难复性寰枢椎前脱位的临床疗效,方法 2005年1月～2010年2月,采用经口咽入路前路松解,一期后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合治疗难复性寰枢椎脱位合并高位颈脊髓压迫共21例.男15例,女6例;年龄26～70岁,平均51岁;病程6～30年.陈旧性齿状突...     

难复性寰枢脱位的影像学表现与前方减压术式选择初探

目的：研究难复性寰枢脱位的影像学特征,探讨延、脊髓前方减压术式的选择。方法：回顾性分析了36例难复性寰枢脱位患者颅颈区X光片、CT和MRI,其中27例作了经后外侧入路前方减压术。结果：23例为枢椎完整型寰枢脱位,其寰椎侧块前移,有3例并寰椎前下旋转,4例并侧方移位,3例单侧关节脱位较严重;21例合并寰椎桃化,其中2例有枕大孔（即枕化的寰椎孔）不规则狭窄,1例有齿突椎体化畸形。13例为齿突不连型寰枢脱位,其中寰椎后脱位1例;寰椎前脱位为半脱位者8例（其中1例为“齿突骨”）,全脱位者4例。术后CT显示,经后外侧入路前方减压的27例中23例骨性减压满意。结论：就前方减压而言,经后外侧入路的治疗有寰椎“旋转”,齿突畸形（如齿突椎体化、“齿突骨”等）或枕大孔不规则狭窄等的寰枢脱位有其优势,经口入路松解并牵引复位治疗齿突不连的寰枢椎全脱位较合理。     

儿童陈旧性寰枢椎旋转半脱位的治疗选择

目的 探讨儿童陈旧性寰枢椎旋转半脱位的治疗方法.方法 自1998年3月～2007年6月收治23例陈旧性寰枢椎旋转半脱位患儿.确诊时间平均4.1个月.入院后予颅骨牵引,完全复位者行头颈胸石膏固定2个月.部分复位及复位后再脱位的行后路寰枢椎复位融合术.脱位无明显改善的行前路下颌下入路松解粘连后后路复位内固定.结果 Ⅰ型脱位5例中4例牵引复位其中1例再脱位;1例不能复位.Ⅱ型14例中9例牵引复位,其中6例再脱位;5例不能复位.Ⅲ型4例中1例牵引复位后再脱位;3例不能复位.随访显示23例斜颈畸形得到明显矫正,患儿没有明显的颈部疼痛.结论 大部分陈旧性脱位闭合复位困难,复位后再脱位发生率高需要手术治疗.手术复位融合寰枢椎治疗效果满意.     

内窥镜辅助下经颈动脉三角区前路松解治疗难复性寰枢关节脱位(附12例初步报告)

目的：探讨内窥镜辅助下经颈动脉三角前路松解治疗难复性寰枢关节脱位的手术方法。方法：12例难复性寰枢关节脱位患者，男性4例，女性8例，年龄16～48岁，平均31．6岁；病程24～48个月。平均20个月。其中陈旧性齿状突骨折5例，齿状突不连3例，横韧带松弛症3例，齿状突短小合并寰枕融合畸形1例。术前颈脊髓功能JOA评分平均9．3分。在内窥镜辅助下经颈动脉三角区前路C1、C2松解，清除寰枢椎前方挛缩瘢痕组织(或骨)连接，颅骨牵引复位，一周后行后路内固定融合手术。结果：前路平均手术时间70min，出血量150ml。松解后11例获得解剖复位，行寰枢椎固定；1例部分复位，行枕颈融合。术后随访3～12个月，无手术切口感染和内固定失败。术后JOA评分平均15．2分，术后功能改善率76．6％。结论：内窥镜辅助下经颈动脉三角区前路松解治疗难复性寰枢关节脱位创伤小、术野清晰、安全有效。     

One‐stage anterior release and reduction with posterior fusion for treatment of irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation

Objective: To analyze the approach and feasibility of one‐stage anterior release and reduction with posterior fusion for irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation. Methods: Ten male and 6 female patients, with an average age of 36 years, including 13 patients with old trauma, 2 with rheumatoid disease, and 1 with os odontoideum were studied. Anterior release and reduction was performed in the supine position. The atlas and vertebra dentate were fixed posteriorly and fused by one stage. Results: All patients were followed up from 15 to 40 months (mean, 23 months), and all gained anatomic reduction and bone fusion. Six months postoperatively, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score of the 12 patients with cord symptoms had improved from 8.3 preoperatively to 13.9, with a mean improvement of 87.5%. Conclusion: Treatment of irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation with one‐stage anterior release and reduction with posterior fusion is a reliable method.     

后路寰椎侧块螺钉结合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗上颈椎不稳

目的：总结应用寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术固定融合治疗寰枢椎不稳的效果，探讨寰枢椎不稳的治疗方法。方法：采用寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术对15例寰枢椎不稳的患者进行了固定术，同时行自体髂骨融合。分别应用Vertex 7例，Axis 3例，和cervifix 5例，齿状突陈旧性骨折5例，新鲜Ⅱc型齿状突骨折6例，先天性游离齿状突4例。寰椎侧块螺钉进钉点选择在寰椎后结节中点旁开18mm～20mm，与后弓下缘以上2mm的交点，钉道方向在冠状面垂直，矢状面上螺钉头端向头侧倾斜约5°.枢椎进钉点为枢椎下关节突根部中点，钉道与矢状面夹角约15°，横断面夹角约30°。螺钉直径3．5mm，寰椎侧块螺钉长度28mm～32mm，枢椎椎弓根螺钉长度为22mm～26mm。结果：所有患者均未发生脊髓损伤和椎动脉损伤。随访10～25个月，平均14个月。术前JOA评分5．1～10．9分，平均7．6分。术后JOA评分13．2～16．8分，平均14．8分，改善率87．5％。植骨块全部融合，无内固定断裂、松动。结论：后路寰椎侧块螺钉与枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术稳定性良好，具有三维固定的优点，值得推广。     

Reduction techniques in the management of atlantoaxial subluxation

Background:

The traditional approach to atlantoaxial subluxation which is irreducible after traction is transoral decompression and reduction or odontoid excision and posterior fixation. Transoral approach is associated with comorbidities. However using a posterior approach a combination of atlantoaxial joint space release and a variety of manipulation procedures, optimal or near optimal reduction can be achieved. We analysed our results in this study based on above procedure.

Materials and Methods:

66 cases treated over a 5 year period were evaluated retrospectively. Three cases treated by occipito cervical fusion were not included in the study. The remaining 63 cases were classified into three types. All except two cases were subjected to primary posterior C1-C2 joint space dissection and release followed by on table manipulation which was tailored to treat the type of atlantoaxial subluxation. Optimal or near optimal reduction was possible in all cases. An anterior transoral decompression was needed only in two cases where a bony growth (callus) between the C1 anterior arch and the odontoid precluded reduction by posterior manipulation. All cases then underwent posterior fusion and fixation procedures. Patients were neurologically and radiologically evaluated at regular followups to assess fusion and stability for a minimum period of 6 months.

Results:

Of the 63 cases who underwent posterior manipulation, 49 cases achieved optimum reduction and the remaining 14 cases showed near optimal reduction. Two cases expired in the postoperative period. None of the remaining cases showed neurological worsening after the procedure. Evaluation at 6 months after surgery revealed good stability and fusion in all except three cases.

Conclusion:

Atlantoaxial joint release and manipulation can be used to achieve reduction in most cases of atlantoaxial subluxation, obivating the need of transoral odontoid excision.     

牵引治疗成人外伤性寰枢椎半脱位

目的:观察改良后的牵引疗法在成人外伤性寰枢椎半脱位中的应用。方法 :对2018年3月至2019年6月收治的31例寰枢椎半脱位患者进行回顾性分析,男15例,女16例;年龄18～68岁,平均39岁,其中18～40岁者10例,41～60岁者15例,51～68岁者6例。主要表现为颈部活动受限,疼痛,寰枢椎CT平扫示不同程度寰枢椎半脱位。运用三维多功能牵引床,牵引2 min,放松10 s,牵引角度以后伸位5°～10°,重量3～6 kg开始,每两天增加重量1 kg,至症状改善后,并以此重量维持治疗。牵引时间为30 min,每天牵引2次,10 d为1个疗程。寰枢椎间隙左右欠等宽1～2 mm者牵引1个疗程,3～4 mm者牵引2个疗程,特别疑难严重者如寰枢椎间隙左右欠等宽4 mm常规疗程无好转者,疗程可以增至3个月。治愈:颈部无疼痛,颈部活动正常范围,CT检查示寰枢椎间隙正常,齿突居中;治疗结束1个月后随访颈部活动正常者。好转:颈部疼痛明显好转,CT检查示寰枢椎间隙左右欠等宽1 mm者。结果:31例患者中,1个疗程治愈者17例;2个疗程治愈者11例,好转2例;3个月治愈者1例。结论:改良后的牵引疗法对成人外伤性寰枢椎半脱位,特别是寰枢椎间隙左右欠等宽3～4 mm的半脱位,有明显的疗效,且此法安全、可靠,患者无不适,疗效较好。     

Traumatic vertical atlantoaxial instability: the risk associated with skull traction. Case report and literature review

Traumatic overdistraction between C1 and C2 may occur ¶when all the ligaments connecting C2 to the skull are ruptured, and ¶may be manifested when an attempt to reduce C1-C2 subluxation is made by means of traction. We describe here the case of a patient with traumatic anterior atlantoaxial dislocation, who developed atlantoaxial ¶vertical dissociation after skull traction using a Gardner-Halo with ¶lb 4.02 (1.5 kg) of weight. The ¶identification of patients who are susceptible to this complication is difficult. In this case, it might have been prevented by avoiding spinal traction. The aim of this report was to show that vertical dissociation may occur in C1-C2 anterior dislocation submitted to spinal traction, and that other forms of reduction must ¶be considered to treat these pathologies and avoid this potentially fatal complication.     

Odontoid fractures: A retrospective analysis of 53 cases

Background:

The management of odontoid fracture has evolved but controversy persists as to the best method for Type II odontoid fractures with or without atlantoaxial (AA) instability. The anterior odontoid screw fixation can be associated with significant morbidity while delayed odontoid screw fixation has shown to be associated with reasonable good fusion rates. We conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the outcome of a trial of conservative management in type II odontoid fractures without atlantoaxial instability (Group A) followed by delayed odontoid screw fixation in cases in which fusion was not achieved by conservative treatment. The outcome of type II odontoid fracture with AA subluxation (Group B) was also analysed where closed reduction on traction could be achieved and in those atlantoaxial subluxations that were irreducible an intraoperative reduction was done.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective evaluation of 53 cases of odontoid fractures treated over a 9-year period is being reported. All odontoid fractures without AA instability (n=29) were initially managed conservatively. Three patients who did not achieve union with conservative management were treated with delayed anterior screw fixation. Twenty-four cases of odontoid fractures were associated with AA instability; 17 of them could be reduced with skeletal traction and were managed with posterior fusion and fixation. Of the seven cases that were irreducible, the initial three cases were treated by odontoid excision followed by posterior fusion and fixation; however, in the later four cases, intra operative reduction was achieved by a manipulation procedure, and posterior fusion and fixation was performed.

Results:

Twenty-six of 29 cases of odontoid fracture without AA instability achieved fracture union with conservative management whereas the remaining three patients achieved union following delayed anterior odontoid screw fixation. 17 out of 24 odontoid fracture with atlantoaxial dislocation could be reduced on traction and these patients underwent posterior fusion and fixation. Optimal or near optimal reduction was achieved by on table manipulation in four cases which were irreducible with skeletal traction. Atlantoaxial stability was achieved in all cases. All cases were noted to be stable on evaluation with x-rays at six months.

Conclusions:

The initial conservative management and use of odontoid screw fixation only in cases where conservative management for 6–12 weeks has failed to provide fracture union have shown good outcome in type II odontoid fracture without AA instability rates. Intraoperative manipulation and reduction in patients where AA subluxation failed to reduce on skeletal traction followed by posterior fusion obviates the need for transoral odontoid excision.     

经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合术治疗寰枢椎失稳

目的:探讨应用寰枢椎椎弓螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎失稳的临床疗效。方法:对2003年6月至2010年3月对收治的32例寰枢椎失稳患者采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术进行治疗,其中男21例,女11例;年龄28～66岁,平均42.5岁;齿状突骨折18例,先天性游离齿状突7例,Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折4例,类风湿性关节炎致寰枢椎不稳3例。所有患者均伴有寰枢椎半脱位或失稳。术前JOA评分4～14分,平均(9.1±0.3)分。术前完善颈椎X线(包括动力位片)、螺旋CT三维重建及MRI等影像学检查,在CT轴位片上对寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置入点、置入角度及钉道长度等数据进行测量,并行颅骨牵引术。手术在全麻下进行,直视下完成寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置入、复位和植骨融合,植骨块被向后预弯的横联紧紧卡压于寰椎后弓与枢椎椎板棘突之间。比较术前和术后6个月的JOA评分,并计算改善率。结果:32例患者共置入寰枢椎螺钉128枚,无脊髓、神经根和椎动脉损伤发生。所有患者获随访,时间6～48个月,平均16个月。术后JOA评分11～17分,平均(15.9±0.2)分,平均改善率为86.1%。骨折的齿状突均完全愈合,植骨块全部融合,无内固定断裂和松动。结论:寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术是治疗寰枢椎失稳的有效方法,具有固定牢靠,操作相对安全方便、融合率高等优点,值得临床应用。     

Atlantoaxial subluxation-induced myelopathy in cleidocranial dysplasia. Case report

The authors describe the clinical course and treatment of a patient with cleidocranial dysplasia in whom spastic myelopathy developed due to atlantoaxial subluxation. This 27-year-old woman with cleidocranial dysplasia and a history of atlantoaxial subluxation presented with spastic myelopathy. Surgery was performed twice for cervical myelopathy and atlantoaxial subluxation, including laminectomy at the atlas and cervicooccipital fusion in which the Luque rod system was used, as well as C1-2 fusion via the transpharyngeal route. Solid bone fusion was achieved by 7 months postsurgery. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrated that spinal cord compression was relieved, but atrophy persisted. At 2 years postsurgery there was no neurological disease progression, but spasticity persisted. The patient could walk with a cane. Cleidocranial dysplasia is an extremely rare cause of myelopathy in patients with atlantoaxial subluxation; the authors know of only two reports of this condition. When managing cleidocranial dysplasia, the practitioner should always be aware that atlantoaxial subluxation may be the cause of cervical myelopathy.     

陈旧性寰椎横韧带断裂的手术治疗

目的探讨陈旧性寰椎横韧带断裂的后路手术治疗。方法回顾性分析12例陈旧性寰椎横韧带断裂病例,患者病程为伤后3个月~2年,平均为12个月,患者均有程度不等的神经损伤表现。X线检查显示寰齿间距(ADI)为6~12mm。所有患者均接受Apofix固定并寰、枢椎融合术。本组患者术前均施行颅骨牵引,以获得寰枢关节复位或接近解剖复位。结果随访6个月~3年,所有患者术后均未出现寰、枢椎不稳定的表现。结论陈旧性寰椎横韧带断裂是导致寰、枢椎不稳定的重要原因之一。其诊断依赖于ADI测量及MRI检查。一旦诊断明确,后路寰枢椎融合术是一种有效的治疗方法。术前牵引复位是施行后路寰枢椎融合术的前提。     

颈后路手术治疗类风湿性寰枢椎不稳

目的：对类风湿性寰枢椎不稳患者颈后路植骨融合、内固定手术进行探讨。方法：对21例类风湿性寰枢椎不稳患者采用颈后路植骨融合、内固定手术，其中7例可复性寰枢椎半脱位行寰枢椎间植骨钛缆或Apofix固定术；14例难以复位者行枕颈间植骨cervifix固定术。结果：随访6～28个月(平均18个月)。21例均无并发症发生，X线显示均获骨性融合，19例患者神经功能获不同程度改善，2例虽无改善但无神经损害发展。结论：颈后路植骨融合、内固定术可为类风湿性寰枢椎不稳的患者提供牢固的融合固定，且以早期手术为佳。