前路螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的疗效分析

目的　研究颈前路螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的疗效。方法　对 7例齿状突骨折患者 ,在X线监测下施行颈前路螺钉内固定法治疗。结果　随访 6～ 16个月 ,全部获得愈合 ,无并发症。结论　齿状突骨折应用螺钉内固定 ,可获得良好的治疗结果     

齿状突螺钉加压固定治疗齿状突骨折

目的：探讨颈前路齿状突螺钉加压固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床效果。方法：对15例齿状突骨折采用牵引复位后行前路单枚齿状突螺钉加压内固定方法治疗。结果：随访6个月－4年2个月，平均11个月，X线片及临床检查骨折均获得骨性愈合，均无明显颈部活动受限。无螺钉移位、断裂等并发症。临床症状完全消失13例，明显减轻2例。结论：前路齿状突螺钉固定牢靠，同时最大限度地保存了寰枢椎的生理活动功能。术前良好的复位是本手术成功的重要前景。     

颈前路加压螺钉固定治疗齿状突骨折

目的：分析颈前路加压螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法：对8例新鲜齿状突Ⅱ型骨折在C型臂X线机监视下行前路加压螺钉内固定治疗，分析其结果及并发症。结果：随访4个月-3年1个月，平均10个月，X线片示骨折均获骨性愈合，无明显颈部运动受限，无螺钉断裂、移位及神经损伤等并发症，临床症状完全消失7例，1例合并颅脑损伤者残留部分头痛、头晕。结论：颈前路加压螺钉内固定技术是治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折可供选择的方法，具有损伤小、并发症少、固定牢靠及愈合率高等优点，能最大限度地保留寰枢椎的生理活动功能。     

前路三钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折

背景：齿状突加寰枢椎前路经关节螺钉内固定是近来治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折的一种新方法,临床报道较少。 目的：探讨颈前路三钉,即齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎前路经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折的方法及疗效。 方法：2008年2月至2011年10月于C型臂X线机透视下行颈前路齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折5例。 结果：5例骨折患者共植入5枚齿状突螺钉,9枚经寰枢关节螺钉,1例因左侧经寰枢关节螺钉进钉点处骨折而行右侧单侧固定。全部获得随访,随访时间为10~30个月,平均18个月,螺钉位置满意,齿状突骨折均获骨性愈合,寰枢关节稳定,无一例发生螺钉松动、断钉,无一例发生脊髓、椎动脉损伤等并发症。 结论：颈前路齿状突螺钉加寰枢椎经关节螺钉内固定治疗寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折,对齿状突直接固定同时即刻稳定寰枢椎,为寰椎-齿状突Ⅱ型骨折患者提供了一种新的治疗方法。     

前路单枚螺钉治疗齿状突骨折的临床观察

目的 评价颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床疗效.方法 对23例齿状突骨折行颈前路单枚螺钉内固定术.结果 患者均获得随访,平均随访11个月,骨折愈合良好,颈椎活动基本恢复正常,无螺钉松动、断裂.21例临床症状完全消失,2例有颈部僵硬感.结论 颈前路单枚螺钉内固定是治疗齿状突骨折的一种有效方法,可最大限度的保留寰枢椎的生理活动功能.     

颈前路空心加压螺钉治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折

目的探讨前路单枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法 C臂X线机透视下采用前路单枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折24例。结果 24例均获随访,时间12-48（24±12）个月。患者全部骨性愈合。无术中及术后并发症。末次随访时无内固定螺钉松动、移位或断裂,颈椎活动无明显受限。结论前路空心加压螺钉固定治疗齿突骨折既可提供良好的稳定性,又能保留寰枢关节活动性,骨折愈合率较高,并发症低,是治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折有效的方法。     

颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折

目的 探讨颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床疗效.方法 对8例Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型齿状突骨折的患者在透视下行颈前路单枚螺钉内固定术,所有患者术前行颅骨牵引复位,术后使用颈托外固定3个月.结果 随访时间6～24个月,平均12个月,本组全部骨折愈合良好,未出现内植物断裂或感染等并发症,颈椎活动基本正常,旋转(90.2±16.8)°,屈伸(40.5±10.1)°,有1例出现螺钉后退.结论 颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型齿状突骨折具有良好的稳定性,保留了寰枢关节运动功能,骨折愈合率较高,并发症低.     

颈前路双空心螺钉内固定治疗成人游离粉碎型齿状突骨折

目的:探讨颈前路双空心螺钉内固定治疗成人游离粉碎型齿状突骨折的疗效。方法:应用颈前路双空心螺钉内固定治疗8例成人游离粉碎型齿状突骨折。按Anderson-D'Alonzo分型,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型3例。结果:7例获得平均13个月随访,骨折复位满意,均获骨性愈合,未出现术中、术后并发症,1例遗留颈部僵硬感,但临床检查无活动受限。结论:颈前路双空心螺钉内固定治疗成人游离粉碎型齿状突骨折效果良好。     

颈前路中空加压螺钉治疗齿状突骨折

目的 介绍前路中空螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的方法.方法 对9例Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的患者,在C臂机透视下,采用枢法模UCSS中空加压螺钉固定齿状突.结果 术后复查X线片及CT提示,所有患者内固定位置良好,手术时间55～120 min,术中出血约30ml,随访5～20 月,所有患者骨性愈合,无神经系统并发症,无螺钉松动及咽部异物感,颈椎旋转及屈伸、侧屈功能基本正常.结论 前路中空螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折,创伤小,固定牢固,同时最大限度保留了寰枢椎关节的生理功能.     

老年Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的治疗

目的：探讨老年Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的治疗方法。方法：1997年1月-2006年8月共收治33例老年Ⅱ型齿状突骨折患者，男13例，女20例，年龄65—89岁，平均78岁。12例采用保守治疗（牵引、颈围、头颈胸石膏固定），9例采取前路单枚螺钉固定，12例采用后路C1-C2融合技术。评价保守治疗、前路手术、后路手术的治疗效果。结果：手术期间无患者死亡，随访11-47个月，平均26个月，保守治疗7例不愈合，前路螺钉固定3例不愈合，后路融合2例不愈合。12例患者随访期间死于其他疾病。结论：对于老年Ⅱ型齿状突骨折应优先考虑手术治疗，对于采用前路手术还是后路手术，需结合患者齿状突具体形态、骨折类型来决定，单纯前路单枚螺钉固定效果并不可靠。     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.