腕管综合征

腕管综合征是正中神经在腕管内被卡压引起的一组症状与体征。解剖特点腕管由骨和韧带形成的隧道,其底及两侧由腕骨组成,腕横韧带横跨其上;尺侧附于豌豆骨和钩骨钩,桡侧为舟骨结节和大多角骨嵴。腕横韧带致密坚固缺乏弹性,近侧1/3平均厚2.5mm,中、远1/3约厚3.6mm。管内有拇长屈肌腱、8根屈指浅、深肌腱和正中神经。10％的人尚有一根较大的正中动脉通过腕管。正中神经位置最浅,在肌腱和腕横韧带之间。腕管内肌腱由尺侧和桡侧滑囊包绕。在腕中立位时腕管容积最大,掌屈则变小。由于这些解剖特点,一旦腕管缩小或内容物增大、增多,正中神经即易被卡压。大鱼际肌运动支在腕横韧带远     

尺侧腕伸肌转位重建拇指外展、对掌功能

我科对20例因正中神经损伤导致拇指丧失对掌、外展功能的病例，行尺侧腕伸肌腱加掌长肌腱转位重建拇指外展、对掌功能，取得良好效果。１资料与方法１．１一般资料本组20例，其中4例因正中神经毁损无缝合条件行急症手术；8例正中神经缝合后形成神经瘤，瘢痕粘连，鱼际肌萎缩，拇指对掌、外展功能丧失；6例断腕再植后拇指功能恢复较差；2例正中神经的腕横支和鱼际肌挫灭伤，外展肌腱毁损，急症重建。１．２手术方法臂丛麻醉后，患肢外展，掌背侧取“S”切口，分离出尺侧腕伸肌，从止点处切断，分离至尺骨茎突处，做皮下隧道，转向掌侧，斜向…     

关节镜镜视下行腕横韧带切开术

目的 介绍在关节镜镜视下行腕横韧带切开术治疗腕管综合的方法。方法 1999年3月以来，对15例（18侧）腕管综合征采用Chow两点法在关节镜镜视下行腕横韧带切开术。腕管入口位于腕横纹近端2－3cm，掌长肌腱尺侧缘。腕关节背伸位时，将带槽套管自腕管入口处对准第3指蹼方向插入，从腕管远端穿出。在关节镜监控下用钩刀切开腕横韧带。结果 术后随访2－16上月，平均7个月。术后桡侧3指半的感觉已恢复正常。3例有拇指对掌功能和大鱼际肌萎缩者，术后3－6个月均恢复正常。无血管神经损伤和感染等并发症发生。结论 关节镜镜视下切开腕横韧带治疗腕管综合征是安全有效的微创手术。     

腕部三神经阻滞在断指再植术的应用

断指再植术 ,以往常规选择臂丛神经阻滞麻醉或高位硬膜外麻醉。我们改行腕部三神经 (桡神经、正中神经、尺神经 )阻滞麻醉 ,取得良好的效果。资料与方法腕部三神经阻滞麻醉 ,用于断指再植手术 2 2例 ,ＡＳＡⅠ级 ,男 19例 ,女 3例 ,年龄 17～ 5 6岁。结合手部感觉神经的分布 ,分别为拇、食、中指选用正中神经加桡神经浅支 ;环指选用正中神经加尺神经 ,小指选用尺神经。在腕部 ,正中神经处于前臂深筋膜之下 ,在桡侧腕屈肌腱与掌长肌腱之间。尺神经表浅 ,位于腕部第二条横线 ,即近侧掌横纹 ,与尺侧屈腕肌肌腱桡侧缘的交点处或腕部尺神经管内。…     

小双切口治疗腕管综合征15例体会

目的 介绍应用小双切口作腕管切开治疗腕管综合征的方法及临床效果。方法 在掌长肌腱尺侧，平行远侧腕横纹作1．5cm长的横切口，腕横纹以远2．5cm为中心沿鱼际肌纹作1cm长的纵切口，分别显露腕横韧带远近缘及指屈肌腱及正中神经，直视下将腕横韧带完全切开，正中神经外膜松解3例，鱼际肌支松解1例。结果 术后2周，15例症状完全消失，拇、示、中3指指腹两点辨别觉恢复正常。术后1年随访，术前大鱼际肌萎缩5例，肌萎缩明显改善，拇指对掌功能恢复正常。全部病例无1例产生腕掌部瘢痕疼痛及尺神经、掌浅弓损伤等并发症。结论 小双切口行腕管松解术，可操作窄间大，并发症少，术后美观。是治疗腕管综合征的有效方法。     

手腕部神经阻滞的体会

1992年4月以来,我院对手部创伤致掌、指骨骨折及皮肤软组织撕裂伤的患者,行腕部尺神经、正中神经、桡神经阻滞,共47例,效果满意.操作方法:患者手掌向上平放于桌面,由尺骨茎突经腕部掌面划一横线.正中神经阻滞在上述横线上,掌长肌和桡侧屈腕肌腱之间,自皮肤垂直进针,遇有异感即注入麻药5ml;尺神经阻滞,在尺骨茎突稍近端的平面上,尺侧屈腕肌腱尺侧垂直进针与肌腱紧贴,有异感即注麻药5ml;桡神经在桡骨茎突的前臂处皮下浸润,并向掌面和背面分     

伸腕、伸指和伸拇功能重建的手术图解

因桡神经不可逆损伤,造成伸腕、伸指、伸拇和拇指桡侧外展功能丧失,可用正中神经和尺神经支配的前臂屈肌移位重建其功能。修复的方式较多,至今在临床上被公认为是标准的、疗效最好的肌腱移位术,是1960年Boyes提出的肌腱移位组合方式:即用旋前圆肌移位修复桡侧腕长短伸肌,尺侧腕屈肌移位修复指总伸肌,掌长肌移位修复拇长伸肌的方式。1 适应证用正中神经、尺神经支配的前臂屈肌移位,修复伸腕、伸指和伸拇功能,主要用于桡神经不可逆     

腕部小横切口治疗腕管综合征

目的设计及应用小横切口作腕管松解术,并分析其治疗腕管综合征的疗效。方法在掌长肌腱尺侧,远侧腕横纹作2 cm长的横切口,显露腕横韧带近缘及指屈肌腱,切除水肿的屈肌腱滑膜,在直视下将腕横韧带部分切除。结果术后随访2周,32例的症状完全消失,拇、示、中3指指腹两点辨别觉恢复正常。术后1 a随访,19例术前大鱼际肌萎缩者,肌萎缩明显改善,拇指对掌功能恢复正常。无1例产生腕掌部瘢痕痛及尺神经、掌浅弓损伤等并发症。结论腕部小切口直视下行腕管松解术,是一种有效的新方法。     

内窥镜Chow法治疗腕管综合征

目的探讨内窥镜镜视下Chow法行钩刀或推刀切断腕横韧带,解除正中神经压迫的手术方法和疗效。方法2004年5月-2009年8月,对76例（85侧）腕管综合征患者采用Chow法在内窥镜镜视下行腕横韧带切开术。结果经2～18月随访,伤口均一期愈合,无血管神经损伤,无手掌部疼痛,无伤口感染,多数患者术后夜麻即消失,术后4周桡侧三个半指感觉恢复正常,麻木、疼痛症状明显缓解,10周左右拇对掌功能恢复。Kelly分级评定：优（症状完全消失）58侧,良（明显缓解）21侧,一般（症状轻度减轻）5侧,差（症状不变或加重）1侧,优良率92．94％。结论Chow法内窥镜镜视下切开腕横韧带治疗腕管综合征是安全有效的微创手术。     

掌长肌腱深浅层正中神经阻滞麻醉的研究与应用

目的介绍一种用于手部手术的腕部正中神经阻滞麻醉的新方法。方法在腕部掌侧远端腕掌横纹近侧2cm，于掌长肌腱的尺侧进针，将局麻药注射在掌长肌腱的深层，麻醉正中神经主干；另将局麻药注射在掌长肌腱及深筋膜浅层，麻醉正中神经的掌皮支。结果麻醉起效时间2～23min，平均9．1min。手掌桡侧半、桡侧三个半手指掌侧、示指及中指中远节背侧、环指中远节背桡侧均起到麻醉效果。132例患者中仅2例出现拇指掌侧及示指桡侧麻醉不完善，追加指根阻滞麻醉后手术得以顺利进行。结论对于手部掌桡侧半手术，应用腕部掌长肌腱深、浅层正中神经阻滞麻醉法，患者痛苦相对较小，麻醉确切，安全可靠，是一种较理想的麻醉方法。     

Endoscopic carpal tunnel release: an anatomic study of the two-incision method in human cadavers.

To determine the relationship of neurovascular structures to the sites of portal placement and transverse carpal ligament division during two-portal endoscopic carpal tunnel release, a study of 20 fresh cadaver specimens was carried out. Open dissection of the carpal tunnel after endoscopic surgery showed complete ligamentous release in 18 hands (90%). In 10 specimens, the procedure was performed as described by Chow. There was one partial transection of the superficial palmar arch (5%), and five specimens (50%) had complete divisions of the superficial palmar fascia with considerable pressure placed on the ulnar nerve at the wrist. A modified technique was used in 10 specimens in which the proximal incision was made in a more distal location and a distally based ligamentous flap was created. The superficial palmar arch and the distal edge of the transverse carpal ligament were visualized directly before passage of the trocar. No complications were noted with this method.     

微型钩刀治疗腕管综合征12例报告

目的 观察微型钩刀治疗腕管综合征的疗效。方法 在掌长肌腱尺侧，距腕横纹近侧1cm作1cm长的横切口，分离到深筋膜并切开，插入槽型扩张导管，在槽的导引下插入微型钩刀，从远至近把腕横韧带完全钩割开。结果 术后4周随访，12例中10例症状完全消失，2例症状改善；术后随访1年，3例术前大鱼际肌肉明显萎缩，都有明显好转。结论 微型钩刀治疗腕管综合征是一种简单、安全有效的治疗方法。     

小切口治疗腕管综合征14例报告

Objective　To introduce the technique of carpal tunnel release by small incision,and evaluate its outcome in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.Methods　This method was applied in the operations of 14 cases of carpal tunnel syndrome.An incision 1.5 cm in length was made at the level of the proximal transverse wrist crease ulnar to the palmaris longus tendon.The proximal margin of the transverse carpal ligament was visualized and the ligament was cut subcutaneously under direct vision.The flexor digitorum tendons were retracted and the edematous synovium excised.Results　Follow - up of the patients 2 weeks postoperatively showed that the symptoms of numbess and pain disappeared in all 14 cases.Normal 2 - PD in the pulp of the thumb,index finger and long finger was ＜ 4 mm.One year after the operation,muscle atrophy in 5 patients who sustained preoperative thenar muscle atrophy was greatly improved with recovery of normal opponens function of the thumb.No pillar pain and injury of the ulnar nerve and superficial palmar arch was found.Conclusion　Carpal tunnel release under direct vision through a small incision is a new and effective surgical procedure.     

Complete division of the flexor pollicis longus tendon as a rare complication in open carpal tunnel release: a case report

A rare case of complete division of the flexor pollicis longus tendon as a complication of open carpal tunnel using a short-incision is reported. The tendon was cut directly beneath the proximal edge of the transverse carpal ligament. Furthermore, the transverse carpal ligament was split incompletely. A few days after surgery, the patient noted that she was unable to flex the thumb interphalangeal joint. A re-operation completely releasing the transverse carpal ligament and suturing the lacerated tendon was performed 2 weeks later.     

内窥镜下松解腕管综合征的神经并发症

目的 报道内窥镜治疗腕管综合征时引起神经损伤的原因。方法 1997年至2003年，应用内窥镜治疗腕管综合征136例。对其中2例在内窥镜术后发生并发症的患者，在直视下再次进行手术探查，以明确神经损伤的部位及性质，并探讨引起神经损伤的原因。结果 1例正中神经在腕管内与腕横韧带粘连，在切断腕横韧带时同时损伤相连的正中神经外膜与部分束膜。经神经外膜松解后症状缓解。另1例正中神经掌皮支起始部发生变异，在内窥镜插入腕上切口处，直接损伤该皮支；经神经松解后症状缓解。结论 内窥镜治疗腕管综合征，通常是安全有效的。但在解剖变异及内窥镜下手术有困难时，易发生神经损伤，再次进行手术松解，症状缓解。     

自制器械关节镜下单通道治疗腕管综合征的疗效观察

目的：探讨自制器械关节镜下单通道治疗腕管综合征的疗效。方法：将2014年1月至2019年12月收治的60例原发性腕管综合征病例,分为关节镜组和传统手术组,关节镜组30例,男12例,女18例,年龄（47.5±4.5）岁,病程（6.6±4.2）个月;传统手术组30例,男10例,女20例,年龄（48.5±3.5）岁,病程（5.6±4.4）个月。两组均为单侧。根据腕关节的解剖及治疗需要切断腕横韧带和关节镜的特点自行设计了器械,包括套管、内心、钩刀。将两组患者分别进行关节镜联合自制器械单通道治疗和传统腕横韧带切开减压手术治疗,对两组患者的切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、住院费用、住院时间、恢复工作时间进行统计比较,采用波士顿腕管量表（Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire,BCTQ）评分评估临床疗效。结果：关节镜组在切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间方面均较传统手术组具明显优势,住院总费用增加。术后BCTQ评分,术后1个月两组功能评分差异有统计学意义,关节镜组优于传统手术组;术后3、6个月总分差异无统计学意义。结论：关节镜联合自制器械单通道治疗腕管综合征较开放性手术疗效可靠、微创、手术过程简化,但术前应明确诊断,选择合适病例才能取得满意的临床疗效。     

Investigation of segmental carpal tunnel pressure in patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome--is it necessary to release the distal aponeurotic portion of the flexor retinaculum in endoscopic carpal tunnel release surgery?

Segmental carpal tunnel pressure was measured in 12 hands of 11 idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome patients before and after two-portal endoscopic carpal tunnel release. We aimed to determine at which part of the carpal tunnel the median nerve could be compressed, and to evaluate whether carpal tunnel pressure could be reduced sufficiently at all segments of the carpal tunnel after the surgery. Pressure measurements were performed using a pressure guide wire. The site with the highest pressure corresponded to the area around the hamate hook; the pressure in the area distal to the flexor retinaculum could be pathogenically high (more than 30 mmHg) before the surgery. The two-portal endoscopic carpal tunnel release achieved sufficient pressure reduction in all segments of the carpal tunnel when the flexor retinaculum and the fibrous structure between the flexor retinaculum and the palmar aponeurosis were completely released.     

Endoscopic carpal tunnel release: Development of a new device

The carpal tunnel syndrome is traditionally treated through an open incision. To reduce scar formation and postoperative recovery time, endoscopic methods were developed. These methods have one major problem in common, as cadaver studies show, which is the incomplete release of the transverse carpal ligament. To avoid this severe complication, we started to develop an instrument which allows to perform complete releases. Therefore we worked from the very beginning with a pair of basket forceps, which divides ligament tissue safely, completely and additionally performs partial resection of the ligament during the procedure. The new device is based on a standard 4.0 mm, 30° angled scope. Subligamental, dorsal tissue is bluntly dissected from the transverse carpal ligament by an 80 mm cannula that has a longitudinal notch. Λ 2.5 mm basket forceps is introduced and securely guided within this notch. Using the basket forceps endoscopic carpal tunnel release was performed in a uni-portal approach on 7 cadaver hands followed by a duo-portal approach on 7 additional cadaver hands. Succeeding endoscopic carpal tunnel release, the transverse carpal ligament and adjoining structures were exposed and scrutinized for unintended injuries. In the duo-portal approach all ligaments were completely divided. There were no complications (laceration of nerves, vessels, tendons) found after endoscopic carpal tunnel release in all cadaveric hands. Conclusion: The developed device seems in its technique and potential for prevention of iatrogenic injuries superior to other endoscopic systems, since it not only permits endoscopic carpal tunnel release under direct visualization but also results in the partial resection of the ligament during the procedure, thus reducing the risk of later recurrencies.     

Practical anatomy of the carpal tunnel

The carpal tunnel is most narrow at the level of the hook of the hamate. The median nerve is the most superficial structure. It has specific relationships to surrounding structures within the carpal tunnel to the ulnar bursa, flexor tendons, and endoscopic devices placed inside the canal. The importance of the ring finger axis is stressed. Knowledge of topographical landmarks that mark the borders of the carpal tunnel, the hook of the hamate, superficial arch, and thenar branch of the median nerve ensure appropriate incision placement for endoscopic as well as open carpal tunnel release surgery. Anatomy of the transverse carpal ligament, its layers and relationships to adjacent structures including the fad pad, Guyon's canal, palmar fascia, and thenar muscles has been discussed. Fibers derived primarily from thenar muscle fascia with connections to the hypothenar muscle fascia and dorsal fascia of the palmaris brevis form a separate fascial layer directly palmar to the TCL and can be retained. This helps to preserve postoperative pinch strength. The fat pad in line with the ring finger axis overlaps the deep surface of the distal edge of the TCL and must be retracted in order to visualize the distal end of the ligament. Whereas the ulnar artery within Guyon's canal is frequently located radial to the hook of the hamate, injury to this structure has not been a problem during ECTR surgery. Variations of the median nerve and its branches, as well as the palmar cutaneous nerve distribution, have been reviewed. A rare ulnar-sided thenar branch from the median nerve, interconnecting branches between the ulnar and median nerves located just distal to the end of the TCL, and transverse ulnar-based cutaneous nerves can be injured during open or ECTR surgery. Anomalous muscles, tendons or interconnections, and the lumbricals during finger flexion may be seen within the carpal tunnel. These structures can be the cause of compression of the median nerve. The anatomy of the carpal tunnel and surrounding structures have been reviewed with emphasis on clinical applications to endoscopic and open carpal tunnel surgery. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the carpal tunnel is essential in order to avoid complications and to ensure optimal patient outcome. An understanding of the contents and their positions and relationships to each other allows the surgeon to perform a correct approach and accurately identify structures during procedures at or near the carpal tunnel.