急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层并灌注不良的腔内治疗

目的 总结急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层并内脏或下肢动脉灌注不良的腔内治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2001年7月至2012年12月收治的23例急性Stanford B型主动脉夹层并内脏或下肢动脉灌注不良患者的临床资料,其中男20例,女3例,年龄42～ 75岁,平均(52±9)岁.5例(21.7％)肾动脉缺血,9例(39.1％)肠系膜上动脉缺血,3例(13％)腹腔干缺血,6例(20.1％)下肢缺血(左下肢坏死1例).其中2例同时有肾动脉及下肢动脉缺血.分别采用不同的腔内技术治疗.结果 23例支架人工血管成功覆盖近端第一破口.11例(47.8％)其他分支动脉植入了支架.23例患者灌注不良得到改善,手术技术成功率100％.1例合并右髂动脉闭塞致下肢缺血者,支架人工血管覆盖第一破口并右髂动脉内植入支架后治愈.1例合并下肢动脉缺血坏死者支架人工血管植入术后一期行大腿中上段截肢术.23例患者均获随访,随访6 ～72个月,平均(21±11)个月,无移植物移位及器官缺血.本组无截瘫病例.结论 腔内支架人工血管植入覆盖主动脉夹层第1破口是首选的治疗手段.部分患者尚需结合分支动脉支架植入等方法来进一步治疗.     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症腔内治疗并发急性肢体缺血原因分析及防治

目的 探讨下肢动脉硬化闭塞症腔内治疗中并发急性肢体缺血的防治体会.方法 回顾性分析2003年6月至2012年4月接受腔内治疗的下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者685例,并发急性肢体缺血54例;其中男性43例,女性11例,年龄56 ～ 82岁,平均72.3岁.缺血原因包括动脉栓塞43例(6.3％),血栓形成8例(1.2％),动脉夹层3例(0.3％);发生在球囊血管成形及支架植入过程中36例,导管溶栓中17例,SilverHawk斑块切除中1例.采用腔内治疗32例,手术治疗9例,腔内治疗联合手术治疗13例.结果 50例患者治疗成功,4例治疗失败行手术截肢,无死亡病例.术后45例获得随访,随访3～96个月,平均40.3个月.随访中动脉栓塞患者下肢缺血症状复发6例,再次予以腔内治疗4例,2例行截趾术;血栓患者1例旁路术后吻合口狭窄予以球囊血管成形,1例支架内再狭窄行球囊血管成形支架植入;夹层患者1例膝下动脉支架闭塞,予以药物保守治疗,症状减轻.4例截肢患者随访情况良好.结论 腔内治疗术中并发急性肢体缺血多数患者可采用腔内技术处理,腔内治疗效果不佳时应转开放手术.     

下肢动脉腔内成形治疗下肢动脉旁路移植后血管闭塞导致的严重缺血

目的探讨下肢动脉腔内成形治疗下肢动脉旁路移植后血管闭塞严重缺血的疗效。方法回顾分析2004年1月～2012年9月6例因下肢动脉旁路移植后血管闭塞出现严重缺血而接受下肢动脉腔内成形的临床资料。结果 6例技术均获成功,无并发症或严重心血管不良事件发生。随访时间1～79个月,平均23.5月。术后溃疡愈合,踝肱比值（ABI）0.90～1.07,患肢保存。结论初步观察,下肢动脉腔内成形治疗下肢动脉旁路移植后血管闭塞严重缺血,疗效满意。     

个体化血管重建术治疗下肢多平面动脉硬化闭塞症

目的 观察序贯立交搭桥或结合腔内技术治疗下肢多平面动脉硬化闭塞症的临床效果。方法 2004年4月～2005年7月，对11例14条下肢多平面动脉硬化闭塞症患者，采用序贯立交搭桥或动脉内膜剥脱术或腔内外结合手术治疗。其中男10例，女1例；年龄62～79岁，平均70．5岁。表现为间歇性跛行8例（FontaineⅡ期），静息痛3例（Fontaine Ⅲ期），足趾溃疡、坏疽1例（FontaineⅣ期）。彩色多普勒检查示14条下肢均为多平面动脉硬化闭塞，踝肱指数（ankle brachialindex，ABI）为0．36±0．11。下肢数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography，DSA）显示双侧髂总动脉闭塞2em、髂外动脉闭塞、双侧股浅动脉闭塞3例，右侧髂总动脉狭窄、髂外动脉闭塞、双侧股浅动脉闭塞1例，单侧髂外动脉狭窄、股浅动脉闭塞7例。术后行DSA、彩色多普勒检查及ABI测定，观察血管通畅情况。结果 术后无死亡。患者均获随访3～26个月，平均14．5个月。间歇性跛行、静息痛等症状均消失，ABI术后为0．89±0．13，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。肢体获救率100％。术后3～280d行下肢DSA显示转流血管通畅率为92．86％（13／14）。结论 序贯立交搭桥或腔内外手术结合，是治疗严重下肢多平面动脉硬化闭塞症的一种可靠、安全、相对微创的治疗方法。     

下肢主干动脉损伤治疗23例

目的探讨进一步完善下肢主干动脉损伤的治疗方法,提高治疗效果。方法对23例下肢主干动脉损伤患者行手术探查治疗。结果21例肢体远端血供恢复良好（占86．9％）,2例合并严重感染截肢（占13．1％）。结论下肢主干动脉损伤及时发现采取手术探查修复效果好。     

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目的 探讨腹主动脉瘤（AAA）手术合并急性下肢动脉缺血的病因、预防和治疗。方法 对1979－2001年AAA术后急性下肢动脉缺血6例临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 6例均经手术治疗。5例行股动脉切开、Fogarty管取栓术，3例行再次开腹探查，取栓或旁路术，肢体保存3例，因合并多器官系统功能衰竭（MOSF）死亡3例。结论 避免动脉硬化斑块脱落和防止血栓形成是预防急性下肢动脉缺血的关键，可提高AAA手术存活率。     

血管腔内介入联合外科手术治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症

目的：探讨下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗手段及临床疗效。方法：采用下肢动脉球囊扩张、支架植入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形及原位大隐静脉动脉化,治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症31例（36条患肢）,行髂动脉支架植入球囊扩张术33条患肢;股总动脉支架植入球囊扩张术3条患肢,23条患肢行股一胭动脉人工血管旁路术,12条患肢行股深动脉成形术,6条行原位的大隐静脉动脉化。结果：手术均获得成功,未出现严重并发症。术后踝肱指数（0．65±0．18）与术前（0．25±0．11）相比较有明显提高（P〈0．05）。平均随访14个月（2～24个月）,与术前相比,患者术后症状明显好转,跛行距离加大（〉1000m）。结论：下肢动脉腔内介入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形术、大隐静脉动脉化等是治疗多节段多平面下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的有效方法。     

下肢动脉闭塞症的治疗

目的探讨下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的腔内及联合手术治疗及效果。方法回顾性分析48例下肢动脉硬化闭塞、多阶段闭塞及手术后再狭窄者的临床资料。结果对24例患者采取单纯的腔内治疗、(4例例单纯气囊扩张,20加行内置支架),24例采用腔内治疗联合人工血管旁路术及人工血管吻合口狭窄支架术。48例术后症状均有不同程度的改善,间歇性跛行消失或跛行距离增大,静息痛消失或减轻,肢体末端溃疡愈合。ABI较术前明显升高(P0.01)。46例获3～82个月随访,43例情况良好。结论对下肢动脉缺血性疾病,合理选择血管腔内治疗、腔内治疗联合人工血管旁路术及人工血管吻合口狭窄支架术,可降低并发症率及病死率,术后血管通常率大幅提高。     

小腿动脉闭塞腔内治疗初探

动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病动脉硬化引起的下肢动脉狭窄和(或)闭塞,常累及远端腘动脉和小腿动脉,导致肢体远端严重缺血,传统手术效果差,截肢率高.近10年来,应用多种新型导管,开创了膝下动脉的腔内治疗,挽救了许多濒危肢体.我院于2006年11月至2007年5月,为病变累及小腿动脉的27例下肢动脉缺血患者作了腔内治疗,现将初步结果报告如下.     

股深动脉成形联合髂动脉支架治疗高危重症下肢缺血18例

目的：探讨股深动脉成形联合髂动脉支架植入治疗高危、重症下肢动脉闭塞缺血的效果。方法：对18例（26条肢体）重症、高危下肢动脉广泛闭塞患者采用术中髂动脉球囊扩张和支架植入联合股深动脉成形术治疗。通过观察患肢间歇性跛行距离,踝肱指数等指标改善情况进行评估。结果：髂动脉球囊扩张和支架植入20条肢体、股深动脉成形22条肢体、股-股动脉人工血管转流6条肢体均获得成功,平均随访（16±8.5）个月（3～26个月）,踝肱指数明显提高,静息痛均消失。结论：股深动脉成形联合髂动脉支架植入是治疗高危、重症下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的安全、有效方法。     

下肢动脉急性缺血致横纹肌溶解征的临床分析

目的探讨下肢动脉急性缺血致横纹肌溶解征的治疗及转归。方法回顾性分析2001～2003年11例下肢动脉急性缺血并发横纹肌溶解征患者的治疗。全部病例首先均行手术取栓治疗,4例截肢。结果6例痊愈(54.5%);5例并发急性肾功能衰竭(45.5%),其中1例因多器官功能衰竭死亡(9.1%)。结论急性肾功能衰竭是下肢动脉急性缺血致横纹肌溶解征的危重并发症,及时截肢是重症患者取得好的预后的关键。     

AngioJet在下肢动脉血栓栓塞性疾病治疗中应用

目的:探讨使用AngioJet治疗下肢动脉血栓栓塞性疾病的临床效果并总结初步经验。方法:回顾性分析2016年8月―2017年7月复旦大学附属中山医院血管外科使用AngioJet血栓抽吸系统治疗10例下肢动脉血栓栓塞性疾病患者(急性下肢动脉栓塞3例,下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症基础上急性血栓形成5例,原发性血栓形成2例)的临床资料。结果:该10例(平均年龄61.60岁)手术均通过单独使用AngioJet或AngioJet联合其他方法获得成功,技术成功率100%。其中2例AngioJet抽吸后狭窄消失,6例患者使用AngioJet抽吸后有残余狭窄结合球囊扩张,2例抽吸后有残余狭窄结合球囊扩张+支架成形。由于抽吸后有残余血栓存在,3例行AngioJet吸栓+球囊扩张者和1例AngioJet吸栓+球囊扩张+支架植入者辅以喷药溶栓,1例行AngioJet吸栓+球囊扩张者和1例AngioJet吸栓+球囊扩张+支架植入者辅以置管溶栓(CDT)。术后平均住院(3.9±2.33)d,患者术后踝/肱指数较术前明显提高(0.84 vs.0.37,P0.05)。术后1例出现血尿,1例出现轻度肾功能损害。疗效评估结果为痊愈6例,良好4例。目前7例患者完成了6个月随访,无肢体缺血加重情况。结论:对于急性下肢动脉血栓栓塞性疾病,使用AngioJet导管抽吸血栓安全、有效、创伤小。较为适合于股腘段血栓栓塞性病变,吸栓后残余狭窄明显可结合球囊扩张或支架植入,抽吸血栓效果不佳的可辅以CDT。     

Percutaneous isolated limb perfusion with thrombolytics for severe limb ischemia

Patients with severe tibioperoneal disease are poor candidates for a distal bypass. Absence of a distal target, lack of conduit, or multiple medical problems can make these patients a prohibitive risk for revascularization. Acute on chronic ischemia in this group poses a greater challenge. Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemia can be prolonged and carries a significant risk of bleeding if continued beyond 24 hours. However, if the ischemic limbs can be isolated from the systemic circulation, a higher dose of the lytic agent can be given with lower risk. These are the initial results of a series of 10 patients who underwent percutaneous isolated limb perfusion with a high dose of thrombolytics for severe ischemia. Ten patients (lower extremity 8 and upper extremity 2) presented with severe limb-threatening ischemia. Mean ankle/brachial index (ABI) was 0.15 for the lower extremity, and there were no recordable digital pressures in patients with upper extremity ischemia. No distal target was visible on the initial arteriogram. These patients were then taken to the operating room, and under anesthesia, catheters were placed in an antegrade fashion via femoral approach in the popliteal artery and vein percutaneously. For upper extremity, the catheters were placed in the brachial artery and vein. A proximal tourniquet was then applied. This isolated the limb from the systemic circulation. Heparinized saline was infused through the arterial catheter while the venous catheter was left open. A closed loop or an isolated limb perfusion was confirmed when effluent became clear coming out of the venous port. A high dose of thrombolytic agent (urokinase 500,000 to 1,000,000 U) was infused into the isolated limb via the arterial catheter and drained out of the venous catheter. After 45 minutes, arterial flow was reestablished. In 4 patients, Reopro((R)) was used in addition to thrombolytics. Postprocedure angiograms showed minimal changes, but patients exhibited marked clinical improvement. The ABI changed from 0.15 to 0.5 in the lower extremity and near-normal digital pressures in upper extremity ischemia. Limb salvage and symptomatic relief at 6 months was 90%. All patients except one were kept on anticoagulation postoperatively. No bleeding complications were observed from the procedure. Percutaneous isolated limb perfusion brought symptomatic relief to patients presenting with acute on chronic limb ischemia. This can be an alternate option for patients facing amputation with no revascularization options.     

介入治疗糖尿病下肢动脉病变对血管内皮功能和炎症反应的影响

目的观察介入治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)下肢动脉病变(PAD)对血管内皮功能及炎症反应的影响。方法以接受介入治疗的T2DM合并PAD(FontaineⅡb~Ⅳ期)患者78例作为介入组,介入治疗前常规检查并取静脉血检测血管性血友病因子(vWF)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,术中于介入操作前、病变部位开通血管前及开通血管后分别取动脉血,并于治疗后24h、48h、1周、2周分别取静脉血检测vWF、hs-CRP,观察内皮功能、炎症指标变化,同时观察其他临床指标。以同期下肢动脉造影正常的T2DM患者12例作为对照组,取静脉血和动脉血检测vWF、hs-CRP。结果介入组介入术前静脉血、动脉血vWF、hs-CRP水平均明显高于对照组(P均0.01)。介入组介入病变部位开通血管前动脉血vWF、hs-CRP水平明显高于介入操作前(P均0.01);病变部位开通血管后动脉血vWF水平明显高于开通血管前(P0.01),hs-CRP水平则无明显变化。结论 T2DM下肢动脉病变所致下肢缺血可引起血管内皮功能紊乱和炎症反应指标升高;介入治疗可能会进一步加重动脉内皮功能损伤和炎症反应,应早期进行内皮功能保护和抗感染治疗。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变

目的分析彩色多普勒超声用于诊断2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变的价值。方法对800例2型糖尿病患者的3组下肢动脉：胫前动脉（ATA）、胫后动脉（PTA）和足背动脉（DPA）行彩色多普勒超声检查,从管径、斑块及血流动力学方面进行比较。结果糖尿病患者下肢动脉出现斑块最多、狭窄最严重的是ATA远心端和DPA,PTA斑块相对较少,狭窄较轻。糖尿病包括糖尿病足双侧下肢动脉在管径、管腔最大狭窄率及血流动力学方面差异无统计学意义,病变程度相当。结论彩色多普勒超声在诊断糖尿病下肢动脉病变中具有重要价值,有助于了解血管狭窄程度及血流动力学方面的信息,指导临床治疗。     

Treatment strategy for acute type A aortic dissection; how to manage mesenteric ischemia

Mesenteric ischemia is a dreaded complication of acute type A aortic dissection. From January 1994 to December 2004, 134 patients with acute type A aortic dissection were operated. Eleven patients showed postoperative mesenteric ischemia. Mortality of such patients was much higher than that without mesenteric ischemia (81.8 vs. 10.6% , p < 0.0001). Preoperative mesenteric and/or lower extremity ischemia were revealed to be the risk factors of postoperative mesenteric ischemia. Our strategy to manage these patients is as follows; patients who are suffering mesenteric and/or lower extremity ischemia preoperatively, or those whose computed tomography (CT) shows stenosis, obstruction, or dissection of the superior mesenteric artery, should be recognized as high-risk patients of postoperative mesenteric ischemia. Their mesenteric circulation should be examined directly with laparotomy after the central repair. If the mesenteric circulation seems to be suboptimal, iliac artery-superior mesenteric artery bypass should be performed.     

Acute ischemia of the upper extremity: long-term results following thrombembolectomy with the Fogarty catheter

OBJECTIVE: In 1962, the procedure of arterial thrombembolectomy with the Fogarty catheter was established. Numerous studies have been published studying thrombembolectomies of the lower extremities. Limited information, however, is available following thrombembolectomy of the upper extremity after arterial occlusion. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to determine long-term results (3-5 years after thrombembolectomy) following thrombembolectomy of the upper extremity with the Fogarty catheter in a large retrospective clinical study. DESIGN: In the present study, 251 patients were encountered. Over a period of 20 years, 283 thrombembolectomies with the Fogarty catheter were performed on the upper extremity at the surgical department of the University of Munich. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The appearance of local and general complications in the postoperative phase, as well as long-term results, were evaluated. RESULTS: The results indicate that general complications - i.e., cardiac insufficiency, cerebral ischemia, etc. - occurred in 18 patients (7.2%). Local complications - i.e., wound infection, persistence of ischemia, or hematoma - were evident in 51 patients (20.3%). Re-occlusion following thrombembolectomy was found in 21 patients (8.8%). The affected extremity had to be amputated in five cases (2.0%), and 14 patients (5.6%) died during the postoperative phase. As a result of multimorbidity of the patients and average age at the time of surgery (73 years), 40% of the patients had died before the date of examination. Nonetheless, 111 patients of the 117 living patients showed no complaints or minor coldness and pain following heavy exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that, in most cases, thrombembolectomy with the Fogarty catheter represents a successful surgical method for the acute treatment of arterial occlusion of the upper extremity.     

急性下肢动脉缺血的手术治疗和术后并发症的防治：附32例报告

摘要：目的 探讨急性下肢动脉缺血的有效治疗措施及并发症的防治方法。方法 回顾性分析32例急性下肢动脉缺血患者的诊治经验。4例行非手术治疗，28例行急诊手术，其中25例行股动脉切开Fogarty 导管取栓术（7例同时行血管成型术），3例取栓后行截肢术。结果 非手术组死亡1例，手术组无死亡病例。3例截肢，28例肢体得以保存。 结论 急诊股动脉切开取栓术为治疗急性下肢动脉缺血的首选治疗方案。该方法有助于降低病死率和截肢率。     

Long-term results of femoroinfrapopliteal bypass in diabetic patients with severe ischemia of the lower extremity.

In patients with severe lower extremity ischemia (ischemic necrosis or pain at rest associated with physical findings of peripheral arterial insufficiency), diabetes mellitus should not deter thorough arteriography and consideration of arterial reconstruction. Infrapopliteal bypass can produce prolonged limb salvage in diabetic patients in lieu of primary amputation.