超声弹性成像联合超声BI-RADS评分分级在乳腺肿块良恶性诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声弹性成像和超声图像报告与数据系统(BI-RADS评分分级)在乳腺肿块良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 116例患者175个乳腺肿块术前分别行超声弹性成像评分、BI-RADS评分分级及超声弹性成像评分联合BI-RADS评分分级检查,结果与病理对照分析,以评价其对肿块的诊断价值。结果 175个乳腺肿块,术后病理诊断为恶性77个,良性98个。恶性肿块BI-RADS评分分级和超声弹性成像评分明显高于良性肿块(P<0.05);超声弹性成像评分与BI-RADS评分分级在乳腺肿块良恶性诊断中的敏感性、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值间比较差异均无统计学意义;超声弹性成像评分联合BI-RADS评分分级诊断乳腺肿块良恶性与两种方法单独诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论超声弹性成像评分与BI-RADS评分分级联合应用有助于鉴别诊断乳腺肿块的良恶性,可提高诊断准确性。     

剪切波弹性成像在乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:应用剪切波超声弹性成像技术测定乳腺良恶性病灶的弹性模量值,评价该技术在乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:收集我院经手术病理证实的乳腺病变女性患者51例,共67个病灶,行实时剪切波超声弹性成像检查,获得乳腺病变的定量弹性模量值(平均值、最大值、最小值、标准差(SD)),比较弹性模量值与钼靶BI-RADS分级对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断准确性。结果:良性病灶的弹性平均值、最大值及SD分别为(25.21±16.45)kPa、(39.18±31.20)kPa和(6.19±7.66)kPa;恶性病灶的平均值、最大值及SD分别为(59.05±36.19)kPa、(108.72±45.17)kPa和(20.01±12.27)kPa,良恶性病灶的弹性平均值、最大值及SD差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。弹性平均值及最大值的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.814、0.908,以40.2 kPa、58.79 kPa作为乳腺良恶性病变平均值及最大值的诊断界值,与钼靶BI-RADS分级比较,弹性最大值的诊断准确性优于BI-RADS分级。结论:弹性平均值、最大值及SD可为乳腺良恶性病变的诊断提供诊断依据。弹性最大值比BI-RADS分级在乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中价值高。     

彩超诊断乳腺癌的临床研究

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在乳腺癌诊断中的应用价值与方法。方法选取我院经彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺疾病的82例患者作为研究对象,分为良性肿瘤组(n=48)和恶性肿瘤组(n=34),对比经病理确诊的良、恶性乳腺肿瘤的超声征象与相关指标。结果良、恶性乳腺肿瘤患者超声征象分布差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);良性乳腺肿瘤患者的PSV、RI指标分别为(20.1±6.9)cm/s、(0.75±0.15)与恶性组的(13.5±3.6)cm/s、(0.49±0.08)相比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);良性乳腺肿瘤患者的血流分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ构成比分别为0.00%、58.82%、41.18%与恶性组的64.58%、35.42%、0.00%相比,Ⅱ级血流构成比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声用于乳腺癌定性诊断、预后判断均具有极高的应用价值,但单纯应用血流分级不易确诊,应结合弹性超声成像等技术提高诊断效果。     

声脉冲辐射力弹性成像检测乳腺良恶性肿块硬度的初步研究

目的应用声脉冲辐射力弹性成像(ARFI)技术评价乳腺肿块硬度,探讨其在鉴别诊断乳腺良、恶性肿块中的价值。方法分析90例共102个经病理证实的乳腺肿块常规超声及ARFI成像特征,记录声触诊组织成像与二维超声图像病灶面积比值(AR)、声触诊组织量化成像检测深度及剪切波速值(SWV)、病灶与周边相同深度正常乳腺组织剪切波速比值(R-SWV),分析乳腺癌与各良性病灶之间的差异。结果获取剪切波速的成功率>94%。乳腺癌较其他各良性病灶的声触诊组织成像显示图像更黑,其次为乳腺炎和乳腺纤维腺瘤。乳腺癌AR、SWV及R-SWV较各良性病灶均明显增高(P<0.01),AR、SWV、R-SWV诊断乳腺癌的cutoff值分别为1.66、6.71m/s、5.02,各良性病灶间比较差异均无统计学意义。结论应用AFRI弹性成像技术能定性、定量反映乳腺肿块的弹性特征,对乳腺癌的诊断具有一定的价值,尤其对于乳腺癌与乳腺炎的鉴别诊断有较大帮助。     

超声弹性成像检查在BI-RADS 4A类乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声弹性成像检查在BI-RADS 4A类乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取我院2015年1月～2018年6月收治经常规超声诊断WieBI-RADS 4A类乳腺肿块患者共230例,均行超声弹性成像检查,记录弹性评分和弹性应变率比值,比较两者单用或联用后鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿物准确性。结果经病理诊断乳腺癌患者中弹性评分3分和≤3分者分别为30例、9例;乳腺良性肿物中弹性评分3分和≤3分者分别为42例、152例;乳腺癌患者弹性评分显著高于乳腺良性肿物,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);乳腺癌患者病灶内和边缘最硬部分弹性应变率分别为1.94±0.77、1.78±0.69;乳腺良性肿物患者病灶内和边缘最硬部分弹性应变率分别为3.81±1.15、3.44±0.97,乳腺癌患者病灶内和边缘最硬部分弹性应变率比值均显著高于乳腺良性肿物,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);病灶边缘最硬部分弹性应变率单用灵敏度最高,弹性评分+病灶边缘最硬部分弹性应变率联用特异度、灵敏度最高。结论超声弹性成像检查在鉴别诊断BI-RADS 4A类乳腺肿块良恶性方面具有临床应用价值,其中弹性评分+病灶边缘最硬部分弹性应变率诊断较其他方式特异度和灵敏度更高,而病灶边缘最硬部分弹性应变率单用诊断则灵敏度最佳。     

超声弹性成像诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值

目的:评估超声弹性成像在乳腺良恶性病变诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:使用超声弹性成像观察120例乳腺疾病患者的120个病灶,使用5分评分系统进行评估。结果:组织病理检查证实,120个乳腺病灶中良性病变71个,恶性病变49个。良性病变的超声弹性成像评分平均为(2.04±0.36)分,恶性病变平均为(3.06±0.94)分(P<0.001)。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积为0.822,弹性成像鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的最佳界值位于2～3分,诊断的灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别为69.39%、91.55%和82.50%。结论:超声弹性成像有助于鉴别乳腺良恶性病变,有望成为辅助诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的新手段。     

超声弹性成像在鉴别乳腺病变良恶性中的临床应用价值

选取2010年6月~2014年6月在我院就诊的154例乳腺病变患者,分别使用多普勒彩色超声成像(CDFI)常规检查和超声弹性成像技术观察患者的病灶,使用Alder血流分级法评估多普勒彩色超声成像检查结果,使用5分法对病灶的硬度进行评估。结果 154例患者共发现197个病变部位,良性病变137个,恶性病变60个;常规超声成像检查的乳腺良恶性病变血流分级存在显著差异,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。常规超声成像检查漏诊6例,误诊4个;超声弹性成像的弹性评分在乳腺良恶性病变间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05),超声弹性成像检查漏诊2个,误诊1个。常规超声成像与超声弹性成像的敏感度和准确性差异有统计学意义(P0.05),二者的特异度的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。超声弹性成像在诊断乳腺癌良恶性病变中有较高的准确率,具有很高的临床应用价值,可以作为一种诊断乳腺良恶性病变的新手段。     

超声弹性成像面积比值法在甲状腺结节良恶性诊断中的应用

目的:探究超声弹性成像面积比值法在甲状腺结节良恶性诊断中的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年3月在河北省涿州市医院行甲状腺结节切除术治疗的299例患者资料,患者均于术前1周进行超声弹性成像检查。计算病灶在弹性成像图与灰阶声像图的面积比值即超声弹性成像面积比值,依据超声弹性分级对结节予以分级定性,以超声弹性1~3级为良性,4~5级为恶性,并与术后病理结果行对比分析。结果:299例患者经灰阶超声检出315个甲状腺结节,病理诊断良性结节203个,恶性结节112个。良性结节超声弹性成像面积比值为1.29±0.13,恶性结节为1.75±0.10,恶性结节的超声弹性成像面积比值高于良性结节(t=31.642,P<0.05)。术前超声弹性分级法诊断的灵敏度、特异度、准确率分别为53.57%、98.03%、82.22%;超声弹性成像面积比值≥1.51为恶性,<1.51为良性,共205个良性结节,110个恶性结节,超声弹性成像面积比值法诊断的灵敏度、特异度、准确率分别为94.64%、98.03%、96.83%,提示其诊断效能优于超声弹性分级法(Z=7.248,P<0.001)。结论:超声弹性成像面积比值法在临床甲状腺结节的良、恶性鉴别中具有较高的应用价值。     

超声弹性成像在鉴别诊断BI-RADS-US 4B级乳腺肿块中的价值评估

目的评价组织弹性成像技术在鉴别诊断BI-RADS-US 4B级乳腺肿块中的价值评估。方法用组织弹性成像技术对41名常规超声诊断为US BI-RADS 4B的患者进行乳腺肿块良恶性的鉴别诊断,并与术后的病理结果进行对照。结果乳腺良性和恶性肿块的组织弹性分级和面积比有显著性差异,利用弹性分级和面积比对乳腺肿块的良恶性鉴别诊断的灵敏度和特异度分别为75%(9/12)和86.21%(25/29)。结论常规超声如结合组织弹性成像技术,可有效提高US BI-RADS 4B级乳腺肿块的良恶性鉴别诊断准确性。     

比较超声弹性成像与CDFI鉴别诊断良恶性乳腺病变

目的比较超声弹性成像与CDFI在鉴别诊断良恶性乳腺病变中的应用价值。方法随机选取155例乳腺病变术前患者行超声弹性成像及CDFI检查。CDFI依据Alder血流分级法、弹性成像采用5分法进行评估。以病理结果为金标准,比较两种技术诊断乳腺病变的敏感度、特异度及准确率。结果 155例共检出187个乳腺病灶,其中恶性57个、良性130个。CDFI与弹性评分诊断乳腺病变的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为68.42%(39/57)、75.38%(98/130)、73.26%(137/187)及84.21%(48/57)、84.62%(110/130)、84.49%(158/187);弹性成像的敏感度及准确率均高于CDFI(P均<0.05),而二者特异度的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CDFI和弹性成像诊断乳腺病变的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.789及0.892。结论超声弹性成像鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的效能高于CDFI。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.