旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的 :探讨带旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖及应用要点。方法 :在 2 5侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,重点观测旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支的走行、分支、发出点和外径等。结果 :旋股外侧动脉升支的阔筋膜张肌支上行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.1± 2 .3cm ,外径 1.2± 0 .8mm ,该支又分出 2～ 3支外径在 0 .3mm～ 0 .5mm的小分支从阔筋膜张肌后份进入肌质 ,上行至肌起始处达髂骨 ;其下行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.9± 1.8cm ,外径 1.3± 0 .8mm。结论 :旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣具有手术可行性和实际应用价值     

旋股外侧动脉横支联合臀中肌支大转子骨(膜)瓣的应用解剖

目的:进一步为临床应用大转子骨(膜)瓣移位术提供解剖学基础及手术方式。方法:在52侧经股动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,重点对旋股外侧动脉横支、升支的臀中肌支走行、分布及臀中肌的形态、血供来源进行解剖学观测。结果:旋股外侧动脉横支起始点外径(2.5±0.8)mm,其上行支分布于大转子前外侧部,供血范围4.0cm×2.0cm×3.5cm,下行支分布于股骨前外侧的骨膜,供血范围9.7cm×4.6cm。臀中肌支起点至入肌点的距离为(3.5±0.8)cm,血管在近臀中肌止点处有小动脉穿出至大转子上部和外侧面。臀中肌由多条血管供血,诸血管肌支在肌肉内形成丰富的血管吻合网。结论:可设计旋股外侧动脉横支联合升支的臀中肌支为蒂大转子骨(膜)瓣,移位治疗股骨头缺血性坏死、股骨颈骨折、股骨中上段缺损的手术方式,并具有血供可靠、操作简便、术式灵活多样等特点。     

旋股外侧血管蒂复(联)合组织瓣移植的解剖学基础

目的：为以旋股外侧血管蒂复(联)合组织瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：50侧成人下肢标本解剖观察旋股外侧动脉分支起始类型及其分布。结果：旋股外侧动脉分支起始主要有3型：Ⅰ型：旋股外侧动脉发升支、横支和降支占76％；Ⅱ型：升支、横支、降支由两干从股深动脉或股动脉发出占20％；Ⅲ型：升支、横支、降支单独从股深动脉或股动脉发m占4％。升支恒定分支分布于阔筋膜张肌和髂嵴前外侧部；横支分支分布于股外侧肌上部和大转子前外侧部；降支分支分布于股外侧肌和股前外侧部皮肤。结论：76％可以旋股外侧血管为蒂形成：①升支阔筋膜张肌皮瓣和／或髂骨瓣；②横支大转子骨瓣或骨膜瓣；③降支股前外侧皮瓣。20％则可以升支和横支或横支和降支共十形成相应两个组织瓣：     

带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双髂骨膜瓣转位治疗儿童Pethes病提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 2例经动脉灌注红色乳胶的下肢标本上 ,对旋股外侧血管升支的髂棘支及髂前下棘支的走行、分支、分布进行观察 ,设计带旋股外侧血管升支髂嵴支和髂前下棘支双骨膜瓣转移治疗儿童Perthes病的手术方法。结果 :旋股外侧血管升支髂前下棘支长度 ( 5 .3± 1.0 )cm ,距离升支起点 ( 2 .9±1.1)cm ,起点外径 ( 1.2± 0 .3 )mm ,可切取髂前下棘 2 .0cm× 2 .0cm带血管蒂的骨膜瓣 ,联合升支髂棘支骨膜瓣转移到儿童股骨头骺板上下病灶区。结论 :该方法简便、有效、实用 ,是一种治疗Perthes病的有效方法。     

旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支为蒂的股骨中上段骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的 :提供以旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支骨膜瓣转位治疗股骨颈骨折、股骨头缺血性坏死和股骨干中下段骨不连的解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 2侧灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上 ,对旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支的起始走行、分支分布进行解剖学观测 ;2侧新鲜标本注入墨汁观察骨膜支的供血范围。结果 :88%的降支发自旋股外侧动脉 ,其骨膜支于降支起始 4.0± 1.1cm处发出 ,外径 1.2± 0 .5mm ,长 7.1± 1.8cm ,经股内侧肌与股中间肌之间或穿股中间肌 ,分布于股骨中上段前内侧骨膜。结论 :以旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支为蒂的骨膜瓣 ,可顺行修复股骨头颈骨折 ,逆行修复股骨中下段骨不连、股骨头缺血性坏死。     

经旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的应用解剖

对 50例成人下肢标本的旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支的起源、起点、外径、走行、分布以及经这二支血管介入有关的结构进行观测 ,为介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死提供更接近病变部位及可进行插管的血管。结果表明 ,旋股外侧动脉升支与横支共干起自旋股外侧动脉者占 68% ,升支单独起自旋股外侧动脉占 2 6 % ;旋股内侧动脉深支由旋股内侧动脉主干延续而来。旋股内、外侧动脉深支或升支起点外径分别为 3 0± 0 8mm、 2 8± 0 7mm。从股动脉的起点 ,经股深动脉、旋股外侧动脉至其升支长度为 7 1± 1 1cm ;经股深动脉、旋股内侧动脉至其深支长度为 5 6± 1 4cm。旋股内侧动脉与其深支间约呈 90 。 角 ;旋股外侧动脉与其升支间约呈 1 33。 角。旋股内、外侧动脉深支 (升支 )为营养股骨头和颈的血管 ,这二支血管符合导管插入要求     

旋股外侧动脉降支用于冠状动脉旁路术的可行性研究

目的 为旋股外侧动脉降支用于冠状动脉旁路术提供解剖学依据,并对其手术切取方法进行初步设计。方法 对19具福尔马林保存成年尸体38侧旋股外侧动脉起始部及其降支的走行、分支及周围结构进行详细的观察,测定旋股外侧动脉降支主干的长度、起点和止点处的外径,以及髂前上棘至髌骨中点连线的中点到股外侧肌与股直肌间沟的水平距离。结果 旋股外侧动脉降支位置较为恒定,位于股中间肌、股直肌、股外侧肌之间的肌间隙内。主干长度为12.0±2.36cm,起点处外径为2.7±0.35mm,止点处外径为2.2±0.28mm,髂前上棘至髌骨中点连线的中点到股外侧肌、股直肌间隙前外侧缘的水平距离为0.4±0.18cm。结论 旋股外侧动脉降支的解剖特点符合冠状动脉旁路术的要求,可以用于该手术,经股直肌和股外侧肌间隙可方便切取该动脉。     

股前外侧分叶肌皮瓣的应用解剖与临床意义

目的:为以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂分叶肌皮瓣的设计与临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法:在8例成人16侧下肢标本,解剖观测了旋股外侧动脉起点及主干口径,降支的外侧支、内侧支的起始位置及起始点至入肌前血管长度和股神经的分支伴行情况。结果:14侧旋股外侧动脉起始处距腹股沟韧带中点(5.3±0.8)cm,口径为(5.8±0.9)mm,内、外侧支起始点距旋股外侧动脉降支起始点距离为(5.4±1.5)cm,外侧支入肌点距分支点距离(4.8±0.8)cm,内侧支入肌点距分支点起始处(10.2±2.6)cm;2侧内、外侧支共干起自股深动脉。股外侧肌神经全程伴同名血管走行分支。结论:①旋股外侧动脉降支及其分支可以用于设计成为分叶肌皮瓣;②可以按需要选择不同血管分支以调节各瓣间的距离(叶间距),肌瓣切取后剩余股外侧肌仍保留动力功能。     

阔筋膜张肌臀中肌间隙入路带血管蒂大转子骨瓣治疗股骨头坏死

目的:探讨经阔筋膜张肌臀中肌间隙入路带旋股外侧动脉横支大转子骨瓣修复股骨头坏死的解剖学基础,总结用该术式治疗股骨头坏死的临床经验.方法:在尸体解剖和模拟手术的基础上,对28例股骨头坏死患者施行阔筋膜张肌臀中肌间隙入路带血管蒂大转子骨瓣手术.结果:28例成功完成股骨头坏死病灶清除带旋股外侧动脉横支大转子骨瓣移植+钽棒内固定术.平均切口长度9.3 cm,平均手术时间60 min;平均术中出血量260ml,术中输血3例,均为200 ml.结论:阔筋膜张肌臀中肌间隙入路行股骨头坏死修复术切口小,组织损伤轻,出血少,显露良好、操作方便.     

以旋髂深血管或腹壁主要升支为蒂腹膜瓣的应用解剖

在１２具灌注红色乳胶和墨汁的人尸体的显微解剖发现，旋髂深动脉的腹壁主要升支为腹前外侧壁层腹膜的主要营养血管。腹壁主要升支大多起旋髂深动脉的腹股沟段，走行于腹内斜肌和腹模肌之间，并向深面发支营养壁层腹膜。腹壁主要升起始处动脉口径１．４±０．４ｍｍ，伴行静脉口径２．０±３．４ｃｍ。结果提示：以旋髂深动脉或腹壁主要升支为蒂可形成腹膜组织瓣，可局部转位或游离移植用于修复尿道，输尿管，肝外胆道和中等口径血管     

带旋股外侧血管升支和横支骨瓣转位术的应用解剖

目的：为带旋股外侧血管升支和横支的骨瓣转位，治疗股骨干中下段骨不连的术式提供解剖学基础。方法：经４０侧灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上，对旋股外侧血管的升支、横支和降支的走行和分布进行了观测，并在标本上进行摹拟手术。结果：设计了带旋股外侧血管升支和横支的骨瓣，以降支为带转移到股骨干中下段的手术方法。结论：本研究证明了该方法治疗股骨干中下段骨不连的可行性，并有简便、易行和可靠的优点     

正中神经返支和掌皮支血供的显微解剖

目的为修复正中神经返支提供带血管蒂神经桥接的有关数据和掌皮支血供的解剖学资料。方法用体视学方法研究了40侧灌注红色乳胶液的返支和掌皮支的营养血管。观察返支营养血管的来源、长度、外径和进入神经干的方式;观察掌皮支营养血管的来源和进入神经的方式。结果返支营养动脉主要发自掌浅弓凹侧筋膜支(称之来源动脉)。来源动脉起点至“零点”距离(11.62±2.30)mm,外径(0.95±0.10)mm,长度(10.12±1.30)mm。营养动脉主干长度(2.84±0.10)mm,外径(0.42±0.15)mm。营养动脉从返支主干近侧1/3段直入式进入神经者占86.5%;从返支中、远侧段伴入式进入神经者占14.5%;掌皮支营养动脉主要发自尺动脉(占52.5%)和桡动脉(占37.5%),以直式、伴入式和肌支式进入神经。结论返支营养动脉可作为血管蒂神经移植的受体血管。     

A very rare anatomic variation of the right ventricular branch: right ventricular descending branch from the anterior interventricular branch

The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery has the most constant distribution in the human heart and rarely gives off right ventricular branches. Here we report a case with a right ventricular branch which diverged from the anterior interventricular branch and descended on the anterior right ventricular wall parallel to the anterior interventricular sulcus; we termed it the right ventricular descending branch. This artery gave a collateral artery to the occluded anterior interventricular branch at the apex, and had prevented anterior myocardial infarction. The right ventricular descending branch should be precisely identified in order to perform successful myocardial revascularization procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention, especially in a patient with anterior interventricular branch occlusion.     

桡神经肱肌支的解剖学研究

目的：研究桡神经的肱肌支的形态特点。方法：对７２侧固定尸体的桡神经肱肌支进行解剖与测量，并分为三种不同的类型进行比较。结果：桡神经存在肱肌支出现率为５１．４％（３７侧）。肱肌支的出现以单侧多见，与性别、侧别无关。对肱肌支的起始点、入肌点、长度及横径测量结果，将其归分为：上升型、下降型和水平型三种类型。肌支的起始点在Ｈｕｅｔｅｒ＇ｓ线上３．０～９．６ｃｍ，入肌点在Ｈｕｅｔｅｒ＇ｓ线下０．２～线上９．５ｃｍ，肌支长度０．７～９．６ｃｍ，横径为０．４～２．０ｍｍ。结论：桡神经的肱肌支较普遍存在，行上臂、肘部手术时，应对其加以保护，尤其是在肌皮神经已有损伤者更应如此     

The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve

Summary The peripheral, extraparotid course and localisation of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial n. is described, with variations, based on the dissection of 40 cadaver half heads. Its anatomical relationships with the ramus of mandible and facial a. are studied and morphometric features are reported. Knowledge of the accurate course and relationship of the marginal mandibular branch should help to protect this nerve from surgical injury.

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Étude anatomique du rameau marginal de la mandibule du nerf facial

Réumé Sur la base de la dissection de 40 hémi-têtes, le trajet distal extra-parotidien et la situation du rameau marginal de la mandibule du nerf facial sont décrits. Les rapports anatomiques entre ce rameau et l'artère faciale sont étudiés et les aspects morphologiques décrits. La connaissance du trajet précis et des rapports du rameau marginal de la mandibule est utile pour la protection de ce nerf au cours des interventions chirurgicales.

     

The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve

The peripheral, extraparotid course and localisation of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial n. is described, with variations, based on the dissection of 40 cadaver half heads. Its anatomical relationships with the ramus of mandible and facial a. are studied and morphometric features are reported. Knowledge of the accurate course and relationship of the marginal mandibular branch should help to protect this nerve from surgical injury.     

Lateral costal branch of the internal thoracic artery

The lateral costal branch (LCB) of the internal thoracic artery (ITA) was studied because its presence sometimes may reduce the blood flow of the ITA when it is used for myocardial revascularization (Singh and Sosa, 1981). The ITA of 90 cadavers of adults of both sexes, whose ages ranged from 20 to 84 years, was studied after neoprene latex injection to determine its incidence, its relation to the phrenic nerve and first rib, its diameter, and the distance between the origin of the ITA and the origin of the LCB. We found the LCB in 16.6% of the cases, with bilateral presence in 5.5%. Unilateral rightside incidence was 11.1%, and left unilateral incidence was not observed. The LCB originated from the ITA in all cases, with a distance of origin along the ITA of 23.7 + 6.7 mm on the right side and 29.5 ± 6.4 mm on the left side. The mean diameter of the LCB was 1.7% ± 0.8 mm. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

吻合足底内侧动脉浅支足底内侧皮瓣移植修复手部缺损的应用解剖

目的为以足底内侧动脉浅支及其皮支为蒂游离足底内侧皮瓣修复手部缺损提供解剖学基础。方法在20侧成人下肢标本、6只灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜足标本及10侧下肢动脉铸型标本上解剖观测了足底内侧动脉浅支足底内侧皮支起始部位、走行、长度、外径、分支分布及吻合。结果足底内侧动脉浅支足底内侧皮支于舟骨粗隆后(1.5±0.4)cm下方发出,向前下斜行至足底内侧皮肤;该皮支长(2.8±0.2)cm,外径(0.8±0.2)mm。结论①足底内侧皮瓣可以是足底内侧动脉浅支足底内侧皮支或足底内侧动脉深支足底皮穿支为供血。②足底内侧皮瓣游离移植适用于手掌及手指腹侧创面修复的特殊需要。     

The medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve

In the needle insertion of epidural anesthesia with the paramedian approach, the needle can pass through the longissimus muscle in the dorsum of the patients. When the needle touches a nerve in the muscles, the patients may experience pain in the back. Obviously, the needle should avoid the nerve tract. To provide better anesthetic service, analysis of the structure and where the concerned nerves lie in that region is inevitable. Material and method: We studied five cadavers in this study. Two cadavers were fixed with Thiel’s method. With these cadavers, we studied the nerve running of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve from the nerve root to the distal portion. Three of them were used for the study of transparent specimen, with which we studied the course and size of the nerve inside the longissimus muscle. Results: We observed there were three branches at the stem of the posterior rami of the spinal nerves between the body segment T3 and L5, i.e. medial branch, medial branch of the lateral branch and lateral branch of the lateral branch. The medial branch of the lateral branch supplied to the longissimus muscle. With the transparent specimen, we found that there were different nerve layouts between the upper thoracic, lower thoracic, upper lumbar, and lower lumbar segments in the medial branch of the lateral branch in the longissimus muscle. In the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, the medial branch of the lateral branch of the upper lumbar segments produced layers nerve network in the longissimus muscle. L1 and L2 nerves were large in size in the muscle. Conclusion: In the upper lumbar segments the medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve produced dense network in the longissimus muscle, where the epidural needle has high possibility to touch the nerve. Anesthetists have to consider the existence of the medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve when they insert the needle in the paramedical approach to the spinal column.