旋股外侧动脉横支联合臀中肌支大转子骨(膜)瓣的应用解剖

目的:进一步为临床应用大转子骨(膜)瓣移位术提供解剖学基础及手术方式。方法:在52侧经股动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,重点对旋股外侧动脉横支、升支的臀中肌支走行、分布及臀中肌的形态、血供来源进行解剖学观测。结果:旋股外侧动脉横支起始点外径(2.5±0.8)mm,其上行支分布于大转子前外侧部,供血范围4.0cm×2.0cm×3.5cm,下行支分布于股骨前外侧的骨膜,供血范围9.7cm×4.6cm。臀中肌支起点至入肌点的距离为(3.5±0.8)cm,血管在近臀中肌止点处有小动脉穿出至大转子上部和外侧面。臀中肌由多条血管供血,诸血管肌支在肌肉内形成丰富的血管吻合网。结论:可设计旋股外侧动脉横支联合升支的臀中肌支为蒂大转子骨(膜)瓣,移位治疗股骨头缺血性坏死、股骨颈骨折、股骨中上段缺损的手术方式,并具有血供可靠、操作简便、术式灵活多样等特点。     

臀下动脉吻合支的解剖学观测及其临床应用

目的为以臀下动脉吻合支臀中肌止腱支为蒂的大转子后外侧骨、骨膜瓣移位术提供解剖学依据.方法在30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶液的成人下肢尸体标本上,重点观测臀下动脉吻合支臀中肌止腱支的走行、分布与吻合.结果臀下动脉吻合支沿梨状肌下缘行向大转子途中,在距动脉起点4.4±1.2cm处分出臀中肌止腱支,分布于臀中肌止腱及大转子尖端并参与大转子后外侧动脉网.结论可设计以臀中肌止腱支为蒂蹬大转子后外侧骨、骨膜瓣移位修复股骨头缺血性坏死.     

髋前外侧肌间隙入路治疗股骨转子间骨折的应用解剖

目的    为髋前外侧肌间隙手术入路治疗股骨转子间骨折提供解剖学基础。  方法    12侧成人尸体下肢标本,模拟髋前外侧肌间隙入路对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。  结果    臀中肌阔筋膜张肌间隙髂嵴附着处距髂前上棘距离（5.13±0.52）cm(4.25~6.30 cm）,在该间隙内常见臀上神经最下支以及旋股外侧动脉升支臀中肌支穿过,臀上神经最下支穿臀中肌阔筋膜张肌间隙处至股骨大转子外侧最凸点距离为（8.15±0.67）cm(7.13~9.56 cm）;旋股外侧动脉升支臀中肌支走行至该间隙处距离股骨大转子外侧最凸点距离为（5.57±0.39）cm(5.05~6.62 cm）。  结论    髋前外侧肌间隙入路治疗股骨转子间骨折具有安全、暴露充分、软组织损伤小等特点,为股骨转子间骨折的手术治疗提供了新思路和新方法。     

旋股外侧血管蒂复(联)合组织瓣移植的解剖学基础

目的：为以旋股外侧血管蒂复(联)合组织瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：50侧成人下肢标本解剖观察旋股外侧动脉分支起始类型及其分布。结果：旋股外侧动脉分支起始主要有3型：Ⅰ型：旋股外侧动脉发升支、横支和降支占76％；Ⅱ型：升支、横支、降支由两干从股深动脉或股动脉发出占20％；Ⅲ型：升支、横支、降支单独从股深动脉或股动脉发m占4％。升支恒定分支分布于阔筋膜张肌和髂嵴前外侧部；横支分支分布于股外侧肌上部和大转子前外侧部；降支分支分布于股外侧肌和股前外侧部皮肤。结论：76％可以旋股外侧血管为蒂形成：①升支阔筋膜张肌皮瓣和／或髂骨瓣；②横支大转子骨瓣或骨膜瓣；③降支股前外侧皮瓣。20％则可以升支和横支或横支和降支共十形成相应两个组织瓣：     

旋股外侧血管升支臀中肌支的解剖学观测及其临床应用

目的 :为切取旋股外侧动脉升支含双营养支的髂骨瓣提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 36侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,重点观测旋股外侧动脉升支臀中肌支的走行、分支和分布。结果 :臀中肌支入肌点距髂前上棘平面下方约 5cm ,入肌后臀中肌支主干与纵轴呈 35°～ 40°夹角行向髂骨后上方 ,沿途分出诸升支以第一升支为优势支。结论 :设计旋股外侧动脉升支含双营养支髂骨瓣的改良术式 ,具有手术操作简便、安全和骨瓣血供丰富等特点     

旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的 :探讨带旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣的解剖及应用要点。方法 :在 2 5侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,重点观测旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支的走行、分支、发出点和外径等。结果 :旋股外侧动脉升支的阔筋膜张肌支上行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.1± 2 .3cm ,外径 1.2± 0 .8mm ,该支又分出 2～ 3支外径在 0 .3mm～ 0 .5mm的小分支从阔筋膜张肌后份进入肌质 ,上行至肌起始处达髂骨 ;其下行支发出点距髂前上棘平面 7.9± 1.8cm ,外径 1.3± 0 .8mm。结论 :旋股外侧动脉升支阔筋膜张肌支髂骨瓣具有手术可行性和实际应用价值     

旋股外侧血管横支大转子骨瓣修复股骨中上段的解剖及应用

目的：为股骨干骨缺损、骨折骨不连修复提供新的手术方法，方法：在４０侧标本上对旋股外侧动脉横支进行解剖学观察，设计了以该血管为蒂大转子骨瓣转位修复股骨干中、上段及股骨头颈部骨折、骨缺损。结果：该动脉外径２．５ｍｍ，长度５．１ｃｍ，在股外侧肌深面和外缘发出２～４支外径在０．４～１．１ｍｍ的骨膜支到大转子前外侧，供应范围３．５ｃｍ×２．０ｃｍ×３．５ｃｍ。结论：以旋股外侧动脉横支为蒂大转子骨瓣移位修复股骨中段或上段骨缺损具有可行性，临床应用１５例，疗效满意。     

阔筋膜张肌的血供及应用解剖

为临床带血管蒂修复巨大型腹股沟斜疝和幼儿巨大型脐疝术提供解剖学基础。在 30侧经髂总动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,解剖观察了臀上、下动脉和旋股外侧动脉的走行、分布及外径。结果 :阔筋膜张肌的血供主要由旋股外侧动脉升支供应 ,占 76 .75 % ,其次是升支和横支者占 81.6 5 %。结论 :阔筋膜张肌的血供丰富、来源广泛 ;旋股外侧动脉有四种不同类型的分支营养阔筋膜张肌。臀上、下动脉深支的终未分支也参与营养该肌     

旋股外侧血管横支大转子骨瓣修复股骨头的应用解剖

在３２例经红色乳胶灌注过的成人下肢标本上，解剖测量了旋股外侧动横支的起始，走行位置和分支。观测了供应股骨大转子前外侧血供的来源，可切取大转子骨瓣３．５×２．０×４．０ｃｍ。从而设计了带旋股外侧血管横支的大转子骨瓣修复股骨头无菌性坏死。本文还对手术技术进行了讨论。     

旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支为蒂的股骨中上段骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的 :提供以旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支骨膜瓣转位治疗股骨颈骨折、股骨头缺血性坏死和股骨干中下段骨不连的解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 2侧灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上 ,对旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支的起始走行、分支分布进行解剖学观测 ;2侧新鲜标本注入墨汁观察骨膜支的供血范围。结果 :88%的降支发自旋股外侧动脉 ,其骨膜支于降支起始 4.0± 1.1cm处发出 ,外径 1.2± 0 .5mm ,长 7.1± 1.8cm ,经股内侧肌与股中间肌之间或穿股中间肌 ,分布于股骨中上段前内侧骨膜。结论 :以旋股外侧动脉降支骨膜支为蒂的骨膜瓣 ,可顺行修复股骨头颈骨折 ,逆行修复股骨中下段骨不连、股骨头缺血性坏死。     

Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of rat

1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by depression and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged depression followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged depression.2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged depression in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged depression of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.