上肢机器人辅助康复治疗中变换作业面对复合运动训练的影响

目的：分析上肢机器人辅助康复治疗在肩肘配合下引入斜面训练对于水平面训练的影响,以及对于肩关节训练的影响,解决现有的上肢偏瘫康复机器人在肩肘配合下对肩关节训练的不足。方法：12例健康男性参加本研究。在上肢复合运动(UECM)康复机器人平台上,分别将机器人倾斜0°、15°、30°、50°和-10°,用视频捕捉系统和肌电采集系统采集上肢运动信号和表面肌电信号。结果：平面变换为正角度时三角肌前部和中部肌力加强,变换为负角度时肱二头肌肌力获得加强。此外,肩关节和肘关节的活动度有一定程度的改善。结论：在肩肘配合训练模式下,调整平面为斜面时肩关节的训练获得加强,利用一定的适当斜面变换可以对不同肌群进行有针对性增强的重点训练。     

上肢康复机器人对偏瘫上肢运动功能和日常活动能力的影响

目的:本研究拟证实上肢康复机器人辅助虚拟现实技术对脑卒中恢复期上肢运动功能和日常活动能力的影响,并通过分析上肢执行功能性活动时相关肌群的表面肌电活动,进一步探讨其相关机制。方法:将40例脑卒中患者随机分为研究组和对照组各20例。研究组给予上肢康复机器人辅助虚拟游戏训练,对照组给予常规作业治疗。治疗前和治疗2周后采用Fugl-Meyer上肢评分(FMA-UE)、改良巴氏指数(MBI)及动作活动记录量表(MAL)对2组患者进行运动功能和活动能力评估,并采集肱二头肌和肱三头肌在肘关节做屈伸最大等长收缩(MIVC)时的表面肌电信号(sEMG),同步记录肱二、三头肌的积分肌电值(iEMG)、均方根值(RMS)。治疗结束后1个月对2组患者均进行MBI随访评价。结果:治疗2周后,2组FMA-UE及MBI、MAL运动频率及运动质量评分均显著高于治疗前(均P<0.05),且研究组FMA-UE、MAL运动质量评分均显著高于对照组(均P<0.05)。随访时,2组MBI评分均显著高于治疗结束时(均P<0.05),研究组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组患者治疗前后iEMG和RMS值组内及组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论:上肢康复机器人辅助虚拟现实技术训练能有效改善偏瘫上肢运动功能、运动质量,提高日常生活活动能力。     

机器人辅助训练对上运动神经元损伤所致上肢痉挛的疗效观察

目的：为观察机器人辅助训练对上运动神经元损伤所致上肢痉挛的疗效并探讨其机制。方法：22例慢性脑卒中和脑外伤患者参加了这项研究，训练前4周，训练开始前1天和结束后1天使用改良Ashworth量表评价患侧上肢肘关节屈肌与伸肌的痉挛状态。训练时间为4周，每周训练5天，每次45min。结果：机器人辅助训练后，肘关节屈肌的痉挛评分降低，与基线相比有显著的差异性，而肘关节伸肌的痉挛评分有降低的趋势，但没有达到显著性水平。结论：机器人辅助训练对上运动神经元损伤所致上肢痉挛有一定的减轻作用，主要通过重复性牵伸和反复运动来实现。     

应用表面肌电图评定乒乓球运动员的上肢肌疲劳

目的:对北京市优秀乒乓球运动员进行提拉弧圈球训练时握拍上肢主要做功肌肉表面肌电(surfaceelectromyography,sEMG)信号进行分析,利用时、频域指标的变化来评价上肢肌疲劳情况。方法:北京市乒乓球队7名男性运动员,进行乒乓球训练的主要内容为提拉弧圈球训练,采集准备活动后训练开始与训练结束前各20min的握拍上肢:肱三头肌、肱二头肌、肱桡肌、三角肌、腕屈肌和腕伸肌肌电信号,利用Megawin软件进行平均功率频率(meanpowerfrequency,MPF),中位频率(medianfrequency,MF),均方根振幅(root-mean-square,RMS)的分析,两个实验测试阶段的频域和时域值的差异性利用t检验进行统计处理。结果:第2阶段所测六块肌肉的MPF,MF均比第1阶段的明显降低(P<0.001),具有非常显著性差异;第2阶段与第1阶段的RMS值相比,所测肌肉的RMS值变化趋势不稳定。结论:频域指标MPF,MF可较敏感地反映乒乓球训练上肢肌肉功能状况,可作为评价肌肉动态负荷水平的生理学指标。     

运动想象联合优化运动技能训练干预脑卒中后上肢功能障碍的效果

目的：探讨运动想象联合优化运动技能训练干预脑卒中后上肢功能障碍的临床效果。方法：76例脑卒中后上肢功能障碍患者按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各38例，2组均接受常规康复治疗，对照组在常规康复治疗后进行运动想象训练，观察组在常规康复治疗基础上予以运动想象联合优化运动技能训练。治疗前后用表面肌电信号（sEMG）测定患侧上肢三角肌、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、腕伸肌的均方根（RMS）和中位频率（MF），采用Fugl-Meyer上肢评定量表（FMA-UE）、布朗茨手部测试量表（BzH）、改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）对患者进行评定。结果：治疗4周后，2组患侧上肢三角肌、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、腕伸肌RMS和MF值较治疗前均明显增加（均P<0.01），且观察组以上指标均明显高于对照组（均P<0.01）；2组患肢FMA、BzH及MBI评分较治疗前均明显提高（均P<0.01），观察组以上评分均明显高于对照组（均P<0.01）。结论：运动想象联合优化运动技能训练可改善上肢肌肉sEMG指标，提高上肢和手功能，改善患者的日常生活活动能力，干预脑卒中后上肢功能障碍效果显著。     

机器人辅助训练对脑卒中患者上肢屈肌痉挛的疗效观察及表面肌电图分析

目的:研究机器人辅助训练对脑卒中上肢屈肌痉挛患者的治疗效果,分析其对患者表面肌电信号的影响。方法:选取2016年1月—2018年12月在本院康复医学科病房住院治疗的脑卒中上肢屈肌痉挛患者100例为研究对象,按照随机单盲法分为研究组和对照组,每组50例。对照组给予常规康复训练,研究组在对照组的基础上采用上肢康复机器人辅助训练。收集患者治疗前后日常生活活动能力(ADL)评分、简式Fugl-Meyer运动量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)评分、改良Ashworth痉挛评价量表(MAS)、肘关节主动伸展角度、肱二、三头肌的积分肌电值(iEMG)和协同收缩率(CR)水平。结果:两组患者治疗后ADL、FMA-UE评分显著高于治疗前(P0.05),且研究组显著高于对照组(P0.05);MAS评分显著低于治疗前(P0.05),且研究组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后肘关节主动伸展角度显著高于治疗前(P0.05),且研究组显著高于对照组(P0.05),研究组患者治疗前后关节伸展角度变值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后肘关节屈曲肱二头肌、肱三头肌及伸展肱三头肌iEMG水平显著高于治疗前,且研究组显著高于对照组(P0.05),肘关节伸展肱二头肌iEMG水平显著低于治疗前,且研究组显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者屈肘时的肱三头肌和伸肘时的肱二头肌CR值显著低于治疗前,且研究组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:机器人辅助训练对脑卒中患者上肢屈肌痉挛有较好的治疗效果,可显著改善患者上肢功能障碍,缓解上肢屈肌痉挛,增加肘关节主动伸展角度,协调上肢系统张力平衡。     

应用表面肌电图评定乒乓球运动员的上肢肌疲劳

目的：对北京市优秀乒乓球运动员进行提拉弧圈球训练时握拍上肢主要做功肌肉表面肌电(surface electromyography，sEMG)信号进行分析，利用时、频域指标的变化来评价上肢肌疲劳情况。方法：北京市乒乓球队7名男性运动员，进行乒乓球训练的主要内容为提拉弧圈球训练，采集准备活动后训练开始与训练结束前各20min的握拍上肢：肱三头肌、肱二头肌、肱桡肌、三角肌、腕屈肌和腕伸肌肌电信号，利用Megawin软件进行平均功率频率(mean power frequency，MPF)，中位频率(median frequency，MF)．均方根振幅(root—mean—square，RMS)的分析，两个实验测试阶段的频域和时域值的差异性利用t检验进行统计处理。结果：第2阶段所测六块肌肉的MPF，MF均比第1阶段的明显降低(P&;lt;0．001)，具有非常显著性差异；第2阶段与第1阶段的RMS值相比，所测肌肉的RMS值变化趋势不稳定。结论：频域指标MPF，MF可较敏感地反映乒乓球训练上肢肌肉功能状况，可作为评价肌肉动态负荷水平的生理学指标。     

依据神经康复原则应用机器人对脑卒中和脑外伤患者上肢运动功能障碍的康复训练

目的 观察康复机器人辅助训练对脑卒中和脑外伤患者的上肢运动功能障碍的影响。方法 22名患者参加了这项研究，训练前4周、训练开始前1 d和训练结束后1 d分别进行评价。研究方法为基线对照研究方法。使用Fugl-Meyer（FM）运动功能量表上肢部分和运动状态量表（MSS）评价患者的运动功能。患者2种训练模式轨迹为直线训练方法与圆周训练方法。训练时间为4周，每周训练5 d，每次45 min。结果 患者的运动轨迹与功能水平有一定的相关性，机器人训练前、后患者上肢FM运动功能和MSS评分差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 机器人辅助训练可以减轻脑卒中和脑外伤患者上肢残损程度，应用上肢复合运动康复机器人对脑损伤患者上肢运动功能障碍进行康复训练能取得良好疗效。     

表面肌电信号在脑卒中患者上肢运动功能康复中的应用

目的:为脑卒中患者提供一种可视、有趣的游戏训练方式,有效地帮助患者恢复上肢运动功能.方法:在建立一套良好的硬软件系统后,借助虚拟现实技术,将患者手臂肌肉的表面肌电信号(sEMG)和运动传感器信号结合起来完成游戏.结果:患者在该游戏中得到了良好的视觉反馈,上肢运动功能康复效果明显,训练积极性增强.结论:使用sEMG信号可以有效帮助脑卒中患者进行康复训练,康复训练过程有趣实用.     

肌电控制康复机器人协助的脑卒中患者肘关节康复训练的多参数评价

摘要 目的：探索在肌电控制机器人协助的脑卒中偏瘫患者肘关节康复训练中,有关肘关节电生理﹑动力学﹑运动学等多项参数的变化情况,并为脑卒中评估提供更加全面的定量评估方法。 方法：本研究募集了8例偏瘫患者,对其分别进行了20次肌电控制机器人辅助的肘关节康复训练,在实验过程中记录了肱二头肌与肱三头肌的肌电信号,肘关节力矩信号和角度信号。 结果：训练后Fugl-Meyer上肢功能评测值显著大于训练前（P<0.05）,Ashworth量表值显著小于训练前（P<0.05）;在最大自主等长收缩（MVC）实验中,肘关节屈曲与伸展的MVC力矩显著大于训练前（P<0.01）;三头肌的力矩-肌电比显著大于训练前（P<0.05）;在无辅助跟踪运动中肘关节运动角度和目标角度均方根误差（RMSE）显著小于训练前（P<0.05）。 结论：肌电控制康复机器人肘关节康复训练从关节力矩、肌肉效率、运动精度等多个方面改善偏瘫患者的运动功能。以上参数从多角度定量反映了偏瘫患者运动功能状态,具有应用于临床运动功能评估的潜在价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.