柴胡皂苷d对免疫性肝纤维化大鼠TGF-β1、HYP、SOD、MDA的影响

目的构建大鼠免疫性肝纤维化模型,探讨柴胡皂苷D(SS-d)抗模型鼠肝纤维化的药理学活性及其相关机制。方法猪血清免疫法建立大鼠肝纤维化模型,实验分为6组:正常对照组、模型组、高中低剂量SS-d用药组(20、10、5mg/kg)及秋水仙素(Col,0.1mg/kg)用药组。放射免疫分析法测定大鼠血清透明质酸酶(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)和III型前胶原(PCIII)的水平。分光分析法检测标本中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和羟脯氨酸(Hyp)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量。荧光定量PCR和Westernblot检测肝组织中TGF-β1mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果成功构建了免疫性大鼠肝纤维化模型,模型鼠中血清HA、LN和PCIII显著高于正常对照组(P﹤0.01),SS-d可以剂量依赖性地抑制模型组血清中HA、LN和PCIII肝纤维化指标的升高(P﹤0.05)。与模型组比较SS-d可以剂量依赖性地减低肝组织中Hyp和MDA的含量,同时也剂量依赖性地升高SOD的活性(P﹤0.05)。荧光定量PCR和Westernblot检测结果显示SS-d可以剂量依赖性地下调模型鼠肝组织中TGF-β1mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。结论 SS-d具有较好的抗肝纤维化作用,其作用机制可能与提高SOD活性、减少氧自由基的生成、抑制TGF-β1信号通路的活化有关。     

儿童乙型肝炎患者血清ACTA水平的变化及临床意义

目的:检测乙型肝炎患儿血清激活素A(ActivinA,ACTA)水平并探讨其临床意义。方法:对45例乙型肝炎患儿采用酶联免疫(ELISA)法检测血清ActivinA、肝纤维化指标透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、三型前胶原蛋白(PCI-II)并与20例正常组进行比较及相关性分析。结果:乙型肝炎患儿的血清ActivinA水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01),肝纤维化指标血清HA、LN、PCIII水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。乙型肝炎患儿血清ActivinA水平与HA、LN、PCIII明显正相关(P<0.05)。结论:ActivinA参与了肝纤维化的病理反应过程,可作为评价乙型肝炎患者预防和治疗的指标之一。动态检测血清ActivinA、HA、PCⅢ水平可以做为反映慢性肝病肝纤维化程度和预后的指标。     

瑶药“猛老虎”对免疫性肝纤维化大鼠的作用研究

目的观察猛老虎对大鼠免疫性肝纤维化的影响。方法采用猪血清腹腔注射建立大鼠免疫性肝纤维化模型,通过观察肝组织Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原、TGF-β1、Hyp、MMP-1和TIMP-1含量,血清PCⅢ、LN、HA、IFN-γ、TNF-α等指标的变化,以及各组大鼠肝组织的病理学改变,对猛老虎石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇和水溶4个部位进行抗肝纤维化药效学试验筛选,以判断猛老虎具有抗肝纤维化活性作用的部位。结果猛老虎乙酸乙酯部位能减少大鼠血清PCⅢ、LN、HA和TNF-α含量,提高IFN-γ水平;减少大鼠肝组织Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原、TGF-β1相对表达和Hyp、TIMP-1含量,促进MMP-1生成,效果与秋水仙碱相当。结论猛老虎具有抗肝纤维化活性的有效部位主要存在于乙酸乙酯部位。     

大黄总蒽醌对免疫性肝纤维化大鼠的保护作用及机制探讨

目的探索大黄总蒽醌对免疫性肝纤维化大鼠的作用及对基质金属蛋白酶-13(MMP-13)和基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)的调控。方法 SD大鼠按体重随机分为正常组、模型组、秋水仙碱阳性组、大黄总蒽醌低、中、高剂量组,除正常组外,其余大鼠均腹腔注射猪血清建立免疫性肝纤维化模型。从第7周开始灌胃给药,每天1次,连续60d,末次给药后,分析血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的活性和层粘连蛋白(LN)、透明质酸(HA)、Ⅳ型胶原(PCⅢ)的含量,观察肝组织病理学改变,Western blot分析MMP-13和TIMP-1的蛋白表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠ALT、AST、LN、HA和Ⅳ-C水平显著升高,肝组织中MMP-13水平降低,TIMP表达增加(P0.05);与模型组相比,大黄总蒽醌中、高剂量组大鼠ALT、AST、LN、HA和Ⅳ-C的水平均不同程度地降低,肝中MMP-13的表达增加,TIMP的表达减少(P0.05);病理显示,各给药组均能减轻猪血清造成的肝损伤。结论大黄总蒽醌可有效改善肝纤维化,其机制可能与MMP-13、TIMP-1的表达调控有关。     

大鼠肝纤维化复合模型的建立及动态观察

目的:采用复合因素建立大鼠肝纤维化模型,并对其肝脏纤维化病变和相关指标进行动态观察。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和肝纤维化模型组,模型组大鼠每周2次乙醇灌胃、猪血清腹腔注射、CCl4葵花仔油溶液皮下注射,同时每日喂饲高脂饲料进行联合造模。分别在造模后第2、4、6、7、8、9、10周检测各组大鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)、透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2、MMP-9、MMP-13)及其抑制物(TIMP1、TIMP-2)水平,并观察肝脏病理病变。结果:从第2周起,模型组大鼠血清ALT、AST水平开始升高,各时间点与对照组比较均具有显著性差别;血清HA和LN水平逐渐增高,第7~10周与对照组比较均具有显著性差别;血清MMP-2水平逐步升高,第4、6~10周与对照组相比均具有显著性差别;血清MMP-13水平从第6周起逐渐降低,第9和10周时显著低于对照组;血清TIMP-1和TIMP-2水平随造模时间延长逐步升高,TIMP-1在第4,6~10周与对照组相比均具有显著性差别,TIMP-2在第7~10周显著高于对照组;模型组大鼠各时间点血清TGF-β1水平均显著高于对照组。病理组织学检查显示,第6周时,模型组大鼠肝脏细胞广泛性空泡变性,汇管区成纤维细胞增生,肝小叶间隔可见胶原纤维沉积,出现典型的肝纤维化改变;到第8周时,形成典型的假小叶,肝硬化形成。结论:采用酒精灌胃,猪血清腹腔注射,喂饲高脂饲料,并结合CCl4皮下注射6周后,可成功建立大鼠肝纤维化模型;HA、LN、TGF-β1、MMP-2、TIMP-1和TIMP-2等可作为较好反映大鼠肝纤维化病变的无创伤化血清学指标。     

甘泰康对化学性肝纤维化大鼠血生化指标的影响

目的：观察甘泰康对肝纤维化大鼠血生化指标的影响。方法：采用经典的四氯化碳肝纤维化模型，造模同时给予甘泰康干预，7周后采血测血清ALT、AST、TP、ALB、BUN、Cr、GLU、CHOL、TG、HDL、TBil、DBil，实验中观察大鼠的一般状况。结果：甘泰康能显著降低四氯化碳肝纤维化大鼠血清ALT、AST、TG水平。结论：在肝纤维化的病理进程中，采取甘泰康进行干预，可改善大鼠肝功能。     

阿藿烯对四氯化碳所致大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用

目的探讨阿藿烯对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用。方法将40只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、低(25mg/kg)和高剂量(50mg/kg)阿藿烯组,用40%CCl4皮下注射制作肝纤维化模型,阿藿烯按低和高剂量分别连续灌胃6w后,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性、总蛋白(TP)和清蛋白(ALB)含量、总胆红素(TBIL)和间接胆红素(DBIL)及肝纤维化的透明质酸(HA)和层粘连蛋白(LN)水平;检测肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脂质过氧化(MDA)水平;并进行肝脏组织病理学检查。结果低、高剂量组阿藿烯均可显著降低血清ALT和AST活性、TBIL、DBIL、HA和LN水平(P<0.01或P<0.05);增加ALB含量(P<0.05);提高肝脏SOD活性和减少MDA含量(P<0.01);并明显改善肝脏的纤维化程度(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论阿藿烯能够减轻CCl4所致的大鼠肝纤维化作用,其机制可能与抗氧化作用有关。     

血清转化生长因子β1与肝纤维化指标及Child-pugh肝硬化分级的相关性研究

目的探讨不同Child-pugh分级的患者血清转化生长因子-1(TGFβ-1)与血清肝纤维化指标的关系。方法分别检测108例乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者(其中Child-pugh分级A级47例,B级40例,C级21例)和97例正常对照血清中TGFβ-1和透明质酸(HA)、层粘蛋白(LN)、Ⅳ型胶原(IV-C)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCIII)。结果肝硬化组血清水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),肝硬化患者中HA、IVC、LN、PCIII水平随炎症和肝硬化进展而呈逐渐升高。各组血清HA、IVC、LN、PCIII均与血浆TGFβ1呈明显正相关。结论肝硬化患者血清TGFβ1水平与肝纤维化指标呈正相关,这对于早期诊断出肝硬化具有重要意义。     

肝复乐对四氯化碳致大鼠肝纤维化作用的影响

目的:研究肝复乐对CCl4化学性肝纤维化大鼠的保护作用.方法:以大鼠背部皮下注射CCl4诱导化学性肝损伤的纤维化动物模型;以肝复乐3.5g·kg-1,7.0g·kg-1连续灌胃给药9周,强肝胶囊为阳性对照药;全自动生化分析仪测定ALT、AST水平:放射性免疫方法测定大鼠血清中HA、LN、PCⅢ水平;化学法测定肝脏Hyp含量;光镜观察肝脏病理形态学改变.结果:肝复乐3.5g·kg-1,7.0g·kg-1均能改善CCl4致肝纤维化大鼠肝功能,使血清ALT、AST下降;降低血清HA、LN、PCⅢ和肝匀浆Hyp含量;减轻肝脏纤维化的病理组织学改变.结论:肝复乐对化学性肝纤维化大鼠有明显的改善作用.     

甜菜碱对大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用研究

目的观察甜菜碱对复合致病因素诱导肝纤维化大鼠的保护作用。方法复合致病因素法诱导制备肝纤维化大鼠模型,观察灌服甜菜碱对肝纤维化大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、内毒素(ET)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、IV胶原蛋白(IV-C)、Ⅲ型前胶原蛋白(PC-Ⅲ)及肝组织肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、一氧化氮(NO)、过氧亚硝酸盐阴离子(ONOO-)、丙二醛(MDA)的变化,并采用HE和VG染色分别观察肝损伤和肝纤维化情况。结果大鼠肝纤维化模型复制成功。给与三个剂量的甜菜碱后,肝组织病理损伤改善。反映大鼠肝功能(ALT、AST)及肝纤维化指标(HA、LN、IV-C)的水平不同程度降低。血清内毒素、肝组织NO、MDA水平亦明显降低。同时Hcy及ONOO-在中、高剂量组明显降低,而TNF-α的降低在高剂量组中也具有明显的统计学差异。结论甜菜碱可抑制复合因素诱导的大鼠肝纤维化,其作用可能是通过降低大鼠体内高同型半胱氨酸、调节炎性细胞因子和氧化应激实现的。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.