浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常患病率及影响因素分析

目的 探讨浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常流行特征及影响因素。方法 选择参加2010年浙江省代谢综合征流行病学调查的10 868名年龄≥18周岁非超重/肥胖居民(BMI<24.0 kg/m²)为研究对象,进行问卷调查、体检和血脂检测,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析影响因素。结果 该人群血脂异常患病率为41.38%,男性(43.19%)显著高于女性(39.84%)(χ²=12.53,P<0.001);随年龄增长,男性血脂异常患病率降低(趋势χ²=47.61,P<0.001),女性患病率升高(趋势χ²=3.88,P<0.05),<50岁男性患病率明显高于女性;农村人群患病率(41.49%)略高于城市(41.21%),但差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.08,P=0.774);多因素logistic回归分析显示,性别、慢性病家族史、现在吸烟、现在饮酒、高肉蛋类饮食、烹调使用动物油、体力活动、中心性肥胖和BMI是非超重成年人血脂异常的影响因素。结论 浙江省非超重成年人血脂异常患病率较高,家族史、吸烟、高脂饮食、体力活动不足、中心性肥胖等是主要影响因素。     

2018年中国15省份18~65岁居民肥胖与2型糖尿病患病的关联研究

目的 分析不同肥胖类型、不同BMI和腰围水平与成年人糖尿病患病风险的关联。方法 利用2018年中国健康与营养调查数据,依据《成人体重判定》（WS/T 428-2013）重新划分肥胖定义,包括非肥胖、单纯一般性肥胖、单纯中心性肥胖和复合型肥胖。应用两水平logistic回归模型及限制性立方样条模型分析不同肥胖类型、不同BMI和腰围水平与糖尿病患病风险的关联。结果 共纳入7 030名18~65岁居民,其中一般性肥胖率、中心性肥胖率分别为男性16.29%（502/3 082）和42.28%（1 303/3 082）;女性14.41%（569/3 948）和37.87%（1 495/3 948）;其中复合型肥胖率男、女性分别为14.70%和12.97%。糖尿病患病率为11.28%,其中男、女性复合型肥胖人群糖尿病患病率分别为18.98%和22.07%,高于单纯中心性肥胖人群（16.24%,15.26%）和非肥胖人群（9.65%,5.18%）。男性单纯中心性肥胖、复合型肥胖患糖尿病的可能性分别是非肥胖人群的1.61（95%CI：1.24~2.08）和2.11（95%CI：1.56~2.86）倍;女性单纯一般性肥胖、单纯中心性肥胖和复合型肥胖患糖尿病的可能性分别是非肥胖人群的2.70（95%CI：1.16~6.28）、2.62（95%CI：2.01~3.40）和4.47（95%CI：3.35~5.98）倍。限制性立方样条模型显示：BMI水平与糖尿病患病风险间呈近乎线性正关联;腰围水平与糖尿病患病风险呈显著正关联,其中女性呈非线性升高（非线性P=0.024）。男性BMI≥22.5 kg/m²、女性BMI≥23.0 kg/m²;男性腰围≥85.0 cm、女性腰围≥80.0 cm时,糖尿病患病风险显著上升。结论 复合型肥胖人群患糖尿病的风险更高。BMI处于正常高值、腰围水平处于中心性肥胖前期时,糖尿病患病风险明显上升。     

北京市城区858例中老年体检人群体成分和静息代谢率分析

目的 了解北京市城区中老年人超重/肥胖率，分析体成分和静息代谢率随年龄改变的趋势。方法 对2014年11月至2015年12月在北京医院体检的51～99岁的858例（男性760例，女性98例）进行体成分和静息代谢率检测。结果 超重率为51.4%，肥胖率为16.9%，且女性超重/肥胖率明显低于男性（P<0.001）；骨骼肌量、肌肉指数、体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积和静息代谢率在不同年龄段的分布有差异（均P<0.001）。在体重正常组，≥80岁年龄段的骨骼肌量、肌肉指数、静息代谢率显著减少（P<0.05），体脂百分比和内脏脂肪面积明显增多（P<0.05）；在超重/肥胖组，70～岁年龄段的骨骼肌量、肌肉指数、静息代谢率开始显著减少（P<0.05），≥80岁年龄段减少更加显著，而70～岁年龄段体脂百分比和内脏脂肪面积明显增多（P<0.05）。结论 北京市城区中老年人超重/肥胖率较高，且男性高于女性；随年龄增长，骨骼肌量、肌肉指数、静息代谢率逐渐减少，而体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积增加。超重/肥胖人群更早出现体成分和静息代谢率的改变。     

高血压人群中体质指数与全死因死亡风险的队列研究

目的 探讨高血压队列人群中BMI和全死因死亡风险的关系。方法 研究对象为河南省某农村地区高血压队列人群,应用Cox风险比例回归模型计算基线时不同BMI水平人群随访期间的全死因死亡比例HR值及其95% CI,并采用限制性立方样条模型拟合BMI与全死因死亡风险的剂量-反应关系。结果 5 461名高血压队列人群累积随访31 048.38人年,平均随访6年,随访期间死亡589人。控制潜在的混杂因素后,以基线正常体重组（18.5 kg/m² < BMI < 24.0 kg/m²）为参照,低体重组（BMI<18.5 kg/m²）、超重组（24.0 kg/m² < BMI < 28.0 kg/m²）和肥胖组（BMI≥28 kg/m²）人群发生死亡的HR值（95% CI）分别为0.83（0.37～1.87）、0.81（0.67～0.97）和0.72（0.56～0.91）。限制性立方样条模型分析结果显示,在高血压队列人群中,基线BMI和全死因死亡风险关联强度呈现倒“S”形非线性剂量反应关系（非线性检验P<0.001）。结论 超重和肥胖可能是高血压人群死亡风险的保护因素,与“肥胖悖论”一致。     

北京市18~65岁慢性病患者吸烟状态、戒烟态度及危险因素分析

目的 了解北京市18~65岁高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、COPD、哮喘患者的吸烟状态、戒烟态度及危险因素。方法 数据来源于2014年北京市成人慢性病与危险因素监测,即在北京市16个区/县采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法抽取180个社区共19 815名调查对象,以其中18~65岁人群作为研究对象。结果 18 405例有效样本中,男性高血压、血脂异常患者现在吸烟比例均高于非患者（分别χ²=17.695,P<0.001;χ²=39.292,P<0.001）;女性高血压、COPD、哮喘患者现在吸烟者比例均高于非患者（分别χ²=6.649,P=0.010;χ²=6.276,P=0.012;χ²=8.245,P=0.004）。吸烟者中,高血压患者1年内想戒烟比例低于非高血压患者（χ²=20.487,P<0.001）,COPD患者1年内想戒烟比例高于非COPD患者（χ²=6.085,P=0.048）。男性中糖尿病（χ²=9.219,P=0.010）、血脂异常（χ²=13.513,P=0.001）患者中已戒烟者控制情况好于现在吸烟者。多因素logistic回归结果显示,吸烟是高血压（OR=1.17）、血脂异常（OR=1.25）、COPD（OR=1.78）、哮喘（OR=1.57）的影响因素。结论 北京市18~65岁居民中部分慢性病患者现在吸烟比例高且戒烟意愿低;吸烟是高血压、血脂异常、COPD、哮喘的危险因素。     

职业因素组对钢铁工人颈动脉粥样硬化影响的病例对照研究

目的 探讨职业因素对钢铁工人颈动脉粥样硬化（CAS）的影响。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,选取2017年2-6月经超声检查诊断为CAS的1 033名工人为病例组,选择同期体检的1 033名正常工人为对照组。收集工人基本情况、饮食情况、行为生活方式、血生化指标和职业史等。利用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析职业有害因素对CAS的影响,利用环境风险评分（ERS）评估多种职业有害因素对CAS的联合作用。结果 高温、噪声、职业紧张、夜班天数增加罹患CAS的风险;随着高温、噪声、累积暴露量、职业紧张程度和夜班天数的增加,CAS的发生风险成上升趋势（趋势检验：χ²=37.53,P<0.01; χ²=16.98,P<0.01; χ²=13.93,P<0.01; χ²=5.59,P<0.05）;与P₂₀组比,调整协变量后,P₄₀、P₆₀、P₈₀、P₁₀₀组发生颈动脉危险分别为高温1.61（1.19～2.18）、1.69（1.25～2.30）、1.84（1.36～2.49）、2.43（1.77～3.34）;噪声1.70（1.15～2.52）、1.68（1.20～2.35）、1.80（1.34～2.42）、2.23（1.53～3.26）;职业紧张1.39（1.04～1.86）、1.41（1.06～1.89）、1.45（1.09～1.95）、1.48（1.10～1.98）;夜班天数1.58（1.08～2.33）、1.66（1.12～2.47）、1.55（1.04～2.31）、1.76（1.17 ～2.64）。环境风险评分结果显示,随着ERS评分增加,患颈动脉硬化的风险增加（趋势检验χ²=51.61,P<0.01）;RCS结果显示,钢铁工人ERS与CAS之间存在相关性（P<0.01）,且呈线性关系（非线性检验P>0.05）。结论 高温、噪声、职业紧张、夜班天数与CAS发生有关;ERS与钢铁工人CAS之间存在线性剂量-反应关系。     

吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期流行特征的影响因素分析

目的 了解吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的流行特征的影响因素,为制定相关预防与控制策略及措施提供参考依据。方法 本研究以2017-2018年吉林省心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目为基础,纳入吉林省6个项目点35~75岁常住居民11 903人为研究对象,进行体格检查、实验室检测和问卷调查。采用χ²检验、趋势χ²检验、F检验计算不同特征人群和健康指标的中心性肥胖及其前期情况,其影响因素采用多因素logistic回归模型分析。结果 吉林省居民中心性肥胖率为33.35%（3 970/11 903）,标化率为31.73%,中心性肥胖前期率为28.79%（3 427/11 903）,标化率为28.86%。多因素分析结果显示,农村居民（OR=1.99,95%CI：1.78~2.23）、女性（OR=1.76,95%CI：1.57~1.97）、65~75岁组（OR=1.21,95%CI：1.03~1.45）、高中/中专文化程度（OR=1.38,95%CI：1.17~1.63）、家庭年收入>10万元（OR=1.65,95%CI：1.20~2.26）、超重（OR=9.27,95%CI：8.26~10.41）、肥胖（OR=82.82,95%CI：62.63~109.52）、正常高值血压（OR=1.49,95%CI：1.27~1.74）、高血压（OR=1.70,95%CI：1.42~2.04）、糖尿病（OR=2.30,95%CI：1.94~2.73）、血脂异常（OR=1.33,95%CI：1.18~1.50）与中心性肥胖及其前期发生风险呈正相关。结论 吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期率均处于较高水平,农村居民、女性、年龄大、高中/中专文化程度、高收入、超重、肥胖、正常高值血压、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常是吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的危险因素。     

北京市18~65岁居民高胆固醇血症流行现状与影响因素分析

目的 了解北京市18~65岁居民高胆固醇血症流行病学现状及影响因素,为其相关疾病的防控提供科学依据。方法 数据来自2014年北京市成人慢性病与危险因素监测。该监测以多阶段分层整群抽样方法在全市范围抽取调查对象进行问卷调查、身体测量和实验室检查。结果 17 662例有效样本中,血清胆固醇均值为（4.69±0.95）mmol/L,高胆固醇血症患病率为6.26%,边缘值升高率为21.34%。男性高胆固醇血症患病率为6.33%,女性为6.20%,差异无统计学意义（Z=1.64,P=0.10）;城区居民患病率为6.73%,高于郊区居民的5.59%（Z=-7.27,P<0.01）。高胆固醇血症患病率随年龄增加呈上升趋势（趋势检验 χ²=308.85, P<0.01）,其中男性（χ²=81.65,P<0.01）、女性（χ²=318.04, P<0.01）、城区居民（χ²=201.77, P<0.01）、郊区居民（χ²=114.65, P<0.01）均呈相同趋势。多因素logistic回归分析显示,高年龄组、女性（OR=1.23,95%CI：1.04~1.45）、超重（OR=1.56,95%CI：1.34~1.81）、肥胖（OR=1.82,95%CI：1.54~2.16）、每天吸烟（OR=1.24,95%CI：1.03~1.50）、每天饮酒（OR=1.40,95%CI：1.12~1.75）、牛羊肉摄入每周>1次（OR=1.19,95%CI：1.02~1.39）是高胆固醇血症的危险因素。结论 北京市18~65岁居民高胆固醇血症患病率低于全国平均水平,年龄、性别、地区、BMI、吸烟、饮酒、牛羊肉摄入频率为患病的主要影响因素。     

新疆喀什地区维吾尔族糖尿病人群血脂异常及控制情况分析

目的 了解新疆喀什地区维吾尔族糖尿病人群血脂异常及控制情况,为防治该地区糖尿病人群血脂紊乱提供依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对该地区5 078名18岁及以上的常住居民进行调查问卷、体格检查和实验室检测后,筛查糖尿病患者521例,描述其血脂异常以及各项血脂控制情况,分析造成血脂异常和影响血脂控制的因素。结果 糖尿病人群血脂代谢异常总患病率为59.50%（310/521）,标化率为49.39%。65岁以上、超重、肥胖和腹部肥胖者发生血脂异常的风险分别增高0.771倍（95% CI：1.015～3.088）、1.132倍（95% CI：1.290～3.523）、1.688倍（95% CI：1.573～4.592）和0.801倍（95% CI：1.028～3.155）。和男性相比,女性是血脂异常的保护性因素,OR=0.507（95% CI：0.334～0.769）。TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C的总体控制率为11.13%。女性、BMI超标和腹部肥胖不利于血脂的总体控制。LDL-C的控制率随年龄、BMI和腰围的增大而降低（趋势检验χ²_年龄=18.049,P<0.001;趋势检验χ²_BMI=10.582, P=0.001;χ²_腰围=19.081,P<0.001）,随学历增高而增高（趋势检验χ²=9.764,P=0.002）。结论 该地区糖尿病人群血脂异常率处于较高水平,血脂总控制率则处于较低水平。肥胖是造成该地区糖尿病人群发生血脂异常的主要危险因素;女性在糖尿病血脂异常的防治中应该得到更多的重视。     

中国脊髓灰质炎网络实验室人员免疫接种状况及其影响因素分析

目的 调查中国省级脊髓灰质炎网络实验室人员免疫接种状况,分析其影响因素,为国家制定脊髓灰质炎网络实验室从业人员相关免疫策略提供参考。方法 2016年10－12月选取全国省级CDC脊髓灰质炎网络实验室全部从业人员为调查对象,采用问卷调查方式,收集该人群免疫接种状况,并利用SAS软件及趋势χ²检验和确切概率法进行免疫影响因素的统计学分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 共调查77人,其中完成脊髓灰质炎基础免疫60人,17人（22%）基础免疫情况不详。从事脊髓灰质炎病毒工作后明确接种疫苗者为66人（86%）,接种信息记录不完整者为11人（14%）。影响免疫接种因素包括年龄（χ²=2.48,P<0.05）、职称（χ²=2.51,P<0.05）、工作时间（确切概率法计算：P<0.000 1）、学历（χ²=0.74,P=0.46）、性别（χ²=0.46,P=0.50）。结论 目前我国省级脊髓灰质炎网络实验室人员免疫接种情况较好,其中完成≥3剂次者占41%,且接种信息记录完整,应加强新入职实验室人员免疫接种。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.