恩平市非典型肺炎的疫情报告及流行病学分析

目的　正确认识传染性非典型肺炎 (严重急性呼吸综合征 ,SARS)流行病学特征 ,认真学习传染病防治法 ,重视疫情报告 ,防止SARS疫情发生与流行 ,确保人群身体健康。方法　SARS疫情流行期间 ,恩平市从 2 0 0 3年 4月 2 6日开始实行SARS每日零报告制度 ,同时填写全国统一印制的SARS病例日报表于每日 15时前送达或传真。及时采用描述流行病学方法 ,判定其流行特征。结果　以发病时间计算 ,自 2 0 0 3年 3月 2 0日～ 6月 3 0日 ,报告SARS疑似病例 8例 ,无确诊病例 ,院内医学观察病人 2 0例 ,院外医学观察病人 12 1例 ,所有医学观察病例无转诊SARS疑似及确诊病例 ,发热病人 10 19例 ,发病率为 0 78% (以发热人数统计 )。其流行特征是以城区与个别镇农村发病为主 ;男性多于女性 ;发病以外出务工农民多见。结论　SARS列入传染病防治法法定传染病管理 ,SARS的预防、疫情报告、控制和救治工作按照传染病防治法、条例和SARS防治管理办法的规定执行 ,就一定能杜绝其传播。     

湖北省SARS疫情监测与病人发现措施效果评估

目的 评估和探讨湖北省严重急性呼吸系统综合征(SARS)疫情监测和病人发现措施的效果。方法 调查、收集2003年4月11日～7月9日全省各地疫情监测和病人发现的有关资料和数据，分析比较措施的预防效果。结果 各类监测点中，以社区卫生服务站和村卫生室监测点的发热病人检出率最高，分别为2．024％和0．72％。各级医疗机构发热门诊共发现发热病人240949例，初诊为SARS85例，上感160948例，流感13679例，普通肺炎14082例，结核1414例，其他45518例，留验观察8823例；发热病人占监测人数的0．94％，SARS病人占发热病人的0．036％。占监测人次总数的0．0006％。结论 SARS期间采取的疫情监测和病人发现措施效果显著，有效地阻断了传染源，无疫情扩散。发热病人门诊应作为控制SARS的常规措施。     

四川省传染性非典型肺炎疫情分析

目的：分析四川省传染性非典型肺炎[严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)]的流行病学特点。方法：运用描述流行病学的方法，收集、整理、汇总四川省SARS病例资料，分析疫情的三间分布、来源和病例发现方式、临床症状及诊疗情况。结果：2003年4月16日至5月7日是四川省SARS疫情发生的高峰，其中泸州市和广元市病例数占全省病例总数的60％，病例中民工占68％；20--岁年龄组发病人数员多，男女发病之比为1．5：1；80％的病例来源于广东省。患者症状以发热、咳嗽为主，X线胸片有阴影。结论：四川省SARS病例均为输入性，人员流动(特别是外出务工人员返乡)是影响疫情波动的主要因素。对此采取以隔离传染源为主导措施(设立留验站、定点医院、发热门诊等)的防制方法，有效控制了疫情。     

广东省首例输入性甲型H1N1流感病例的流行病学分析和国境检疫意义探讨

目的调查分析广东省首例输入性甲型H1N1流感病例的流行病学特征,探讨发病特点,评估防控措施,为预防和控制甲型H1N1流感提供依据。方法采用面对面病例个案调查和现场调查方法．描述病例发病过程,分析病例的流行病学特征。结果患者,男性,59岁,广州市居民,2009年4月21日至5月12日赴美国、加拿大（均为甲型H1N1流感疫区）旅游,5月13日经韩国抵达香港,5月14日晚患者自觉咽痛、鼻塞、干咳,5月15日乘坐列车从香港抵达广州,在口岸检疫时发现其发热,并送往指定收治医院。患者临床表现较轻,发热持续3d,其咽拭子甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测阳性。该病例被确诊为广东省首例输入性甲型H1N1流感病例。95名密切接触者中有85名接受医学观察,期间6人曾出现发热或上呼吸道症状,经实验室检测排除甲型H1N1流感病毒感染。经采取严格防疫措施,该起疫情未出现二代病例。结论该疫情确诊为广东省首例输入性甲型H1N1流感病例,患者可能在美国、加拿大等疫区旅游期间受感染。口岸检疫能在新发和输入性传染病疫情的早期发现入境者中的可疑病例。及早对可疑持续发热病例进行实验室检测,早诊断、早隔离、早治疗,加强密切接触者的隔离与管理,是早期控制甲型H1N1流感疫情的有效措施．     

福建省境外输入性黄热病疫情的调查与处置

目的通过调查境外输入性黄热病病例和监测安哥拉等黄热病疫区回国人员健康状况,制定并采取有效的防控措施,降低发生本地传播的风险。方法对所有输入性黄热病病例进行流行病学个案调查,采集病例血液和尿液标本进行实验室检测。对安哥拉等黄热病疫区归国人员开展健康监测。结果截止2016年4月18日,共报告5例输入性黄热病病例,主要表现为发热、关节痛等症状;5例病例均来自安哥拉,仅1例在前往安哥拉前接种过疫苗,其余4例均在安哥拉进行的应急接种;健康监测,共追踪监测215人,发现3例疑似病例,经实验室检测,均排除黄热病病毒感染。结论为防止疫情输入,降低本地传播的风险,工作重点是加强宣传和爱国卫生运动、清理蚊媒孳生地;并且加强疫情监测,持续做好疫区回国人员健康追踪,及时发现和治疗输入性病例。     

深圳市福田区传染性非典型肺炎流行病学特征分析

20 0 3年 1月 15日深圳市福田区出现首例传染性非典型肺炎 (SARS)病例 ,最后一例病例于 2 0 0 3年 4月 2 1日发病。全区共发生病例 2 2例 ,死亡 2例。现将福田区SARS流行病学特征分析如下。1　材料和方法1 1　调查对象全区所有确诊的SARS病例。1 2　调查方法由经过培训的医师采用统一的SARS个案调查表进行调查。2　结果2 1　SARS病例时间分布2 0 0 3年 1月 15日全区出现首例病例 (也是全市首例 ) ,4月 2 1日发生最后一例病例。其中 1月份发病 3例 ,2月份 9例 ,3月份 8例 ,4月份 2例 ,2、3月为发病高峰 ,占病例总数的 77 3%。 2月 6…     

一起输入性登革热疫情的调查与处理

[目的]对荆州市发生的一起输入性登革热疫情进行流行病学调查,以查明疫情发生的原因,为预防控制措施提供依据。[方法]对病例进行流行病学个案调查,采集病例血液标本进行实验室检测。[结果]本起疫情共发生登革热6例,6例均出现发热、头痛,3例出现皮疹;实验室检查2例病例白细胞总数和血小板均降低(其余不详),6例血清登革热特异性抗体IgG均阳性;6例病例发病前均有到泰国旅游或务工史,有在当地被蚊虫叮咬史。[结论]6例登革热病例均为输入性病例,并经实验室确认。由于发现及时,各项防控措施落实到位,未发生二代病例,疫情得到有效控制。     

广东省首起学生输入性甲型H1N1流感疫情的流行病学分析

目的调查分析广东省首起学生输入性甲型H1N1流感疫情的流行病学特征,探讨发病特点,评估防控措施,为预防和控制甲型H1N1流感提供依据。方法采用面对面病例个案调查和现场调查,描述病例发病过程,分析病例的流行病学特征。结果该起疫情共报告两例病例,其中的指示病例为医院发热门诊送检标本检测发现,第二例病例为追踪密切接触者进行医学观察时因病例出现发热症状而发现。该起疫情为广东省首起学生赴美参赛后感染的输入性甲型H1N1流感疫情,两例病例的临床表现均较轻,发热3d,病程分别为6d和10d。共涉及91名密切接触者,失访12人,其余全部追踪到并进行医学观察。经采取严格防疫措施,该起疫情未见二代病例。结论此次疫情为赴美国参加比赛团队感染的输入性甲型H1N1流感疫情,提倡从甲型H1N1流感流行区归国人员自行医学观察,有症状及时就诊,能及早发现可疑病例,有助于防止疫情扩散。及早对可疑发热病例进行实验室检测、早诊断、早隔离、早治疗病例,加强密切接触者的隔离与管理,是控制甲型H1N1流感疫情的有效措施。     

山西省传染性非典型肺炎流行病学特征分析

目的：描述山西省传染性非典型肺炎[严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)]的流行特征，分析形成这些特征的因素。方法：收集2003年3月初至5月20日山西省SARS疫情报告系统报至山西省疾病预防控制中心全部SARS临床诊断病例及部分流行病学个案调查报告，描述SARS在山西省的时间、地区、人群分布特征，采用EPIinfo6．0软件进行统计学分析。结果：山西省自2003年3月7日诊断首例输入性SARS病例后，至5月20日累计临床诊断SARS病例445例，罹患率1．34／10万，死亡20例，病死率4．49％。发病人数从3月28日起增高形成第一个高峰，至4月18日继续升高，形成第二个高峰，以后逐渐下降，至5月19日首次出现临床诊断病例零报告。目前疫情呈低水平流行势态。SARS病例主要集中在人口密集的城市市区，占83．82％，农村地区呈散发状态。职业构成以学生、医务人员居多。年龄分布以20—59岁为高发人群，病死率随年龄的增高而上升，男女发病之比为1：0．87。结论：山西省SARS流行呈输入、上升、高峰并逐步下降的趋势，早期发现和有效控制传染源是控制疫情蔓延的关键。     

铁路防制SARS疫情对策浅析

2002年底,广东佛山地区发现第一例SARS病例,2003年2月中旬广州地区发生局部暴发流行,4月初京津地区出现首例SARS输入病例,随后华北地区暴发局部流行。显然,这一南一北两个疫区中间联系的是京广铁路大动脉。对各地出现的首例输入性SARS病例的流行病学调查表明,绝大多数是通过铁路这个大众化交通工具输送的,到目前为止,虽     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.