6例磁共振阴性额叶癫痫患者致痫灶定位研究

目的探讨硬膜下电极脑电图(ECo G)监测对磁共振阴性癫痫患者致痫灶的定位作用。方法对经临床、影像学和头皮EEG检查不能确定致痫灶部位的6例难治性额叶癫痫患者,植入硬膜下条状电极进行视频EEG监测,观察颅内电极发作期及发作间期EEG变化,结合头皮EEG、临床发作结果对癫痫灶进行综合定位;术后随访,评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果 6例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为2~5 d,每例监测到2次临床发作并记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。5例患者发作期颅内电极EEG均能准确定位,5例显示一侧局灶性放电起源,1例患者显示双侧放电起源。术后按Engel疗效分级:EngelⅠ级4例(57.1%),EngelⅡ级1例(14.3%),随访不满1年的按谭氏术后效果分级,达到了满意。结论颅内电极EEG监测可为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据。     

颅内电极脑电图监测对癫痫致痫灶的定位作用

目的探讨颅内电极脑电图（EEG）监测对癫痫致痫灶的定位作用。方法对经临床、影像学和常规EEG检查不能确定致痫灶部位的20例难治性颞叶癫痫患者，应用立体定向技术，经双侧颞叶植入硬膜下条状电极进行长时间EEG监测，观察发作期及发作间期EEG变化，结合常规EEG、MRI检查结果对癫痫灶进行综合定位；术后随访，评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果20例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为1—5d，每例监测到／〉2次临床发作并记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。20例患者发作期颅内电极EEG均能准确定位，15例致痫灶发作间期与发作期一致，2例发作间期为双侧棘波，3例发作间期定位与发作期不一致。术后按Engel疗效分级：发作消失13例（65％），显著改善3例（15％），良好3例（15％），无效1例（5％）。未出现因颅内电极安置所致的并发症。结论颅内电极EEG监测可为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据。     

颅内电极埋藏在枕叶癫痫中的作用

目的探讨运用颅内电极埋藏进行视频脑电图监测在定位困难的枕叶癫痫中的作用。方法通过对9例枕叶癫痫但定侧定位困难的患者,向颅内可疑部位植入硬膜下条状电极,进行视频脑电图监测,记录发作间期及发作期脑电图变化,确定癫痫病灶起始区。通过手术切除致痫灶。结果本组9例埋藏时间为3～9d,平均5d,均记录到间歇期痫样放电及发作期脑电图情况。行枕叶局部皮层切除6例及枕叶切除3例。术后按照Engel评分,I级7例,II级2例。所有病例均未出现埋藏电极引起的并发症。结论在致痫灶定位困难的顽固性枕叶癫痫中,采用颅内电极埋藏进行脑电图监测,可以精确定位致痫灶,从而提高癫痫的治愈率。     

颅内电极监测对顽固性颞叶癫痫致痫灶的定位价值

目的:探讨发作期及发作间期颅内电极监测对癫痫灶的定位作用。方法:20例难治性颞叶癫痫,经临床、影像学及头皮脑电图不能确定致痫灶部位,应用立体定向技术,在患者双侧颞叶植入硬膜下条状电极,进行长时间视频脑电图监测,记录发作期和发作间期的脑电图变化,并与头皮脑电图、MRI进行比较,分析癫痫灶部位,进行手术治疗,术后跟踪随访,评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果:20例癫痫病人颅内电极埋藏时间1～5天,每个患者至少监测到2次临床发作,每一病例均记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。15例发作间期与发作期定侧一致,2例发作间期为双侧棘波病灶,3例发作间期定位与发作期不一致。按Engel术后效果分级:手术效果满意(癫痫发作消失)13例(65%),显著改善3例(15%),良好3例(15%),无效1例(5%)。所有病例均未出现因颅内电极埋藏而致的并发症。结论:对于致痫灶不能定位的难治性癫痫,应用颅内电极记录方法,尤其是发作期起始时脑电图变化,可以确定致痫灶位置,为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的依据。     

颅内电极视频脑电图对致痫灶的定位价值

目的 探讨颅内电极视频脑电图(V-EEG)对癫癎致癎灶的定位价值.方法 对经临床、影像学和常规EEG及头皮V-EEG检查不能确定致癎灶部位的10例难治性颞叶癫癎患者,应用立体定向技术及开颅术,植入硬膜下皮质条状电极或(和)深部电极进行长程V-EEG监测,观察发作期及发作间期EEG变化,结合常规EEG、V-EEG、磁共振(MRI)、单光子发射断层扫描(SPECT)检查结果以及术中皮质及深部电极EEG对癫癎灶进行综合定位,手术切除病灶;术后随访,评估疗效及颅内V-EEG的准确性.结果 10例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为3～14 d,捕捉到临床自然发作5～44次,记录到发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动;10例患者颅内电极V-EEG定位结果与术中皮质及深部电极定位结果完全一致,据此定位结果切除致癎灶;术后随访1年,按Engel疗效分级,痊愈7例,显著改善2例,良好1例.结论 颅内电极V-EEG监测可为癫癎外科治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据.     

颅内电极脑电监测定位致痫灶

目的 探讨颅内埋置电极脑电图(iEEG)监测定位致痫灶的意义及其安全性。方法 对38例经无创方法难以定位的难治性癫痫病人，采用颅骨钻孔或骨瓣开颅方法埋置硬膜下和(或)深部电极，行长程视频脑电监测定位致痫灶。根据术中致痫灶定位、术后病理、术后疗效和EEG复查结果分析iEEG监测定位致痫灶的准确性。结果8例埋置深部电极，13例埋置硬膜下电极，17例联合应用硬膜下电极和深部电极。颅内电极埋置4～22d，平均9d；脑电监测8～226h，平均128h．根据癫痫发作初始期iEEG，32例(84．2％)病人准确定位了致痫灶，无颅内出血和感染等严重并发症发生。结论选择性应用硬膜下和深部电极长程视频脑电监测是一种安全、有效的检查方法；癫痫发作初始期异常放电的节律和范围是可靠的致痫灶定位指标．     

颅内电极脑电图监测对癫(癎)致(癎)灶的定位作用

目的探讨颅内电极脑电图(EEG)监测对癫致灶的定位作用。方法对经临床、影像学和常规EEG检查不能确定致灶部位的20例难治性颞叶癫患者,应用立体定向技术,经双侧颞叶植入硬膜下条状电极进行长时间EEG监测,观察发作期及发作间期EEG变化,结合常规EEG、MRI检查结果对癫灶进行综合定位;术后随访,评估致灶定位的准确性。结果20例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为1～5d,每例监测到≥2次临床发作并记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。20例患者发作期颅内电极EEG均能准确定位,15例致灶发作间期与发作期一致,2例发作间期为双侧棘波,3例发作间期定位与发作期不一致。术后按Engel疗效分级:发作消失13例(65%),显著改善3例(15%),良好3例(15%),无效1例(5%)。未出现因颅内电极安置所致的并发症。结论颅内电极EEG监测可为癫手术治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据。     

颅内电极埋藏在Lennox-Gastaut综合症中的应用(附10例临床分析)

目的探讨颅内电极埋藏术后进行视频脑电图评估在癫痫外科手术致痫灶定位困难的Lennox-Gastaut综合症中的使用。方法收集10例Lennox-Gastaut综合症致痫灶定位困难的患者,向颅内硬膜下植入条状电极,术后进行视频脑电图评估,记录发作间歇期及发作期脑电图变化,确定癫痫病灶的起始区,通过手术方式切除致痫灶。结果本组10例患者埋藏时间为2～7天,平均4天,均记录到间歇期及发作期脑电图情况。根据脑电图结果,行脑叶切除及胼胝体切开。术后按照Engel评分I级4例,II级2例,III级2例,IV级2例。所有病例均未出现埋藏电极引起的严重并发症。结论在致痫灶定位困难的Lennox-Gastaut综合症中,采用颅内电极埋藏进行视频脑电图检测,可以较准确定位主要致痫灶,从而提高Lennox-Gastaut综合症外科治疗有效率。     

颅内电极长程记录在癫痫外科中的应用价值

目的 探讨颅内电极长程记录在癫痫外科中的应用时机以及方法,评价其应用价值.方法 回顾性分析112例颅内电极植入患者的临床资料,包括电极类型、部位、电极植入方式以及并发症.结果 单纯硬膜下条状皮层电极植入87例,条状电极和深部电极联合植入9例,栅状电极植入13例,条状电极和栅状电极联合植入3例.左侧26例,右侧32例,双侧54例,监测时间24-192 h.脑脊液漏15例,胃肠道反应9例,脑脓肿2例,硬膜外血肿1例,术中硬膜下少量出血1例,无死亡病例.结论 颅内电极长程记录是确定癫痫致痫灶重要的定位手段,可应用于无创评估方法难以确定的致痫灶.     

颅内电极脑电图监测在癫癎外科的应用(附29例分析)

目的 探讨颅内电极置入术在临床的应用时机、方法，评估颅内电极脑电图（i-EEG）技术在癫痫外科中的价值。方法回顾性分析29例难治性癫痫病例．在参考非侵入性评估结果的基础上．采用颅内电极置入、长程脑电图监测技术进行可能的致痫区定位。结合术后癫痫控制情况和随访记录．综合分析i-EEG在术前评估中的作用。结果联合置入深部电极和硬膜下条状皮质电极14例，其中深部电极置入双侧海马10例，双侧海马-杏仁核4例：单纯置入硬膜下条状皮质电极4例：置入硬膜下条状和栅状皮质电极7例；置入硬膜外条状和栅状电极4例。电极留置颅内3～14d，平均5．5d；监测时间24～160h，平均38h；捕捉到临床发作5～58次，平均7．8次。置入电极后，17例（58．6％）出现暂时性脑脊液外漏．3例出现颅内少量血肿，1例出现深部电极折断。无感染和死亡病例。手术27例．随访4～30个月：Engel Ⅰ级19例．Ⅱ级4例，Ⅲ级4例。结论对难治性癫痫而言，当非侵入性评估结果难以确定可能的致痫区时．采用颅内电极置入并进行长程脑电图监测是定位可能致痫区一种有效、安全的方法。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。