藏族药“杂赤”的品种 基原与标准整理

藏族药（以下简称藏药）“杂赤”又称“杂赤确”“杂赤巴帽卡”等，产于四川、西藏等地，是一种治疗肝胆疾病的常用藏药。通过梳理查阅有关文献与标准发现，“杂赤”可以按正品、副品（替代品）和类同品分类，也可以按黑、白品种分类。其基原包含菊科12属约30种植物，涉及风毛菊属、苦荬菜属、小苦荬属及岩参属植物，各属植物功能主治基本相同。“杂赤”的品种整理、质量比较、药用历史和现状总结能够为“杂赤”的合理使用提供参考。     

乙肝肝硬化肝胆湿热及肝肾阴虚证物质基础研究＊

目的 运用代谢组学技术分析乙肝肝硬化患者肝肾阴虚及肝胆湿热两种典型证候（同病异证）的血清差异代谢产物及其代谢通路，探寻虚、实两种典型证候的内在物质基础，以期从代谢水平上为中医证候分类提供客观依据。方法 对符合纳入标准的111例不同证候的乙肝肝硬化患者（肝胆湿热证40例，肝肾阴虚证41例，隐证(无证可辨）者30例）中医症状及体征进行描述性分析，发现两种不同证型的临床信息分布规律及证候特征；采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用（GC-TOF/MS）技术对乙肝肝硬化患者，以及与之相匹配的60例健康人的血清样本进行检测，经非监督的主成分分析（Principal Components Analysis，PCA）、有监督的偏最小二乘判别分析（Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis，PLS-DA）及监督的正交偏最小二乘法（Orthogonal Partial Least SquareDiscriminant Analysis，OPLS-DA）分析，找出与乙肝肝硬化疾病本身及其两种典型证候相关的差异性物质；运用MetaboAnalyst 3.0数据库，寻找并解析肝胆湿热及肝肾阴虚虚实两种证候间差异性物质的相关代谢通路。结果 （1）肝胆湿热证中出现频率较高（50%以上）的症状为小便色黄，口干，口苦，口臭或有异味等。肝肾阴虚证中出现频率较高的症状为口干、腰酸、乏力、腿软等。两证共见症/征为口干、尿黄、易怒、舌红。（2）各组间丙氨酸氨基转移酶（Alanine Aminotransferase,ALT）数值无统计学差异（P > 0.05）；与健康组比较，隐证组中白蛋白（Albumin，ALB），肝胆湿热证中总胆红素（Total Bilirubin，TBil）、直接胆红素（Direct Bilirubin，DBil）、谷草转氨酶（Aspartate Transaminase，AST）、碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline Phosphatase，ALP）、谷氨酰转肽酶（Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase，GGT）、总胆汁酸（Total Biliary Acid，TBA）及ALB，肝肾阴虚证TBil、ALP、GGT、TBA、ALB值差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）；与隐证比较，肝胆湿热证TBil、DBil、AST、ALP、TBA、ALB，肝肾阴虚证TBA、ALB差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）；肝胆湿热证与肝肾阴虚证相比，TBil、DBil差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。（3）代谢组学检测及代谢通路分析，发现各组之间代谢谱均有良好的区分，并获得各组间的差异性物质。发现肝胆湿热及肝肾阴虚两典型证的共同物质10个，去除疾病（隐证）的信息，则得到两证共同物质6个，涉及的代谢通路为甘氨酸、丝氨酸及苏氨酸代谢和苯丙氨酸代谢；同时，分别获得两证各自特异性的代谢物质各8个，分别涉及亚油酸代谢和甘氨酸、苏氨酸及丝氨酸代谢。结论 运用代谢组学技术，发现肝胆湿热及肝肾阴虚不同证之间既存在病的共同物质（同病），也存在证的差异物质（异证），从而在代谢层面上为中医证候分类的科学性提供科学依据。     

Nationwide outcomes of newborns with rectosigmoid versus long-segment Hirschsprung disease

PurposeHirschsprung Disease (HD) is a common congenital intestinal disorder. While aganglionosis most commonly affects the rectosigmoid colon (rectosigmoid HD), outcomes for patients in which aganglionosis extends to more proximal segments (long-segment HD) remain understudied. This study sought to compare postoperative outcomes among newborns with rectosigmoid and long-segment HD.MethodsThe Nationwide Readmission Database was queried from 2016 to 2018 for newborns with HD. Newborns were stratified into those with rectosigmoid or long-segment HD. Those who received no rectal biopsy or pull-through procedure during their newborn hospitalization were excluded. A propensity score-matched analysis (PSMA) of newborns with either type of HD was constructed utilizing 17 covariates including demographics, comorbidities, and congenital-perinatal conditions.ResultsThere were 1280 newborns identified with HD (82% rectosigmoid HD, 18% long-segment HD). Patients with rectosigmoid HD had higher rates of laparoscopic resections (35% vs. 12%) and less frequently received a concomitant ostomy (14% vs. 84%), both p < 0.001. Patients with long-segment HD were more likely to have a delayed diagnosis (12% vs. 5%) and require multiple bowel operations (19% vs. 4%), both p < 0.001. They experienced higher rates of complications, including small bowel obstructions (10% vs. 1%), infections (45% vs. 20%), and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (11% vs. 5%), all p < 0.001. After PSMA, newborns with long-segment HD were found to have a longer length of stay and higher hospitalization costs.ConclusionNewborns with long-segment HD experience significant delays in diagnosis, surgery, and complications compared to those with rectosigmoid HD. This information should be utilized to improve healthcare delivery for this patient population.Type of StudyRetrospective comparative study.Level of EvidenceIII.     

中医分时辨治与盐酸氟西汀比较治疗糖尿病合并抑郁症的Meta分析＊

目的 系统评价中医分时辨治糖尿病合并抑郁症的效果。方法 计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库（VIP）、万方数据库（Wanfang Data），中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM），搜集国内有关中医分时辨治相关的随机病例对照研究，检索时限均从2010年1月1日到至2020年12月20日。由2名独立研究者对文献资料进行提取，并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后，采用RevMan5.3软件进行研究合并Meta分析。结果 共纳入10个相关研究，包括1008名研究对象。Meta分析结果显示：与盐酸氟西汀相比较，中医分时辨治糖尿病合并抑郁症在降低汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）［MD=-0.61， 95%CI （-3.68， 2.46）， P<0.00001］与汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）［MD=-0.21， 95%CI （-3.49， 3.08）， P<0.00001］评分没有统计学意义，但对空腹血糖（FPG）［MD=-0.80， 95%CI （-0.94， -0.65）， P<0.00001］、餐后2 h血糖（2HPG）［MD=-0.74， 95%CI （-1.02， -0.46）， P<0.00001］、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）［MD=-0.21， 95%CI （-0.38， -0.04）， P=0.02］、总胆固醇（TG）［MD=-0.48， 95%CI （-0.61， -0.36）， P<0.00001］、总甘油三酯（TC）［MD=-0.47， 95%CI （-0.62， -0.32）， P<0.00001］水平下降明显。结论 当前的证据表明，中医分时辨治方法治疗糖尿病合并抑郁症相对于西药盐酸氟在降低抑郁症状方面没有明显优势，但在降低血糖与血脂水平方面有较高的临床价值，这可能与分时辨治的药物有关，但同时结论受研究数量和质量的影响，更多高质量临床研究仍需开展，对上述结论予以确认。     

子宫内膜功能亢进性疾病的“异病同治”诊治研究思路＊

笔者根据现代临床子宫内膜的病理演变过程结合中医“异病同治”理念，提出“子宫内膜功能亢进性疾病”概念，涵盖5种常见的子宫内膜疾病：无排卵性异常子宫出血（Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Ovulatory dysfunction，AUB-O），子宫内膜息肉（Endometrial Polyp，EP），子宫内膜异位症（Endometriosis，EMs），子宫腺肌病（Adenomyosis，AM），子宫内膜癌（Endometrial Carcinoma，EC）。基于文献的汇总，分析得到此类疾病的子宫内膜病理演变与中医病因病机的关联性，为寻找关键通路、创新性治疗此类疾病提供了重要的参考方向，对深化中医妇科学常见疾病的共性病因病机提供了理论依据和探索思路。     

Insight towards Nucleation Mechanism and Change in Morphology for Nanostructured Platinum Thin Film Directly Grown on Carbon Substrate via Electrochemical Deposition

Nanocrystalline platinum with different morphologies is synthesized via electrochemical deposition technique. The nucleation mechanism and its structural effect over the electrodeposited Pt on carbon electrodes have been systematically studied. Powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy are employed to study nucleation, oxidation states, and Pt structure growth on a carbon electrode. This study reports significant development of Pt metal nanoparticles with different morphologies such as a sphere, flower, core-flower, and rod-like structure directly fabricated on carbon electrode while tuning the deposition parameters such as current density, time, temperature, pH during the deposition process. The proposed electrochemical route represents a superior fabrication procedure for large-scale electrode fabrication compared to a conventional method for preparing membrane electrode assemblies for fuel cell stacks.     

药材部位、产地及采收期对中药挥发油成分的差异性分析

中药挥发油质量的稳定性是其发挥临床疗效及确保安全性的重要前提。由于中药挥发油的质量受到入药部位、药材产地、药材采收期、提取工艺、炮制工艺等诸多因素的影响,从而导致挥发油的出油率或所含化学成分出现差异,影响中药挥发油质量的均一性,进而影响挥发油的疗效。因此,如何把控挥发油的质量是中药挥发油发挥作用的关键。分析了药材不同入药部位、不同产地和不同采收期对中药挥发油质量的影响,并对《中国药典》2015年版含有挥发油成分的196味中药按药用部位进行分类,讨论了不同入药部位、产地和采收期对中药挥发油成分的差异性,以期为中药挥发油的开发及中药挥发油质量标准的建立提供参考。     

不同髋关节骨病晚期“异病同证”临证探析

"异病同证"是中医学对病证关系的特殊认识,起初是指不同的病具有相同的病机,从而表现出相同的证候,反映了中医学辨证论治的特点,在临证中主要体现在一方用于治疗多种病证。随着病证结合诊疗模式的形成,"异病同证"的含义也发生了变化,多指西医诊断不同疾病在其发展的过程中出现了相同的病机,从而表现出相同的证候。股骨头坏死、髋骨关节炎、类风湿性髋关节炎是发于髋关节骨骼、软骨及滑膜的3个不同解剖组织的3种疾病,在疾病的晚期出现了髋关节疼痛、活动受限的症状和腰膝酸软、行走无力的证候,无论是症状体征或中医证候,均表现出其相似性,体现着中医学"异病同证"的思想,本文从临床症状、影像变化、中医证候特点、病因病机及临床治疗方面探析3种疾病的趋同性和差异性,结果发现,除了临床症状体征相似,3种髋关节骨病晚期均见关节软骨退变、关节间隙狭窄、关节积液、滑膜增厚、骨质增生及软骨下骨囊变等相似X射线表现;肾藏精、主骨生髓,只有肾精充足,筋骨方可得以骨髓充养,肝藏血、主筋,肝血充足筋骨才能濡养,病至晚期,3种疾病与肝肾脏腑功能失常密切相关,肝肾不足、经脉筋骨失养是3种髋关节骨病晚期的共同病机,肝肾亏虚、腰膝酸软、行走无力亦成为其共同证候。不仅为"同证"提供理论依据,也有助于"异病"的鉴别诊断、提高髋关节疾病的诊断水平、丰富中医学"异病同证"的内涵。     

Trade-offs between acquired and innate immune defenses in humans

Immune defenses provide resistance against infectious disease that is critical to survival. But immune defenses are costly, and limited resources allocated to immunity are not available for other physiological or developmental processes. We propose a framework for explaining variation in patterns of investment in two important subsystems of anti-pathogen defense: innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific) immunity. The developmental costs of acquired immunity are high, but the costs of maintenance and activation are relatively low. Innate immunity imposes lower upfront developmental costs, but higher operating costs. Innate defenses are mobilized quickly and are effective against novel pathogens. Acquired responses are less effective against novel exposures, but more effective against secondary exposures due to immunological memory. Based on their distinct profiles of costs and effectiveness, we propose that the balance of investment in innate versus acquired immunity is variable, and that this balance is optimized in response to local ecological conditions early in development. Nutritional abundance, high pathogen exposure and low signals of extrinsic mortality risk during sensitive periods of immune development should all favor relatively higher levels of investment in acquired immunity. Undernutrition, low pathogen exposure, and high mortality risk should favor innate immune defenses. The hypothesis provides a framework for organizing prior empirical research on the impact of developmental environments on innate and acquired immunity, and suggests promising directions for future research in human ecological immunology.     

Relationship between early‐life nutrition and ages at menarche and first pregnancy,and childbirth rates of young adults: Evidence from APCAPS in India

India's Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) provides daily supplementary nutrition and other public health services to women and children. We estimated associations between exposure to early‐childhood ICDS nutrition and adult reproductive outcomes. During 1987–1990, a balanced protein–calorie supplement called “upma”—made from locally available corn–soya ingredients—was rolled out by subdistricts near Hyderabad and offered to pregnant women and children under age 6 years. In a controlled trial, 15 villages received the supplement and 14 did not. We used data from a 2010–2012 resurvey of adults born during the trial (n = 715 in intervention and n = 645 in control arms). We used propensity score matching methods to estimate the associations between birth in an intervention village and menarcheal age, age at first pregnancy, and fertility of adults. We found that women born in the intervention group during the trial, as compared with the control group, had menarche 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI: 0.22, 0.68]; p < .001) years later and first pregnancy 0.53 (95% CI [0.04, 1.02]; p < .05) years later. Married women from the intervention group had menarche 0.36 (95% CI [0.09, 0.64]; p < .01) years later, first cohabitation with partner 0.8 (95% CI [0.27, 1.33]; p < .01) years later, and first pregnancy 0.53 (95% CI [0.04, 1.02]; p < .05) years later than married women in the control group. There was no significant difference between intervention and control group women regarding whether they had at least one childbirth or the total number of children born. The findings were similar when we employed inverse propensity score weighted regression models.